Crystal growth and characterization of tetragonal tungsten bronze FerroNiobates Ba2LnFeNb4O15

Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ferroelectrics (TTB) are currently revisited for the elaboration of new multifunctional materials. Recent studies on Ba₂LnFeNb₄O₁₅ ceramics (Ln=Nd, Sm and Eu) demonstrated that these materials display both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic behaviors at room temperature due to the presence of barium hexaferrite as a secondary phase. In this paper, we report for the first time the growth of Ba₂LnFeNb₄O₁₅ single crystals (Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu) from high temperature solution using LiBO₂ flux. Inclusion free millimeter-sized single crystals were successfully grown. Structural and dielectric characterizations were performed and chemical analysis confirmed that the TTB matrix is reluctant to accommodate small rare earth as it was observed for ceramics. A paramagnetic behavior was observed for all compositions, which corroborates the composite nature of the TTB ceramic multiferroics at room temperature, while dielectric measurements on Ln=La and Pr crystals confirmed their relaxor behavior.     

Ba2TiSi2O8晶体的生长及包裹物缺陷分析

采用提拉法生长了Ba2TiSi2O8 (BST)晶体,并采用SEM和EDS等手段对晶体内部包裹物缺陷进行了分析.发现多晶原料中的Na,K,C1杂质元素的存在是导致晶体内部产生包裹物缺陷的主要诱因,采用低的生长速率和较快的晶体转速有利于获得高质量BTS单晶.另外,本论文还对晶体的硬度和透过光谱进行了测试与分析.     

Hydrogen bonded nonlinear optical γ-glycine: Crystal growth and characterization

Single crystals of γ-glycine(GG) were grown by solvent evaporation technique from a mixture of aqueous solutions of glycine and ammonium nitrate at ambient temperature. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectral techniques were employed to characterize the crystal. The lattice parameters were calculated and they agree well with the reported values. GG exists as dipolar ions in which the carboxyl group is present as a carboxylate ion and the amino group as an ammonium ion. Due to this dipolar nature, glycine has a high decomposition temperature. The UV cutoff of GG is below 300 nm and has a wide transparency window, which is suitable for second harmonic generation of laser in the blue region. Nonlinear optical characteristics of GG were studied using Q switched Nd:YAG laser (). The second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of GG is 1.5 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate . The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectral studies show the presence of strong hydrogen bonds which create and stabilize the crystal structure in GG. The main contributions to the nonlinear optical properties in GG results from the presence of the hydrogen bond and from the vibrational part due to very intense infrared bands of the hydrogen bond vibrations. GG is thermally stable up to 441 K.     

Crystal growth and characterization of PbI2‐AgI binary system

The crystals of the binary system PbI₂‐AgI (PIAI) were obtained by heating the mixture of individual PbI₂ (PI) and AgI (AI) placed at 30° angle in the horizontal tubular furnace of variable temperature zone. The crystals were characterized by powder XRD, TG/DTA, FT‐IR and SEM. The 3.37% weight loss in the sample after heating at 853 K is due to the presence of water molecules absorbed (3446 cm^–1) by the crystals during sintering and cooling process. The cell parameters of the crystal were determined using the powder X‐ray data. The PbI₂‐AgI crystallizes in monoclinic system a = 10.799 (±0.009), b = 7.492 (±0.004), c = 6.929(±0.004) Å and α = 90°, β = 108.04(±0.073) γ = 90°, V = 533.18 ų. The electrical conductivity measurements of the crystals showed a sudden change in the current value at the temperature range 385–393 K. The activation energy before and after the drift was found to be 0.49 and 0.35 eV respectively. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Crystal growth and characterization of chromium sulfo- and seleno-spinels

Spinels of the type ACr₂S₄, where A = Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Mn, Fe, or Co and ACr₂Se₄ where A = Cu, Zn, Cd, or Hg exhibit interesting magnetic (ferro-, ferri-, antiferro-), electrical (metallic, semiconducting, insulating), and optical properties. This review covers their crystal growth and crystallographic and chemical characterization.     

Crystal Growth and Basic Characterisation of the Bismuth Borate Bi2B8O15

Top‐seeded growth of Bi₂B₈O₁₅ from a stoichiometric melt is reported. Crystals have been grown with dimensions of up to 24 × 12 × 5 mm³ . Bi₂B₈O₁₅ shows twin domains at room temperature; their origin was investigated by methods of thermal analysis. The domains were found to result from a sluggish phase transition that occurs in a broad temperature range (ΔT ≈ 20 K) around ∼390 K. Unit cell parameters at room temperature were determined: a = 4.3140(6) Å, b = 22.148(2) Å, c = 6.4695(6) Å, β = 105.46(1)° , possible space group P2₁ (no.4), the non‐centrosymmetry was proved using powder SHG.     

Studies on the growth and optical characterization of Tm3+‐doped BaY2F8 single crystals

The BaY₂F₈ crystals doped with different concentrations of Tm³⁺ ions were prepared by the temperature gradient technique (TGT). X‐ray powder diffraction was applied to analyze the phase. The cracking phenomenon along (010) and (100) planes of the crystals grown by temperature gradient technique was studied on the basis of the structure of BaY₂F₈ crystals. The absorption spectra were measured and investigated in the ultraviolet‐visible and near‐infrared ranges at room temperature. Several characteristic absorption bands of Tm³⁺‐doped BaY₂F₈ crystal were observed. The emission and excitation spectra were obtained and investigated at room temperature and 12 K, showing the characteristic emission peaks of Tm³⁺ ions. The temperature dependence of Photoluminescence curve was also investigated in the range of 12–296 K. The luminescence intensity of emission bands decreased with increasing temperature, while the effective bandwidth increased. The up‐conversion spectrum excited at 650 nm was recorded and up‐conversion mechanism was analyzed in detail. The result showed the purple, green and yellow emissions corresponding to ³P₁→³F₃, ¹D₂→³H₅ and ³P₀→¹G₄ transitions, respectively.     

Crystal growth and characterization of K2B4O11H8

Single crystals of K₂B₄O₁₁H₈, a non-centrosymmetric borate material, have been prepared by slow evaporation of water solution at room temperature. The crystals were colorless and transparent with smooth faces. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed that K₂B₄O₁₁H₈ crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with a=6.8556(6) Å, b=11.7787(12) Å, c=12.8949(14) Å, Z=4, R₁=0.0188, and wR₂=0.0464. The powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), infrared spectrum, transmittance spectrum, TG–DTA curves and second harmonic generation properties of title compound have been determined.     

双核Cu(II)-5-溴水杨醛缩氨基甲磺酸席夫碱4,4'-联吡啶三元配合物的合成及晶体结构

采用Cu(II)盐和氨基甲磺酸缩-5-溴水杨醛席夫碱(H2L)以及4,4'-联吡啶(bpy)在乙醇和水溶液中合成了三元配合物,通过元素分析、红外光谱对配合物进行了表征,并用X射线衍射测定了其结构.结构解析表明,该标题配合物属单斜晶系,空间群P21/c,晶胞参数为: a=0.9509(2) nm,b=1.8783(2) nm,c=1.0514(2) nm;β= 98.48 (1)°,V=1.8575(3) nm3, Z=2,Dc=1.812 g·cm-3, F(000)=1016, μ=3.473,最终偏差因子(对I＞2σ(I)的衍射点)R1=0.0459, wR2=0.0739,对全部衍射点R1=0.1205, wR2=0.0887, ω-1= [σ2(Fo)2+0.0345P],P=(Fo2+2Fc2)/3.邻近配合物分子间存在着大量的氢键, 席夫碱三元配合物通过氢键作用堆积成2D网状结构.     

Crystal growth,structure and characterization of p-Toluidinium picrate

p-Toluidinium picrate (PTP), is a proton transfer complex of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol as an electron acceptor with p-toluidine as electron donor, crystallizing in the monoclinic system with four molecules in the unit cell (space group P2₁/c). The vibrational patterns of the organic crystal PTP in comparison with that of the parent compound clearly evidences the complex formation. Loss of hydroxyl proton at O1 leading to specific electron delocalization around C1 is observed. Crystallographic data are reported as a=12.9304(6)  Å, b=15.7176(7)  Å, c=7.5403(4)  Å, β=101.837(5)°. The crystalline cohesion is achieved by N–H…O and C–H…O hydrogen bonds and the ions are linked into three dimensional network. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between nitrogen of p-toluidine and phenolate ion of picric acid results in charge transfer. A sharp endotherm in the DSC curve, no decomposition up to the melting point and poor absorbance in the visible region indicate the suitability of the material for potential applications.     

Preparation of Nd2O3-doped calcium aluminosilicate glasses and thermo-optical and mechanical characterization

The calcium aluminosilicate glass (CAS) is an important class of optical materials due to the many applications envisaged, including its use as active media for glass lasers. In order to study how Nd₂O₃ doping affects the mechanical and the thermo-optical properties of CAS glass, two series of CAS glass, doped with Nd₂O₃ up to 5 wt%, were prepared in a vacuum atmosphere. The rare earth changes the physical properties, and this influence of doping ion content is discussed for both the series of samples in terms of mechanical, thermal, and thermo-optical properties. The study analyzed hardness and elastic moduli, glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, thermal diffusivity, specific heat, density, thermal conductivity, refractive index, and thermo-optical properties, like temperature coefficient of the optical path length (dS/dT). The results presented provide information about the sample’s structure, and show that for Nd₂O₃ concentration up to 5 wt% there were no significant changes in the glass host material.     

Ni(Ⅱ)5-溴水杨醛缩氨基甲磺酸席夫碱-邻菲咯林三元配合物的合成

本文采用Ni(Ⅱ)盐和氨基甲磺酸缩5-溴水杨醛席夫碱以及1,10-邻菲咯林(phen)在甲醇和水溶液中合成了三元配合物,通过元素分析、红外光谱对配合物进行了表征,并X射线衍射测定了其结构.结构解析表明,该标题配合物属三斜晶系,空间群P-1,晶胞参数为a=1.2868(3)nm,b=1.4536(3)nm,c=1.4705(3)nm;α=85.79(3)°,β=67.62(3)°,γ=77.21(3)°,V=2.4799(9)mm3,Z=2,Dc=1.580 g·cm-3,F(000)=1196,μ=2.521, 最终偏差因子(对Ⅰ>2σ(Ⅰ)的衍射点)R1=0.0604,ωR2=0.1446,对全部衍射点R1=0.1531,ωR2=0.1914,ω-1=[s2(Fo2)+(0.0884P)2],P=(Fo2+2Fc2)/3.     

Ni(Ⅱ)-3,5-二氯水杨醛缩氨基甲磺酸席夫碱-邻菲咯林三元配合物的合成及晶体结构

采用Ni(Ⅱ)盐和氨基甲磺酸缩3,5-二氯水杨醛席夫碱(H2L)以及1,10-邻菲咯林(phen)在甲醇和水溶液中合成了三元配合物[Ni(Ⅱ)(C8H7O4NCl2S)(Phen)(H2O)]3(1),通过元素分析、红外光谱对配合物 1 进行了表征,并通过X射线衍射测定了其结构.结构解析表明,配合物 1 属三斜晶系,空间群P ī,晶胞参数为:a=1.5640(3)nm,b=1.5650(3)nm,c=1.5650(3)nm;α=94.84(3)°,β=94.73(3)°,γ=94.80(3)°,V=3.7881(13)nm3,Z=6,Dc=1.420 g· cm-3,F(000)=1602,μ=1.100 mm-1,最终偏差因子(对I>2σ(I)的衍射点),R1=0.0769,ωR2=0.1306,对全部衍射点R1=0.1323,ωR2=0.1468,ω-1=[σ2(Fo)2+(0.1977P)2],P=(Fo2+2Fc2)/3.配合物 1 通过卤卤作用(Cl-Cl 0.3574(8)nm)堆积成3D无限层状结构.     

Crystal growth of Mg- and Ti-substituted hexagonal ferrites from PbO-B2O3 based melts

Crystals of Mg and Ti-substituted hexaferrites have been prepared as perspective materials for the photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy by means of anodes. The melts on the basis of PbO B₂O₃ were used to grow both bulk crystals and thin films. In the chosen system the primary crystallization field of hexaferrites was found. The crystals were grown by conventional unseeded crystal growth using (ACRT) accelerated crucible rotation technique to ensure their good quality and homogeneity. The size of the crystals varied from 10 to 23 mm in diameter. Maximum total content of Mg²⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ amounted to 2 atoms per formula unit of hexaferrite.     

Crystal growth and structure determination of the new silicate K3ScSi2O7

Single crystals of the new three-dimensional silicate K₃ScSi₂O₇ were obtained via a high temperature flux method and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. K₃ScSi₂O₇ crystallizes in the space group P6₃/mmc with a = 5.60650(10) Å, c = 13.6420(4) Å. The structure contains sheets of ScO₆ octahedra that are connected via Si₂O₇ bridging groups.     

Crystal growth and optical properties of LuYAG:Ce single crystal

Crystals of Ce³⁺-doped (Lu_xY_1?x)₃Al₅O₁₂ (LuYAG) have been grown and studied by X-ray powder diffraction, emission spectroscopy, excitation spectroscopy and X-ray excited fluorescence spectroscopy. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern revealed that the as-grown LuYAG:Ce crystal possessed the garnet structure. Compared with Ce³⁺-doped Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG), the absorption bands associated with the 4f–5d transition shifted to shorter wavelengths, the emission band that originated from a transition from the lowest 5d level to the ²F ground state of the Ce³⁺ ions shifted to the blue, which was probably due to a larger Stokes shift of the emission, and the reduction of relative intensity of antisite defect emission in the X-ray excited fluorescence spectra revealed that introducing Lu ions into YAG could reduce the antisite defect.     

Crystal growth and characterization of GaCrN nanorods on Si substrate

GaCrN nanorods were grown on GaN nanorods by RF-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. GaN nanorods were grown on Si (0 0 1) substrates with native SiO₂. Cr doping into GaCrN nanorods was conducted at substrate temperatures of 800 and 550 °C. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the diameter of GaCrN nanorod gradually increases with growth proceeding at 550 °C, while the growth at 800 °C does not change the nanorod diameter. Low-temperature growth enhances the growth perpendicular to the c-axis and decreases the growth along the c-axis. It was found that the solubility limit of Cr atoms in GaCrN is much higher for the low-temperature growth than for the high-temperature growth. It was also found that the highest saturation magnetization is obtained at some optimum Cr cell temperature.     

Temperature gradient controlled growth and optical properties of Er:BaY2F8 crystals

Single crystals of Erbium (Er) doped BaY₂F₈ have been obtained by the temperature gradient technique (TGT). No‐seed‐grown crystal of Er:BaY₂F₈, with the dimensions up to several centimeters, was obtained by self‐crystallization. The optimizations of various growth parameters were systemically investigated. The results indicated that the temperature gradient of 6‐7 K/mm and the cooling velocity less than 6 K/h were suitable for the crystal growth. The XRD data and the investigations on the growth striations by a stereo polarization microscope displayed that the [001] direction is the dominating direction for the crystal growth. The crystal grown by TGT often cracks along with the (100) plane, which is caused by the excessive decrease of the temperature during the crystal growth, for there is a rapid change in the thermal expansion curve of the BaY₂F₈ crystal in the temperature range from 800 °C to 900 °C. The spectral properties of Er:BaY₂F₈ single crystals have been studied and the effects of frequency up‐conversion of the crystals are reported. Spectral data suggest that the quality of Er:BaY₂F₈ crystal obtained by TGT method is good and the crystal has the potential application in laser devices. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)