金属铁络合物光催化二氧化碳还原

二氧化碳(CO₂)光催化还原技术因兼具解决能源和全球变暖问题的潜力而受到关注。金属铁络合物作为分子型催化剂,具有价格低廉、量子效率高、结构可调控和选择性好等优势,表现出优异的CO₂光催化还原性能,成为CO₂光催化还原领域的研究热点。本文综述了近年来基于金属铁络合物光催化二氧化碳还原研究进展。介绍了铁金属络合物(如:铁卟啉、铁多吡啶、五齿铁配合物)CO₂均相光催化还原体系,总结了体系的构成以及作用机理等,着重关注了体系的催化效率和产物的选择性。此外,综述了以半导体纳米材料/量子点作为光敏剂,金属铁络合物作为催化剂的非均相催化体系的研究进展。最后,对该领域未来的研究方向和所面临的挑战做出展望。     

可见光驱动丰产金属卟啉类配合物催化的二氧化碳选择性还原反应

随着能源短缺和环境问题日益突出, 寻找清洁和可再生能源来替代化石燃料是本世纪科学家面临的最紧迫的任务之一. 为了实现我国“双碳”战略目标, 利用太阳能将二氧化碳(CO₂)转化为清洁燃料和化学品是实现社会可持续发展的途径之一. 催化剂是CO₂光还原技术的核心组成部分, 其可以吸附气态CO₂分子, 在可见光照射下将CO₂还原为一氧化碳(CO)、 甲酸(HCOOH)、 甲醇(CH₃OH)或甲烷(CH₄)等能源小分子. 目前, 新型CO₂还原光催化体系的开发取得了很好的进展. 本文综合评述了近年来均相及非均相丰产金属卟啉类催化剂在光催化CO₂还原中的研究进展, 并对在金属卟啉均相催化剂作用下, CO₂光还原为CO或CH₄的反应机理分别进行了介绍, 还讨论了金属卟啉基多孔有机聚合物与卟啉有机金属框架在光催化CO₂方面的重要应用. 最后, 对可见光驱动卟啉类金属配合物催化的CO₂还原的发展前景进行了展望.     

TiO2光催化还原CO2

光催化还原CO₂技术在CO₂的治理与利用方面有着潜在的应用价值和良好的开发前景。该文简要综述了近年来用于光催化还原CO₂反应的TiO₂光催化剂材料,包括纯TiO₂催化剂、负载型TiO₂催化剂、金属改性TiO₂催化剂、半导体复合TiO₂催化剂和有机光敏化TiO₂催化剂等,并介绍了各类催化剂光催化还原CO₂的反应性能。     

理论设计和实验研究吡啶掺杂聚合氮化碳提升光催化CO2还原性能(英文)

光催化CO₂还原是利用太阳光和水将CO₂转化为高价值化学品或燃料(如CO、甲醇、甲烷等),被认为是解决CO₂问题的理想途径之一.CO₂分子中C=O离解能高而活化困难,且光催化CO₂还原涉及多质子耦合多电子转移过程且产物多样,因而研制效率高且选择性好的光催化剂是该技术的关键.聚合物氮化碳(PCN)作为一种结构可调的有机光催化剂,具有化学稳定性好且能带位置适宜于还原CO₂的优势,是一种具有发展潜力的CO₂还原光催化剂;但是PCN也存在因其禁带宽度较大而对可见光响应范围有限以及因其结构由三均三嗪单元构成而缺乏足够活性位点来吸附和活化CO₂等不足.目前在提升PCN的光催化CO₂还原性能方面已有不少研究,但所得的PCN基光催化剂在效率和选择性上仍处于较低水平.考虑到光催化CO₂还原涉及复杂的热力学和动力学要求,对基于PCN的光催化剂进行精准设计和研究是非常必要的,这有望获得同时具...     

二氧化碳转化为氨基甲酸酯的研究进展

二氧化碳(CO₂)是大气中主要的温室气体,同时也是一种丰富、无毒和可再生的碳一资源。因此,将CO₂转化为有价值的化学品对实现可持续发展具有重要意义。然而,由于CO₂的热力学稳定性和动力学惰性,其活化转化非常具有挑战性。氨基甲酸酯是一类具有生物活性的重要化合物,广泛存在于天然产物、农用化学品和医药相关分子中,同时也是重要的有机合成中间体。近年来,利用CO₂作为光气的替代品用于合成氨基甲酸酯吸引了广泛的关注。本文主要综述了CO₂和胺在不同的催化体系下合成氨基甲酸酯的最新研究进展,主要分为无过渡金属催化、过渡金属催化、电催化、光催化四种反应体系来归纳总结,并对CO₂转化为氨基甲酸酯的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

共价有机框架材料在光催化CO2还原中的应用

全球范围内化石燃料的大量消耗导致了能源危机,同时其所排放的CO₂等温室气体使环境问题日渐突出。将CO₂等废气进一步转化为高附加值燃料是解决能源与环境问题的理想方案。利用取之不尽的太阳能作为能源实现光催化CO₂还原为能源化合物被认为是有效解决此问题的最佳途径之一。共价有机框架材料(COFs)是一类新型晶态多孔有机聚合物材料,具有结构稳定性、可设计性和结构多样化的特征,因此在光催化CO₂还原领域表现出了巨大潜力。本文概述了近年来COFs在光催化CO₂还原领域中的催化应用研究进展,包括引入不同金属离子提供活性位点、增加光敏性官能团提高其对可见光利用率等方法。最后对以COFs材料为光催化CO₂还原催化剂的研究进行了总结和展望,我们认为更进一步的新材料合成、修饰与催化机理研究仍是前景广阔的研究领域。     

光催化CO2还原为CH4研究进展(英文)

太阳能驱动二氧化碳光催化还原为CH₄是缓解全球变暖和能源危机的有效策略,然而,光催化效率较低以及产物选择性差,严重阻碍其大规模商业化应用。探究光催化CO₂还原反应机理对解决以上问题有重要参考意义,因此本文对光催化CO₂还原为C₁产物的基本原理及路径进行阐述,主要综述提高CO₂光还原效率以及CH₄选择性的方法,如构建异质结、设计结构缺陷、引入单原子催化剂以及其他方法,最后指出CO₂光还原CH₄面临的挑战和发展前景。     

金属-有机框架材料在光催化二氧化碳还原中的应用

CO₂的过度排放导致全球环境问题日益严重,如何将CO₂有效地利用起来成为全世界的研究热点。相比于高耗能的CO₂捕获和储存(CCS)技术,通过催化反应将CO₂转化为有价值的能源燃料是同时解决能源危机和环境问题的有效途径。其中,使用太阳能作为能量来源的光催化CO₂还原技术更具应用前景。但是目前CO₂光还原催化剂仍然存在很多缺点,如可见光响应能力低、光生电子空穴对复合严重、CO₂吸附量小、产物的选择性低以及在含水环境中的产氢竞争反应等。金属-有机框架(MOFs)是由金属离子/簇和有机配体构成的一类独特的多孔晶态材料,具有可调的多孔结构、电子迁移速度快、CO₂吸附量大等优点,在光催化CO₂还原领域具有广阔的应用潜力。现有方法主要是通过对MOFs的功能化修饰、与其他功能型材料复合等获得高效的光还原CO₂的催化性能。本文主要对近年来MOFs基CO₂光还原催化剂(单一MOFs、MOFs基复合材料以及MOFs衍生材料)的研究现状进行了分析和讨论,并对MOFs材料在光催化CO₂还原中的发展趋势进行了展望。     

卟啉网状结构材料负载单原子的光催化CO2还原

基于刚性、多孔性和多功能性,以及模块化优化、合理的设计和集成、可调谐和光化学性能等优点,卟啉网状结构材料已被证明是金属单原子锚定的优良载体,并在CO₂光催化还原领域拓展了一种新的载体.我们主要总结了近5年来以反应卟啉网状结构材料为载体的单原子催化剂光催化CO₂还原反应的最新研究进展,提出并探讨了该多相催化剂光催化CO₂还原的应用前景以及面临的挑战.     

金属-有机框架基材料在二氧化碳光催化转化中的应用

将大气中的二氧化碳(CO₂)转化为燃料或高附加值化学品是降低大气中CO₂含量、 减缓温室效应的有效途径之一. 光催化CO₂化学转化条件温和, 能耗低, 在CO₂转化中占有重要地位. 金属-有机框架(MOF)基材料由于具有比表面积大、 光电性质优良和可调节性强等特点, 是CO₂光催化转化的常用催化剂之一. 本文综合评述了近两年MOF基材料在光催化CO₂还原反应、 CO₂环加成反应和CO₂羧基化反应中的应用, 阐释了MOF基材料在CO₂光催化转化中的优势和局限性, 并展望了其未来发展.     

均相催化CO2/H2还原羰基化合成高值化学品研究进展

The efficient utilization of the greenhouse gas CO₂ as a C1 feedstock can effectively reduce its emission and create economic value. Hence, the efficient chemical conversion of CO₂ has been receiving intense attention. Due to the extremely low energy level of the CO₂ molecule, the high energy barrier is the primary challenge for the chemical conversion of CO₂. The chemical conversion of CO₂ is mainly carried out through non-reductive transformation in industrial. Yet, the new route of chemical synthesis based on CO₂ reductive transformation is an interesting topic to expand its resource utilization. In this context, homogeneous reductive carbonylation is a hot topic for the utilization of CO₂ via reductive transformation. In this process, the metal hydride intermediate derived from the activation of the hydrogen source is crucial to the CO₂ reduction. Hydrogen, a clean source with high atom economy, can be used as a reducing agent for the reductive conversion of inert CO₂ through carbonylation, to construct C―O, C―N, and C―C bonds and to synthesize aldehyde/alcohol, carboxylic acid, ester, amide, and other chemicals. These expand the scope of CO₂ high-value utilization and show great potential application in terms of resource utilization and environmental protection. This CO₂ utilization process is thought to involve cascading catalytic reactions of CO₂ reduction and carbonylation. The catalytic systems require the corresponding catalysts to efficiently promote each step and effectively inhibit undesired side reactions. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the homogeneous reductive carbonylation of CO₂ with H₂. However, this kind of reaction is mostly of the cascade type, and hence, requires harsh conditions and noble metal catalysts. The chemoselectivity is low because of the multiple competing reactions. In addition, due to the steric hindrance and electronic effects of the substrate, there are limitations on the types of substrates that can be employed. With the development of new characterization techniques and theoretical calculations, some progress has been made in revealing the reaction mechanism and in the activation of the carbon-oxygen bonds of CO₂. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a more efficient catalytic system that requires mild conditions for reductive carbonylation. In this review, we provide an overview of the groundbreaking studies and the recent breakthroughs that have demonstrated the potential of metal catalysts to utilize the combination of CO₂ and H₂ as a C1 synthon, including olefin carbonylation, amine carbonylation, and alcohol/ether carbonylation, while highlighting the effect of different types of metal catalysts on the reaction. We conclude with a perspective on the future prospects of the homogeneous reductive carbonylation of CO₂ with H₂, providing readers a snapshot of this rapidly evolving field.     

单原子材料在二氧化碳催化中的技术经济分析与产业化应用前景

近年来, 随着科学研究的不断深入, 单原子催化剂由于具有高活性与高选择性等突出特点被广泛挖掘和应用. 作为连接多相与均相催化的桥梁, 单原子催化剂已经成为催化领域的重要研究对象之一, 具有广泛的工业化应用前景. 本文对单原子催化剂的发展历程、 特点及其在不同领域的应用进行了概括, 综合评述了当前CO₂还原领域的技术经济分析, 并首次对单原子材料催化转化CO₂进行了技术经济分析与计算. 最后, 对单原子催化剂在CO₂还原领域中工业化应用的未来发展方向及亟需解决的关键科学和技术问题进行了展望, 以期推动单原子催化材料的进一步广泛应用.     

焦炭催化CO还原NO的反应机理研究

利用密度泛函理论,研究了焦炭催化作用下CO还原NO的化学反应机理,优化得到了均相反应路径以及在Zigzag和Armchair型焦炭表面上的异相反应路径中所有驻点的几何构型与能量,并对三条反应路径进行了动力学分析。结果表明,均相NO还原反应的活化能为254.06 kJ/mol,而Zigzag型与Armchair型焦炭表面NO异相还原反应的活化能分别为86.94与52.16 kJ/mol,说明焦炭在NO还原反应中能够起到催化作用。在焦炭表面进行的CO还原NO的反应路径经历N₂形成、N₂释放及两步CO₂释放四个阶段,最终生成一个N₂分子与两个CO₂分子。此外,通过对比不同路径下异相反应的能量变化与动力学参数可知,焦炭表面结构对NO还原反应特性存在较大影响;与Zigzag型焦炭表面相比,基于Armchair型焦炭表面的NO还原反应决速步能垒值更低且反应速率更快,表明在Armchair型焦炭表面上的NO还原反应更易进行。     

基于单原子催化剂的二氧化碳选择性转化

Industrial revolution has led to increased combustion of fossil fuels. Consequently, large amounts of CO₂ are emitted to the atmosphere, throwing the carbon cycle out of balance. Currently, the most effective method to reduce the CO₂ concentration is direct CO₂ capture from the atmosphere and pumping of the captured CO₂ deep underground or into the mid-ocean. The transformation of CO₂ into high-value chemicals is an attractive yet challenging task. In recent years, there has been much interest in the development of CO₂ utilization technologies based on electrochemical CO₂ reduction, photochemical CO₂ reduction, and thermal CO₂ reduction, and CO₂ valorization has emerged as a hot research topic. In electrochemical CO₂ reduction, the cathodic reaction is the reduction of CO₂ to value-added chemicals. The anodic reaction should be the oxygen evolution reaction, and water is the only renewable and scalable source of electrons and protons in this reaction. There is a plethora of research on the use of various metals to catalyze this reaction. Among these, Cu-based materials have been demonstrated to show unique catalytic activity and stability for the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to valuable fuels and chemicals. Moreover, the solar-driven conversion of CO₂ into value-added chemical fuels has attracted great attention, and much effort is being devoted to develop novel catalysts for the photoreduction of CO₂, especially by mimicking the natural photosynthetic process. The key step in the photocatalytic process is the efficient generation of electron-hole pairs and separation of these charge carriers. The efficient separation of photoinduced charge carriers plays a crucial role in the final catalytic activity. Compared with CO₂ reduction via electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, thermal reduction is more attractive because of its potential large-scale application in the industry. Heterogeneous nanomaterials show excellent activity in the electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and thermal catalytic conversion of CO₂. However, nanostructured materials have drawbacks on the investigation of the intrinsic activity of the active sites. In recent years, single-site catalysts have become popular because they allow for maximum utilization of the metal centers, show specific catalytic performance, and facilitate easy elucidation of the catalytic mechanism at the molecular level. Accordingly, numerous single-site catalysts were developed for CO₂ reduction to produce value-added chemicals such as CO, CH₄, CH₃OH, formate, and C₂₊ products. Value-added chemicals have also been synthesized with the aid of amines and epoxides. This review summarizes recent state-of-the-art single-site catalysts and their application as heterogeneous catalysts for the electroreduction, photoreduction, and thermal reduction of CO₂. In the discussion, we will highlight the structure-activity relationships for the catalytic conversion of CO₂ with single-site catalysts.     

CO_2含量对污泥再燃还原NO的影响研究

在模拟水泥分解炉的实验台架上研究CO_2浓度(体积分数0-35%)对污泥再燃还原性气体析出特性及其对污泥与污泥焦还原NO反应的动态变化规律的影响。结果表明,污泥再燃产生的还原性气体主要为HCN、NH_3、CH_4及CO;当CO_2浓度从0增加到25%时,由于CO_2与污泥焦气化作用增强,导致HCN、NH_3及CH_4的析出量缓慢下降,而CO析出量显著增加,最终促进NO还原率从51%增加至61%;继续增加CO_2浓度至35%,由于CO_2的辐射吸收导致局部热不稳定性增强,气化作用的减弱导致CO析出量下降,且HCN析出量有较大幅度下降,NH_3析出量变化不大,CH_4析出量有一定幅度上升,综合影响使得NO的还原率逐渐下降至55%。研究表明,实验室条件下污泥再燃能较高效地对烟气中NO进行还原;机理研究表明,污泥再燃过程中同时存在对NO的气气均相还原反应和气固异相还原反应,实验确定污泥焦对NO的气固异相还原率仅为18%,因此,污泥脱硝以气气均相还原反应为主。     

光催化CO_2转化为碳氢燃料体系的综述

传统化石能源燃烧产生CO2引起的地球变暖和能源短缺已经成为一个严重的全球性问题.利用太阳光和光催化材料将CO2还原为碳氢燃料,不仅可以减少空气中CO2浓度,降低温室效应的影响,还可以提供碳氢燃料,缓解能源短缺问题,因此日益受到各国科学家的高度关注.本文综述了光催化还原CO2为碳氢燃料的研究进展,介绍了光催化还原CO2的反应机理,并对现阶段报道的光催化还原CO2材料体系进行了整理和分类,包括TiO2光催化材料,ABO3型钙钛矿光催化材料,尖晶石型光催化材料,掺杂型光催化材料,复合光催化材料,V、W、Ge、Ga基光催化材料及石墨烯基光催化材料.评述了各种材料体系的特点及光催化性能的一些影响因素.最后对光催化还原CO2的研究前景进行了展望.     

基于金属氧化物材料的二氧化碳电催化还原

The CO₂ level in the atmosphere has been increasing since the industrial revolution owing to anthropogenic activities. The increased CO₂ level has led to global warming and also has detrimental effects on human beings. Reducing the CO₂ level in the atmosphere is urgent for balancing the carbon cycle. In this regard, reduction in CO₂ emission and CO₂ storage and usage are the main strategies. Among these, CO₂ usage has been extensively explored, because it can reduce the CO₂ level and simultaneously provide opportunities for the development in catalysts and industries to convert CO₂ as a carbon source for preparing valuable products. However, transformation of CO₂ to other chemicals is challenging owing to its thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. Among the CO₂ utilization techniques, electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECR) is a promising alternative because it is generally conducted under ambient conditions, and water is used as the economical hydrogen source. Moreover, ECR offers a potential route to store electrical energy from renewable sources in the form of chemical energy, through generation of CO₂ reduction products. To improve the energy efficiency and viability of ECR, it is important to decrease the operational overpotential and maintain large current densities and high product selectivities; the development of efficient electrocatalysts is a critical aspect in this regard. To date, many kinds of materials have been designed and studied for application in ECR. Among these materials, metal oxide-based materials exhibit excellent performance as electrocatalysts for ECR and are attracting increasing attention in recent years. Investigation of the mechanism of reactions that involve metallic electrocatalysts has revealed the function of trace amount of oxidized metal species—it has been suggested that the presence of metal oxides and metal-oxygen bonds facilitates the activation of CO₂ and the subsequent formation and stabilization of the reaction intermediates, thereby resulting in high efficiency and selectivity of the ECR. Although the stability of metal oxides is a concern as they are prone to reduction under a cathodic potential, the catalytic performance of metal oxide-based catalysts can be maintained through careful designing of the morphology and structure of the materials. In addition, introducing other metal species to metal oxides and fabricating composites of metal oxides and other materials are effective strategies to achieve enhanced performance in ECR. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the use of metal oxide-based materials as electrocatalysts and their application in ECR. The critical role, stability, and structure-performance relationship of the metal oxide-based materials for ECR are highlighted in the discussion. In the final part, we propose the future prospects for the development of metal oxide-based electrocatalysts for ECR.     

Ni2P纳米片用于光催化二氧化碳还原

Artificial photosynthesis is an ideal method for solar-to-chemical energy conversion, wherein solar energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds of solar fuels. In particular, the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ has attracted considerable attention due to its dual benefits of fossil fuel production and CO₂ pollution reduction. However, CO₂ is a comparatively stable molecule and its photoreduction is thermodynamically and kinetically challenging. Thus, the photocatalytic efficiency of CO₂ reduction is far below the level of industrial applications. Therefore, development of low-cost cocatalysts is crucial for significantly decreasing the activation energy of CO₂ to achieving efficient photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Herein, we have reported the use of a Ni₂P material that can serve as a robust cocatalyst by cooperating with a photosensitizer for the photoconversion of CO₂. An effective strategy for engineering Ni₂P in an ultrathin layered structure has been proposed to improve the CO₂ adsorption capability and decrease the CO₂ activation energy, resulting in efficient CO₂ reduction. A series of physicochemical characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to demonstrate the successful preparation of ultrathin Ni₂P nanosheets. The XRD and XPS results confirm the successful synthesis of Ni₂P from Ni(OH)₂ by a low temperature phosphidation process. According to the TEM images, the prepared Ni₂P nanosheets exhibit a 2D and near-transparent sheet-like structure, suggesting their ultrathin thickness. The AFM images further demonstrated this result and also showed that the height of the Ni₂P nanosheets is ca 1.5 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy results revealed that the Ni₂P material could efficiently promote the separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes in [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂·6H₂O. More importantly, the Ni₂P nanosheets could more efficiently promote the charge transfer and charge separation rate of [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂·6H₂O compared with the Ni₂P particles. In addition, the electrochemical experiments revealed that the Ni₂P nanosheets, with their high active surface area and charge conductivity, can provide more active centers for CO₂ conversion and accelerate the interfacial reaction dynamics. These results strongly suggest that the Ni₂P nanosheets are a promising material for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, and can achieve a CO generation rate of 64.8 μmol·h^-1, which is 4.4 times higher than that of the Ni₂P particles. In addition, the XRD and XPS measurements of the used Ni₂P nanosheets after the six cycles of the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction demonstrated their high stability. Overall, this study offers a new function for the 2D transition-metal phosphide catalysts in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.     

Recent Progress on Bismuth-based Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Due to the burning of fossil fuels, the level of carbon dioxide(CO₂) in the atmosphere gradually rises, leading to serious greenhouse effect and environmental problems. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is currently an efficient way to convert CO₂ to value-added products. Bismuth(Bi)-based nanomaterials have raised great interests due to their excellent activity and high selectivity to electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. In this review, the fundamental principles of electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂RR) are introduced at first. Moreover, the recent development of Bi-based electrocatalytic materials including Bi with various nanostructures(nanoparticle, nanosheet, etc.), Bi-based compounds(Bi oxide, bimetal chalcogenide, etc.), and Bi/C nanocomposites are summarized. In the end, the future prospects and challenges of electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction are discussed.