可充镁电池电解液

由于金属镁具有能量密度较高、价格低、操作安全等优点,可充镁电池是在大负荷储能方面极具发展潜力的二次电池。本文综述了可充镁电池电解液的研究进展,其中包括溶于醚溶剂中的格氏试剂、Mg(BR₂R′₂)₂(其中R、R′为烷基或芳基)、Mg(AX_4-nR_n′R′_n″)₂络合物(其中A=Al、B、Sb、P、As、Fe和Ta等,X =Cl、Br和F,R、R′为烷基或芳基,0相似文献   

An Amorphous Molybdenum Polysulfide Cathode for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) attract research interest owing to the low cost and high reliability, but the design of cathode materials is the major difficulty of their development. The bivalent magnesium cation suffers from a strong interaction with the anion and is difficult to intercalate into traditional magnesium intercalation cathodes. Herein, an amorphous molybdenum polysulfide (a-MoS_x) is synthesized via a simple one-step solvothermal reaction and used as the cathode material for RMBs. The a-MoS_x cathode provides a high capacity (185 mAh g⁻¹) and a good rate performance (50 mAh g⁻¹ at 1000 mA g⁻¹), which are much superior compared with crystalline MoS₂ and demonstrate the privilege of amorphous RMB cathodes. A mechanism study demonstrates both of molybdenum and sulfur undergo redox reactions and contribute to the capacity. Further optimizations indicate low-temperature synthesis would favor the magnesium storage performance of a-MoS_x.     

Facile Preparation of CuCo2S4/Cu7.2S4 Nanocomposites as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries**

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been considered a promising energy-storage device due to their high energy density and high safety, but they still suffer from a lack of high-rate performance and cycle performance of the cathode. Nanosized CuCo₂S₄/Cu_7.2S₄ composites have been synthesized for the first time by a facile solvothermal method. Herein, the magnesium ion storage behavior when applied in the cathode for RMBs is discussed. Electrochemical results demonstrated that the CuCo₂S₄/Cu_7.2S₄ composites exhibit a high initial discharge capacity of 256 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 mA g⁻¹ and 123 mAh g⁻¹ at 300 mA g⁻¹ at room temperature and an outstanding long-term cyclic stability over 300 cycles at 300 mA g⁻¹. Furthermore, the electrochemical storage mechanism demonstrated that the storage process of magnesium ion in the CuCo₂S₄/Cu_7.2S₄ cathode is mainly driven by strong pseudocapacitive effects.     

分级结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼:高倍率长寿命可充电镁电池正极材料

可充电镁电池成本低、安全性好,是非常有前景的下一代二次电池,其关键之一是开发高性能的正极材料.本工作首次利用分级结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼(hNCNC)作为可充电镁电池的正极材料,展现出高放电比容量(71m Ah·g^-1@100m A·g^-1)、优异的倍率性能(60 mAh·g^-1@2000 mA·g^-1)和长循环稳定性(1000圈容量保留率83%@1000 mA·g^-1). hNCNC呈现电容行为主导的储镁机制,理论研究表明镁离子主要吸附在微孔边缘的碳原子、吡啶氮或吡咯氮等活性位点上.其优异储镁性能可归因于:(1) hNCNC的大比表面积(1590 m²·g^-1)、丰富微孔缺陷和高吡啶/吡咯氮含量(4.49 at.%)有效提升了储镁容量;(2) hNCNC的高导电性、多级孔道结构及N掺杂导致的高浸润性有利于电荷传输,降低了电池的等效串联电阻,从而改善了倍率性能;(3) hNCNC的稳定碳骨架结构及其表面吸附储镁机制使其具有优异的长循环稳定性...     

五氧化二钒空心球制备及其作为镁二次电池正极材料

利用碳球作为模板,通过与异丙醇氧钒的溶剂热反应制备了五氧化二钒(V₂O₅)空心球。 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等技术手段对V₂O₅空心球进行了表征。 实验结果表明,V₂O₅空心球的直径约为1.5 μm,壁厚约100 nm。 将V₂O₅空心球作为镁二次电池的正极,在0.2 C充放电条件下,材料的首次放电比容量达140 mA·h/g,经20次循环后容量为110 mA·h/g。     

Synthesis and Exploration of Ladder‐Structured Large Aromatic Dianhydrides as Organic Cathodes for Rechargeable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Compared to anode materials in Li‐ion batteries, the research on cathode materials is far behind, and their capacities are much smaller. Thus, in order to address these issues, we believe that organic conjugated materials could be a solution. In this study, we synthesized two non‐polymeric dianhydrides with large aromatic structures: NDA‐4N (naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with four nitrogen atoms) and PDA‐4N (perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with four nitrogen atoms). Their electrochemical properties have been investigated between 2.0 and 3.9 V (vs. Li⁺/Li). Benefiting from multi‐electron reactions, NDA‐4N and PDA‐4N could reversibly achieve 79.7 % and 92.3 %, respectively, of their theoretical capacity. Further cycling reveals that the organic compound with a relatively larger aromatic building block could achieve a better stability, as an obvious 36.5 % improvement of the capacity retention was obtained when the backbone was switched from naphthalene to perylene. This study proposes an opportunity to attain promising small‐molecule‐based cathode materials through tailoring organic structures.     

An Efficient Halogen‐Free Electrolyte for Use in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Unlocking the full potential of rechargeable magnesium batteries has been partially hindered by the reliance on chloride‐based complex systems. Despite the high anodic stability of these electrolytes, they are corrosive toward metallic battery components, which reduce their practical electrochemical window. Following on our new design concept involving boron cluster anions, monocarborane CB₁₁H₁₂^? produced the first halogen‐free, simple‐type Mg salt that is compatible with Mg metal and displays an oxidative stability surpassing that of ether solvents. Owing to its inertness and non‐corrosive nature, the Mg(CB₁₁H₁₂)₂/tetraglyme (MMC/G4) electrolyte system permits standardized methods of high‐voltage cathode testing that uses a typical coin cell. This achievement is a turning point in the research and development of Mg electrolytes that has deep implications on realizing practical rechargeable Mg batteries.     

Fervent Hype behind Magnesium Batteries: An Open Call to Synthetic Chemists—Electrolytes and Cathodes Needed

Magnesium metal is a superior anode which has double the volumetric capacity of lithium metal and has a negative reduction potential of −2.37 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. A major benefit of magnesium is the apparent lack of dendrite formation during charging which is one of the crucial concerns of using a lithium metal anode. In this Review, we highlight the foremost research in the development of electrolytes and cathodes and discuss some of the significant challenges which must be overcome in realizing a practical magnesium battery.     

Organic Positive Materials for Magnesium Batteries: A Review

Magnesium batteries, like lithium-ion batteries, with higher abundance and similar efficiency, have drawn great interest for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles, grid energy storage and many more. On the other hand, the use of organic electrode materials allows high energy-performance, metal-free, environmentally friendly, versatile, lightweight, and economically efficient magnesium storage devices. In particular, the structural diversity and the simple activity of organic molecules make redox properties, and hence battery efficiency, easy to monitor. While organic magnesium batteries still in their infancy, this field becomes more and more promising because significant results were reported. To summarize the achievements in studies on organic cathodes for magnesium systems, their synthesis is discussed, combined with electrode design to provide the basis for controlling the electrochemical properties. Moreover, the techniques to synthesize organic materials with high-yield are mentioned. Finally, potential problems and prospects are explored to further improve organic cathodes.     

Highly Reversible Cuprous Mediated Cathode Chemistry for Magnesium Batteries

Sluggish kinetics and poor reversibility of cathode chemistry is the major challenge for magnesium batteries to achieve high volumetric capacity. Introduction of the cuprous ion (Cu⁺) as a charge carrier can decouple the magnesiation related energy storage from the cathode electrochemistry. Cu⁺ is generated from a fast equilibrium between copper selenide electrode and Mg electrolyte during standing time, rather than in the electrochemical process. A reversible chemical magnesiation/de‐magnesiation can be driven by this solid/liquid equilibrium. During a typical discharge process, Cu⁺ is reduced to Cu and drives the equilibrium to promote the magnesiation process. The reversible Cu to Cu⁺ redox promotes the recharge process. This novel Cu⁺ mediated cathode chemistry of Mg battery leads to a high reversible areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm^?2 with high mass loading (49.1 mg cm^?2) of the electrode. 80 % capacity retention can be achieved for 200 cycles after a conditioning process.     

Studies on Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries

It is a technological problem of LiNiO2 cathode material for lithium-ion secondary batteries because of the difficult preparation and hard purification, instable performance, remarkable capacity fading at initial discharge, worse thermal stability and safety of Ni-series cathode materials,and it is also the key factor of hindering LiNiO2 cathode material from practical applications.Recently, by doping some metal cations such as Co, Mn, Mg, Al, Cr and so on[1-5] into LiNiO2, the preparation difficulty and the purification hardness can be obviously improved, and the initial irreversible discharge capacity can be reduced, and the ratio of the initial discharge to charge capacity can be enhanced. But the cyclic stability, thermal stability and safety of LiNiO2 are not enough to satisfy the demand of commercial use.At present, the synthesis of LiNiO2 cathode material must be sintered under oxygen atmosphere in most cases, and the improved effect of fluoride doping on the electrochemical properties of LiNiO2 has seldom been reported in the literatures.In this paper, the cobalt cation and fluorine anion co-doping cathode materials Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy( 0≤δ≤0.2, 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤y≤0.1 ) were synthesized by solid state reaction method at 650℃ ～750℃ under air atmosphere, and characterized by XRD、 SEM、 TEM、 BET、 laser particle-size distribution measurement and electrochemical performance testing, the effect of different nickel sources on the properties of as-synthesized cathode materials was investigated. The results demonstrated that the cobalt and fluorine ions co-doping cathode materials Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy have complete layered structure, uniform surface morphology and better particle-size distribution as well as excellent electrochemical performances. At 20～25℃, 0.15～0.25mA charge and discharge current,4.25～2.70V cut-off voltage, 0.2～0.5C charge and discharge rate and 0.2～0.5 mA/cm2 current density,LiNi0.8Co0.2O1.95F0.05 cathode material has higher initial charge and discharge capacity and better cyclic properties which can be mainly attributed to the doping of the higher electronegativity fluorine which improves the structural stability and the synergistic reaction of cobalt and fluorine ions co-doping on the cathode materials. Under the above conditions, the initial charge and discharge capacity of LiNi0.8Co0.2O1.95F0.05 is 165.70mAh/g and 146.10mAh/g, respectively. After 50 cycles, it has more than 140mAh/g of discharge capacity and displays preliminary application possibility in the future.     

Cathodes for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries: Materials,Mechanisms, and Kinetics

As concerns about the safety of lithium-ions batteries (LIBs) increases, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with a lower cost, higher safety, and higher co-efficiency have attracted more and more interest. However, finding suitable cathode materials is still an urgent problem in ZIBs. In recent years, a lot of significant works have been reported, including manganese-based cathodes, vanadium-based cathodes, Prussian blue analog-based materials, and sustainable quinone cathodes. In this review, some typical cathode materials are introduced. The detailed storage mechanisms and methods for improving the reaction kinetics of the zinc ions are summarized. Finally, the issues, challenges, and the research directions are provided.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure,and Electrochemical Properties of a Simple Magnesium Electrolyte for Magnesium/Sulfur Batteries

Most simple magnesium salts tend to passivate the Mg metal surface too quickly to function as electrolytes for Mg batteries. In the present work, an electroactive salt [Mg(THF)₆][AlCl₄]₂ was synthesized and structurally characterized. The Mg electrolyte based on this simple mononuclear salt showed a high Mg cycling efficiency, good anodic stability (2.5 V vs. Mg), and high ionic conductivity (8.5 mS cm^?1). Magnesium/sulfur cells employing the as‐prepared electrolyte exhibited good cycling performance over 20 cycles in the range of 0.3–2.6 V, thus indicating an electrochemically reversible conversion of S to MgS without severe passivation of the Mg metal electrode surface.     

In Situ Electropolymerization Enables Ultrafast Long Cycle Life and High‐Voltage Organic Cathodes for Lithium Batteries

Organic cathode materials have attracted extensive attention because of their diverse structures, facile synthesis, and environmental friendliness. However, they often suffer from insufficient cycling stability caused by the dissolution problem, poor rate performance, and low voltages. An in situ electropolymerization method was developed to stabilize and enhance organic cathodes for lithium batteries. 4,4′,4′′‐Tris(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐triphenylamine (TCTA) was employed because carbazole groups can be polymerized under an electric field and they may serve as high‐voltage redox‐active centers. The electropolymerized TCTA electrodes demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance with a high discharge voltage of 3.95 V, ultrafast rate capability of 20 A g^?1, and a long cycle life of 5000 cycles. Our findings provide a new strategy to address the dissolution issue and they explore the molecular design of organic electrode materials for use in rechargeable batteries.     

PP14TFSI离子液体在可充镁电池电解液的应用

制备了可充镁电池电解质苯酚基镁盐,以四氢呋喃（THF）与N-甲基-N-丁基-哌啶-双三氟甲基磺酰胺（PP14TFSI）离子液体混合物代替四氢呋喃作为该电解质的溶剂. 当THF与PP₁₄TFSI体积配比为1:1时,该苯酚基镁盐电解液镁可逆溶出性能最佳,电化学窗口宽（2.7 V vs. Mg）,离子电导率高（7.77 mS·cm^-1）. 此外,热重测试表明离子液体的加入大大降低了THF溶剂的挥发性,提高了可充镁电池的安全性能. 四氢呋喃 + N-甲基-N-丁基-哌啶-双三氟甲基磺酰胺混合溶剂有望作为可充镁电池电解液的首选溶剂.     

Revealing the Magnesium-Storage Mechanism in Mesoporous Bismuth via Spectroscopy and Ab-Initio Simulations

We present mesoporous bismuth nanosheets as a model to study the charge-storage mechanism of Mg/Bi systems in magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs). Using a systematic spectroscopy investigation of combined synchrotron-based operando X-ray diffraction, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and Raman, we demonstrate a reversible two-step alloying reaction mechanism Bi↔MgBi↔Mg₃Bi₂. Ab-initio simulation methods disclose the formation of a MgBi intermediate and confirm its high electronic conductivity. This intermediate serves as a buffer for the significant volume expansion (204 %) and acts to regulate Mg storage kinetics. The mesoporous bismuth nanosheets, as an ideal material for the investigation of the Mg charge-storage mechanism, effectively alleviate volume expansion and enable significant electrochemical performance in a lithium-free electrolyte. These findings will benefit mechanistic understandings and advance material designs for MIBs.     

导电含硫材料/聚苯胺复合物作为镁二次电池的正极材料

使用通过简单加热聚丙烯腈(PAN)和硫单质而得到的导电含硫材料(conductive sulfur-containing material, CSM)及其与聚苯胺(PAn)的复合物作为镁二次电池的正极材料. X射线衍射(XRD)和傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)测试表明, 导电含硫材料的结构由类似石墨的微晶相及无定形相所组成, 材料骨架为含有S—S键的脱水嘧啶型基质. 该导电含硫材料与聚苯胺复合并掺杂Cu(II)后, 其放电比容量和电化学可逆性大大提高, 放电比容量可达117.3 mAh·g-1, 22次循环后容量保持大约78％(相对于第二次放电容量). 聚苯胺不仅起到电化学催化剂的作用, 同时也是电极活性物质, 并且在分子水平上改善了活性材料的导电性能. 该复合物研究结果为镁二次电池正极材料结构设计的开发提供了新的思路.     

二硒化钼纳米球储锂和储镁的性能和机理研究

二硒化钼是一种二维过渡金属硫族化合物材料,凭借其具有较快的离子迁移率、较弱的范德华力的层状结构,在锂离子电池的应用研究中吸引了广泛的关注。同时在镁离子电池应用中表现出潜在的研究前景。然而,有关二硒化钼在锂离子电池中的报道多集中在如何提高储锂性能上,对其离子存储机理缺乏深入研究。此外,在储镁性能和机理上均没有报道。本项工作通过湿化学和高温煅烧两步法合成了二硒化钼纳米球,当二硒化钼纳米球用作锂离子电池负极材料时,在5 A·g^-1的电流密度下展示了高于100 mAh·g^-1的优异高倍率容量;同时,作为镁离子电池正极材料时,在20 mA·g^-1的电流密度下表现出了120 mAh·g^-1的高储镁可逆容量。另外,通过电化学、原位和非原位X射线衍射表征技术,分别揭示了二硒化钼纳米球低平台发生的转化式和高平台发生的类锂硒电池反应并存的储锂机理,以及赝电容式为主,嵌入式为辅的储镁机理。本项工作不仅为二维过渡金属硫族化合物材料的储锂机理提供了深刻的理解,同时也为新型层状储能材料的设计开发提供了方向。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2的合成及其高温容量衰减研究

采用共沉淀-高温固相烧结法合成了富镍型三元复合正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2.恒流充放电测试表明,材料在3.0～4.4 V下0.2C放电容量达到179.2 mAh.g-1,但在55℃下经历100次充放电循环后发生急剧的容量衰减.电化学交流阻抗谱、X射线光电子能谱和原子发射光谱等实验表明,在高温高电压下,电解液与LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2电极材料之间的副反应加剧,导致过渡金属原子溶出,该材料局域结构被破坏.同时,电极材料表面还沉积了高阻抗的LiF/MFx层,使得在电极的充放电过程中电荷转移阻抗和Li+扩散阻抗不断增加,以致电池容量急剧衰减.     

A Designed Durable Electrolyte for High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries and Mechanism Analysis

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the energy market, from electronic devices to electric vehicles, but pursuing greater energy density remains challenging owing to the limited electrode capacity. Although increasing the cut-off voltage of LIBs (>4.4 V vs. Li/Li⁺) can enhance the energy density, the aggravated electrolyte decomposition always leads to a severe capacity fading and/or expiry of the battery. Herein, a new durable electrolyte is reported for high-voltage LIBs. The designed electrolyte is composed of mixed linear alkyl carbonate solvent with certain cyclic carbonate additives, in which use of the ethylene carbonate (EC) co-solvent was successfully avoided to suppress the electrolyte decomposition. As a result, an extremely high cycling stability, rate capability, and high-temperature storage performance were demonstrated in the case of a graphite|LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ (NCM622) battery at 4.45 V when this electrolyte was used. The good compatibility of the electrolyte with the graphite anode and the mitigated structural degradation of the NCM622 cathode are responsible for the high performance at high potentials above 4.4 V. This work presents a promising application of high-voltage electrolytes for pursuing high energy LIBs and provides a straightforward guide to study the electrodes/electrolyte interface for higher stability.