Au(111)表面上乙醇选择性氧化反应机理的密度泛函理论研究(英文)

采用密度泛函理论研究了吸附有O原子的Au(111)表面上乙醇选择性氧化的反应机理.反应结果表明,除O原子和中间产物二齿醋酸根(CH3CHOO)外,其他中间产物在Au(111)表面扩散能垒均较低,不会对反应速控步骤的确定造成影响.乙醇羟基氧化脱氢为反应的第一步骤,当氧化剂为吸附态的O原子或者为OH基时,反应活化能分别为0.20和0.17eV.氧化产物乙氧基(CH3CH2O)进一步氧化脱氢生成乙醛则需要表面吸附的O原子或另一表面吸附的OH基的参与,所需活化能为0.29或0.27eV.同时,乙醛易与表面吸附的乙氧基反应生成乙氧基半缩醛(CH3CHOOC2H5),其可进一步与O原子作用,脱氢形成乙酸乙酯.此外,在乙醛深度氧化成酸的过程中需要克服较高的反应能垒,因而在表面反应温度较低时无法进行,这与实验结果相符.     

乙醇在Co(111)表面脱氢反应机理的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论和周期平板模型相结合的方法针对Co（111）表面上乙醇脱氢反应的反应机理进行了细致的研究,同时,对反应过程中涉及到的各个物种在表面上不同吸附位（顶位（top）,桥位（bridge）,三重空穴位（fcc和hcp））的吸附模型进行了结构优化以及相关能量的计算,确定了各物种的最佳吸附位点.研究结果表明,CH₃CH₂OH在Co（111）表面的脱氢反应可具体描述为三条反应路径：反应路径I为CH₃CH₂OH逐步脱氢经由中间体CH₃CHO,最终生成CH₄和CO的反应;反应路径Ⅱ为CH₃CH₂OH脱氢产生的CH₃CH₂O基和CH₃CHO相互作用通过CH₃COOH分子最终生成CH₄和CO₂的反应;反应路径Ⅲ为CH₃CH₂O基和CH₃CO基作用生成CH₃COOC₂H₅的过程,其中,反应路径I为最优路径（CH₃CH₂OH→CH₃CH₂O→CH₃CHO→CH₃CO→CH₃+CO→CH₂→CH→CH₄+CO+C+H）,该反应路径中的CH₃CH₂O基脱氢生成CH₃CHO为速控步骤,反应能垒为1.61 eV.     

Ethanol Oxidation Reaction Mechanism on Gold Nanowires from Density Functional Theory

Thin gold nanowires (NWs) are materials that could be used as support in different chemical reactions. Using density functional theory (DFT) it was shown that NWs that form linear atomic chains (LACs) are suitable for stimulating chemical reactions. To this end, the oxidation reaction of ethanol supported on the LACs of Au−NWs was investigated. Two types of LACs were used for the study, one pure and the other with an oxygen impurity. The results showed that the oxygen atom in the LAC fulfills important functions throughout the reaction pathway. Before the chemical reaction, it was observed that the LAC with impurity gains structural stability, that is, the oxygen acts as an anchor for the gold atoms in the LAC. In addition, the LAC was shown to be sensitive to disturbances in its vicinity, which modifies its nucleophilic character. During the chemical reaction, the oxidation of ethanol occurs through two different reaction paths and in two stages, both producing acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO). The different reaction pathways are a consequence of the presence of oxygen in the LAC (oxygen conditions the formation of reaction intermediates). In addition, the oxygen in the LAC also modifies the kinetic behavior in both reaction stages. It was observed that, by introducing an oxygen impurity in the LAC, the activation energy barriers decrease ∼69 % and ∼97 % in the first and second reaction stages, respectively.     

Theoretical Study of the AICI Disproportionation Reaction Mechanism on the Al(100) Surface

The surface disproportionation reaction mechanism of aluminum subchloride on the aluminum (100) surfaces has been investigated by the plane-wave density functional theory (DFT).Three kinds of possible reaction mechanism of AlCl disproportionation reaction on the aluminum (100)surfaces have been taken into account. The structures of reactants and products have been optimized, transition states have been confirmed and activation energies have been calculated. The adsorption energy of reactants and desorption energy of products have been determined. All of these have been employed to confirm the reaction mechanism and the rate determining step of AlCl disproportionation reaction on the aluminum (100) surfaces.     

Theoretical Study of the AlCl Disproportionation Reaction Mechanism on the Al(100) Surface

The surface disproportionation reaction mechanism of aluminum subchloride on the aluminum (100) surfaces has been investigated by the plane-wave density functional theory (DFT).Three kinds of possible reaction mechanism of AlCl disproportionation reaction on the aluminum (100) surfaces have been taken into account.The structures of reactants and products have been optimized,transition states have been confirmed and activation energies have been calculated.The adsorption energy of reactants and desorption energy of products have been determined.All of these have been employed to confirm the reaction mechanism and the rate determining step of AlCl disproportionation reaction on the aluminum (100) surfaces.     

丙烯腈在Cu(100)表面化学吸附的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函方法, 模拟金属铜原子簇Cu₁₄(9,4,1)的(100)表面, 对丙烯腈(CH₂＝CHCN)在Cu(100)面上不同吸附位的吸附状况进行了理论研究. 结果表明: 丙烯腈分子通过端位N原子垂直吸附在金属表面上为弱化学吸附, 部分电荷从丙烯腈分子转移至铜金属簇; 由N原子的孤对电子与金属铜形成弱σ共价键; 顶位是最佳吸附位, 吸附能为40.7391 kJ•mol^－1, N原子与金属表面间的平衡距离为0.2279 nm; 其次为桥位和穴位, 吸附能分别为36.2513和30.2158 kJ•mol^－1, 平衡距离为0.2194和0.2886 nm; 吸附后C≡N键的强度降低, 活化了丙烯腈分子. 化学吸附使体系的熵减小, 是由于丙烯腈分子的平动和转动因吸附而被限制.     

氮在含氧Mo(100)面上的吸附与反应

 用HREELS, AES, LEED和TDS考察了氮在含氧Mo(100)上的吸附和热脱附. 120 K下氮在含氧Mo(100)上吸附时存在着N—N伸缩振动频率2150和1600 cm-1, 分别对应于线式(γ态)和侧位(α态)两种分子吸附态. 升温引起γ态氮的脱附和α态氮的解离. 其中γ态氮的脱附峰温位于155 K, 遵循一级脱附动力学; 由α态解离生成的N原子占据Mo(100)的四重空位(即β态), 并在高于1?150 K的温度重新化合形成氮而脱附. 120 K时,氮的吸附是无序的; 吸附了氮的表面经1100 K退火后生成了有序的c(2×2)-N表面结构.     

气相中Ir＋循环催化N2O与CO反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函UB3LYP方法和Stuttgart赝势基组, 计算研究了气相中循环催化N2O ＋CO →N2 ＋CO2 反应的微观机理. 通过对相关物种亲氧性的计算, 证明了Ir＋循环催化作用在热力学上是可行的. 不同自旋态反应势能面的计算结果表明, 循环催化的两步反应均为自旋禁阻反应, 各存在不同自旋态势能面的交叉, 并运用Yoshizawa的内禀坐标单点垂直激发计算的方法找出了势能面交叉点; 两步反应均为放热反应, 总放热量为358.9 kJ•mol－1.     

CeO2(110)表面上CO氧化反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了O2与CO在CeO2(110)表面的吸附反应行为. 研究表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(110)表面吸附热力学不利, 而在氧空位表面为强化学吸附, O2分子被活化, 可能是重要的氧化反应物种. CO在洁净的CeO2(110)表面有化学吸附与物理吸附两种构型, 前者形成二齿碳酸盐物种, 后者与表面仅存在弱的相互作用. 在氧空位表面, CO可分子吸附或形成碳酸盐物种, 相应吸附能均较低. 当表面氧空位吸附O2后(O2/Ov), CO可吸附生成碳酸盐或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 过渡态计算发现,O2/Ov/CeO2(110)表面的三齿碳酸盐物种经两齿、单齿过渡态脱附生成CO2. 利用扩展休克尔分子轨道理论分析了典型吸附构型的电子结构, 说明表面碳酸盐物种三个氧原子电子存在离域作用, 物理吸附的CO及生成的CO2电子结构与相应自由分子相似.     

Density Functional Theory Study on the Adsorption of HCNH and CNH2 on Cu（100） Surface

The HCNH and CNH2 adsorption on different coordination sites of Cu（100） was theoretically studied considering the cluster approach. The present calculations show that the bridge site is the most favorite for CNH2 perpendicularly adsorbed on the Cu（100） surface via the C atom. For HCNH absorbed on the Cu（100） surface, the parallel adsorption mode with the C and N atoms nearly directly above the adjacent top sites of Cu（100） surface is the most favored. Both CNH2 and HCNH are strongly bound to the Cu（100） surface with CNH2 which is lightly stable （2.51 kJ·mol^-1）, indicating that both species may be co-adsorbed on the Cu（100） surface.     

Cu(100)表面吸附CN的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函方法,以原子簇Cu14为模拟表面,对CN自由基分子在垂直和平行Cu(100)表面不同位置的吸附情况进行了研究,结果表明：通过原子C垂直吸附在表面的顶位是其最佳吸附方式,吸附后CN键振动频率发生蓝移;而其它吸附方式中CN键振动频率均发生红移．DOS和电荷转移分析指出CN通过C端吸附在表面顶位位置时,Cu与CN之间具有较强的σ成键和较弱的π反键特征．     

甲醛在FeS2(100)完整与S-缺陷表面吸附的理论研究

运用密度泛函理论广义梯度近似的PBE方法结合周期平板模型,研究了HCHO分子在FeS2(100)完整与S-缺陷表面的吸附.结果表明,在两种表面上,HCHO均通过O原子与两个表面作用:稳定吸附于完整表面Fe-top位(Fe五配位);而在S-缺陷表面则存在两种稳定吸附模式,即HCHO分别与表面的一个和两个四配位Fe成键.对...     

Activation and Coordination of Ammonia at [Cp*Ir(H)2]: NMR and Matrix Isolation Studies

¹H NMR exchange spectroscopy of a reaction mixture of [Cp*Ir(H)₄] ( 1 ; Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) and ammonia suggests an exchange of hydrogen atoms between the hydrido ligands and ammonia. Treatment of 1 with ND₃ led to an H/D exchange between ND₃ and the hydrido ligands of 1 . Subsequent studies showed that photolysis of 1 isolated in frozen argon matrices leads to the formation of the iridium compounds [Cp*Ir(H)₂] ( 2 ) and [Cp*Ir(H)₃] ( 4 ), as it was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. In the presence of water the aqua complex [Cp*Ir(H)₂(OH₂)] ( 3 ) was generated simultaneously. Accordingly, photolysis of 1 in an argon matrix doped with ammonia gave rise to the ammine complex [Cp*Ir(H)₂(NH₃)] ( 5 ). IR assignments were supported by calculations of the gas‐phase IR spectra of 1 – 5 by DFT methods.     

Atom-molecule interactions on transition metal surfaces: a DFT Study of CO and several atoms on Rh(100), Pd(100) and Ir(100).

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to determine the interaction energy between a CO probe molecule and all atoms from the first three rows of the periodic table coadsorbed on Rh(100), Pd(100) and Ir(100) metal surfaces. Varying the coverage of CO or the coadsorbed atom proved to have a profound effect on the strength of the interaction energy. The general trend, however, is the same in all cases: the interaction energy becomes more repulsive when moving towards the right along a row of elements, and reaches a maximum somewhere in the middle of a row of elements. The absolute value of the interaction energy between an atom-CO pair ranges from about -0.40 eV (39 kJ mol(-1)) attraction to +0.70 eV (68 kJ mol(-1)) repulsion, depending on the coadsorbate, the metal and the coverage. The general trend in interaction energies seems to be a common characteristic for several transition metals.     

二甲醚在Pt(100)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法结合周期性平板模型,研究了二甲醚(DME)分子在Pt(100)表面上的吸附.通过对不同吸附位(顶位、空位和桥位)下的几何结构、吸附能和mulliken电荷布局计算发现,吸附后C-O键和C-H键都有不同程度的伸长,top位的吸附能最大,hcp位最小;top位吸附有利于C-O键的断裂,bri位吸附则更利于C-H键的断裂。     

Rh（100表面乙醇吸附与分解的HREELS研究

利用热脱附谱和高分辨能量损失谱技术研究了乙醇在Ｒｈ（１００）表面的吸会和分解过程，结果表明，１３０时Ｒｈ（１００）面暴露乙醇，表面首先形成化学附层，随乙醇暴露增加，表面出现多层凝聚态，表面升温至１５０Ｋ，吸附乙醇从Ｒｈ（１００）表面脱附，同时部分化学吸附乙醇分子发生羟基断裂，生成表面乙氧基，进一步升谩，表面乙氧基脱氢分解，其分解的主要途径是发生甲基脱氧，β－Ｃ与表面发生作用，生成一种含氧的金属有机     

CO在Ni(100)面吸附模式的研究

本文首次将McGreery的推广LEPS法用于异核双原子分子的吸附势能面.设CO在Ni面上的吸附位置有3种(图1).取Sato参数为0.5,所得典型的势能面示于图2、图3.当C—O键平行于表面并接近Ni面上的3种吸附位置时,各势能面均与图2类似,先进入一势阱,然后越过势垒进入第二势阱.发生解离型C及O的原子吸附时,共有4种模式.各势能面上表征吸附的参数列于表1,吸附模式见图1.在4种吸附模式中最稳定的是C模式,即对角相邻5CN上的解离双原子吸附,R_(c-o)=6.65a.u.,它是R_(c-o)(平衡)=2.17a.u.的三倍多.当CO键与表面垂直且接近Ni面上3种吸附位置时所得势     

CeO2(100)极性面结构与活性的密度泛函理论研究

CeO2是一类使用非常广泛的稀土氧化物催化材料,在许多重要的催化反应过程,如机动车尾气净化、水汽转换、石油裂解等,表现出很高的活性.大量研究表明,CeO2的高活性来源于其表面晶格氧,正是由于这些晶格氧能够直接参与氧化反应,同时反应留下的氧空位又能够被气相氧分子吸附填补,因而体现出很好的储放氧催化性能.目前多数研究采用CO氧化为模型反应,研究了CeO2常见的(111)和(110)晶面的晶格氧活性,但对于其另外一种重要低指数晶面(100)的结构和活性研究却非常有限.需要指出的是,CeO2(100)是一种极性表面,这给该表面的模型构建和理论研究带来了困难.为了深入了解这种极性表面的结构稳定性和催化活性,本文运用在位库仑力校正的密度泛函理论(DFT+U)方法系统研究了CeO2(100)极性面的可能结构及相关稳定性,并且深入分析了CO在该表面上的吸附和反应.本文首先利用板层模型尝试构建稳定的CeO2(100)极性面结构,方法是在保证整个板层化学计量配比完整的前提下,在表层或体相去除氧原子,同时使得整个板层上下对称不存在极性以利于计算.通过计算发现,在CeO2(100)表层分布氧空位的结构比体相中分布氧空位的结构要稳定,同时,氧空位的分布越接近表面,CeO2(100)面的结构稳定性就会越高,其最稳定的结构是将表层满覆盖氧离子移除一半.对CeO2(100)面不同结构的稳定性及相关电子结构分析表明,CeO2(100)表层满覆盖的氧离子间存在很强的相互排斥作用,因此倾向于降低表面氧浓度来提高表面的稳定性.另外,这种相互作用会降低相邻氧离子的价态,并能引起体相铈离子在整体表面维持完整的化学计量比的情况下,仍能出现局域4?电子而被还原为三价铈.随后我们研究了CO在CeO2(100)最稳定和次稳定表面上的氧化反应.发现CO在不同CeO2(100)表面的氧空位处吸附较强,另外,CO在CeO2(100)最稳定结构上可与表面晶格氧反应形成吸附的CO2中间物种,中间物种可直接解离成气相CO2,也可以继续与表面晶格氧反应形成碳酸盐.而在CeO2(100)次稳定表面上,CO很难与表面晶格氧形成吸附的CO2中间态,而直接产生气态CO2.