昆虫飞行的空气动力学

昆虫是最早出现、数量最多和体积最小的飞行者. 它们能悬停、跃升、急停、快速加速和转弯, 飞行技巧十分高超. 由于尺寸小, 因而翅膀的相对速度很小, 从而进行上述飞行所需的升力系数很大. 但昆虫翅膀的雷诺数又很低. 它们是如何在低雷诺数下产生高升力的, 是流体力学和生物学工作者都十分关心的问题. 近年来这一领域有了许多研究进展. 该文对这些进展进行综述, 并对今后工作提一些建议. 因2005 年前的工作已在几篇综述文章有了详细介绍, 该文主要介绍2005 年以来的工作. 首先简述昆虫翅的拍动运动及昆虫绕流的基本方程和相似参数; 然后对2005 年之前的工作做一简要回顾. 之后介绍2005 年后的进展, 依次为: 运动学观测; 前缘涡; 翅膀柔性变形及皱褶的影响; 拍动翅的尾涡结构; 翼/身、左右翅气动干扰及地面效应; 微小昆虫; 蝴蝶与蜻蜓; 机动飞行. 最后为对今后工作的建议.     

昆虫飞行——非常规空气动力学

<正> 许多证据表明,昆虫飞行的机理与飞机及直升机的机理大不相同。zanker&Gotz测出了被系住的果蝇所产生的瞬时力。并发现这些力不能用常规空气动力学理论来解释。这些力也是这些果蝇使用不一般的方法来产生升力的证据。 在飞机稳态飞行时,空气在机翼上方流动比下方快。这时绕机翼周围有一纯环流。正是具有附体环流的机翼在空气中的运动产生了升力。可是,如果机翼从静止开始加速,那么它必须移动比它本身宽度长几倍的距离,才会有环流绕流机翼而产生足够的升力以使飞机达到稳态飞行。这一现象叫做Wagner效应。     

昆虫是怎样飞行的

简述昆虫翅的拍动运动及昆虫飞行的控制方式, 介绍昆虫飞行的空气动力学原理和人们对这些原理的认识过程.     

模型昆虫翼作非定常运动时的气动力特性

基于Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程的数值解,研究了一模型昆虫翼在小雷诺数（Ｒｅ＝１００）下作非定常运动时的气动力特性,这些运动包括：翼启动后的常速转动,快速加、减速转动,常速转动中快速上仰（模拟昆虫翼的上挥或下拍、翻转等运动）有如下结果：在小雷诺数下,模型昆虫翼以大攻角（α＝３５°）作常速转动运动时,由于失速涡不脱落,可产生较大的升为系数。其机理是：翼转动时,翼尖附近（该处线速度大）上翼面压强比翼根附近（该处线速度小）的小得多,因而存在展向压强梯度,同时存在着沿展向的离心力,此展向压强梯度和离心力导致的展向流动在失速涡的轴向方向,其可避免失速涡脱落。模型昆虫翼在快速加、减速转动和快速上仰运动中,虽然雷诺数小,但由于在短时间内产生了大涡量,也可产生十分大的气动力,例如在快速上仰运动中,升力系数可大于１０。     

昆虫自由飞行参数的双棱镜虚拟双目测量

通过像机前加一个双棱镜实现单像机的虚拟双目拍摄,根据立体视觉原理可以获取空间点三维信息,该装置被用于测量昆虫自由飞行运动参数.如果双棱镜和像机摆放得当,可以简化立体视觉测量中对应点匹配这一最难步骤.实验获得了蜻蜓直飞过程中的一系列运动参数,将这些参数结合起来考察对于研究昆虫飞行机理非常有意义.特别地,我们对昆虫飞行中翅膀的柔性效应进行了初步讨论.     

昆虫飞行的高升力机理

对近年来关于昆虫产生非定常高升力的研究进行了综述和归纳.这方面的工作对生物学研究和微型飞行器等微型机械的仿生设计有重要意义.研究表明:果蝇等昆虫翅膀的拍动运动可产生很大的非定常升力,其平均值是定常值的2~3倍,足够平衡昆虫的重量,并有较大的富余用于机动飞行;产生高升力有三个因素:一是拍动开始阶段翅的快速加速运动,二是拍动中的不失速机制,三是拍动结束阶段翅的快速上仰运动.人们从能耗的角度考察了这些非定常高升力机制的正确性和可行性.当作悬停飞行的果蝇用以上机制产生平衡其重量的升力时,其比功率(支持单位身体质量所需的功率)约为29W/kg, 生化/机械效率约为17%. 这些值与人们基于对昆虫肌肉力学特性的研究所预估的值接近.果蝇前飞时,其比功率随速度变化的曲线是一J形曲线,而不是象飞机或鸟的那样是一U形曲线;这与人们基于昆虫新陈代谢率的测量数据所推断的结果一致.对于蜻蜒等(功能上)有前、后两对翅膀的昆虫,有以下初步结果:翅的下拍主要产生升力,上挥主要产生推力;下拍时的平均升力系数可达2~3,十分大,上挥时的平均推力系数可达1~2, 也很大,它们主要由非定常效应产生;前、后翅的相互干扰并未起增大升力和推力的作用,反而有一定的不利作用.      

运动参数惯性测量模拟弹设计与实验

在研制弹射式发射架的过程中,为了确保在高速飞行器上发射导弹的安全,需要预先在实验室内对发射架的弹射运动参数进行测试研究。而弹射分离过程时间短(仅为30～40 ms)、测量参数多(共18个运动和姿态参数),如何对其参数进行测量就成为一个研究重点。设计完成的弹射实验用模拟导弹是一种专用测试设备,它完全模拟真实导弹的机械特性,内部设计装有微型惯性测量系统(MIMS),可以在弹射过程中完全自主地对所有运动参数和姿态变化进行惯性测量,实验表明测量精度达到3%以内。其中应用的MIMS是惯性测量技术在该领域的创新型应用,具有测量范围大(±500(°)/s)、动态性能好(最高可达4 kHz)、操作简便等优势。     

卫星振动实验中台面加速度控制与过实验研究

针对航天飞行器振动台环境实验中的"过实验"问题与振动台控制方式展开研究.本文以被试结构和振动台为统一研究对象进行组合系统动力学建模,详细导出了"真实环境"、"台面加速度控制"和"界面力控制"等三种模式下的台面加速度、界面力、结构测点加速度响应等表达公式,并讨论了加速度控制和力控制下各自形成过实验的原因和频率位置,定义并解释了"双控"模式及其对过实验现象的补偿机理.借助离散算例仿真计算,解释了文中提出的各种概念及其数值效果.     

TC材料的低压Hugoniot参数实验测量研究

采用高阻值锰铜压阻传感器,并通过一级轻气炮实验对TC材料的低压Hugoniot参数C0,λ进行了测量,实验得到的压力曲线与理论分析基本一致,并对压力曲线与密实材料的理论波形进行了比较和分析.通过对实验结果进行最小二乘法拟合,得到了该材料低压冲击时的Hugoniot压缩线以及低压Hugoniot参数C0,λ.拟合结果表明:该多孔材料的低压D-u线具有较大的分散性.     

昆虫翅膀结构及其力学特性研究进展

昆虫普遍具有高超的飞行技巧,其翅膀是与飞行能力相适应的精巧结构．本文对近年来关于昆虫翅膀结构特征及其力学特性的研究内容进行综述．研究进展主要包括两个阶段：第一,重点关注昆虫翅膀轻薄而坚韧的整体结构,通过简单模型分析几何形状、三维构型、脉络分布等因素的影响;第二,聚焦翅膀上复杂而多样的微观结构,包括翅结、柔性关节和血淋巴流动等特征,研究它们在翅膀运动和变形中发挥的主动控制及被动效应．最后对未来可能的研究方向予以展望．     

Petite Histoire de L'experimentation en Mecanique des Solides

This short history of experiments in Solid Mechanics is written especially for my good friend Giulio Maier 'Dilecte Julius Magister praeclare tibi gratias agimus atque continuas magnas contributiones tuas mechanicae scientiae advocamus ad multos annos'. This is the reason why it is written in French, so beautifully spoken by him. It is divided into four parts. (1) Before the 16th century where no real methodology for experiments exists, the nice buildings which still remain are the result of previous successes and defeats. (2) From the 16th to the 19th centuries this is the birth and development of theoretical and experimental tools of the strength of materials. From Leonardo da Vinci to J. Baushinger or Wöhler, the concepts of stresses and strains are formulated and machines are invented to measure the mechanical characteristics of materials. (3) The 20th century where ultimate properties of materials such as plasticity, fracture, and damage are studied and used for safety purposes. (4) The end of the 20th century and the 21th (! ! !) is the time of numerical modelling which needs experiments at the microscale to take into consideration the real phenomena and at the macroscale to check the health of structures during their service. Sommario. Questa breve storia della sperimentazione in Meccanica dei Solidi è scritta in particolare per il mio caro amico Giulio Maier 'Dilecte Julius Magister praeclare tibi gratias agimus atque continuas magnas contributiones tuas mechanicae scientiae advocamus ad multos annos'. Per questa ragione il lavoro è scritto in francese, lingua da lui ben conosciuta. Questa nota è divisa in quattro parti. (1) Prima del 16° secolo, quando non esiste una vera metodologia sperimentale e il bell'edificio è il risultato di precedenti successi ed insuccessi. (2) dal 16° al 19° secolo ove si registra la nascita e lo sviluppo degli strumenti teorici e sperimentali per la scienza delle costruzioni. Da Leonardo da Vinci a J. Baushinger o Wöhler, vengono formulati i concetti di sforzo e deformazione e vengono inventate macchine per la misura delle caratteristiche meccaniche dei materiali. (3) Il 20° secolo, in cui le proprietà ultime dei materiali come la plasticità, la frattura ed il danneggiamento vengono studiate ed utilizzate per la verifica di sicurezza. (4) La fine del 20° secolo ed il 21°(!!!) secolo costituiscono il tempo della modellazione numerica che necessita da un lato di esperimenti condotti alla micro-scala al fine di poter considerare i fenomeni reali e dall'altro di esperimenti condotti alla macro-scala per verificare l'integrità delle strutture in condizioni di esercizio.     

前后双扑翼水平距离及相位差对其气动性能的影响

通过在动态网格上求解Navier-Stokes方程,对前后双扑翼的非定常粘性流场进行了数值模拟和气动干扰分析,考察了前后翼不同水平距离和不同相位差对其气动力和气动效率的影响。结果表明,扑动前翼和静止后翼间的气动干扰在各种不同水平距离下都有利于气动特性的改善,但气动干扰的作用随着前后翼水平距离的增大而减弱;前后双翼扑动的相位差是影响气动性能的重要参数,两翼间的气动干扰是否有利则与相位差和水平距离有直接联系。     

Flow in a symmetric channel with an expanded section

We consider the flow in a symmetric two-dimensional channel with an expanded section. By examining the effect of varying the ratio of the inlet and outlet channel widths, we are able to place the earlier results of Mizushima et al. (Phys. Fluids 8 (1996) 2933) within an entire spectrum of nonlinear phenomena. Laboratory experiments support predicted behaviour in two regions of parameter space and highlight the importance of imperfections in the experimental apparatus.     

扑翼柔性及其对气动特性的影响

以往对扑翼气动特性的研究基本上都是基于简单的匀速刚性模型,但是通过大量观察不同飞鸟的扑翼动作发现,该模型与鸟翼的实际扑动还有很大差别。鸟翼不但上扑段和下扑段所需时间不同,而且在扑动过程中,鸟翼的形状无论沿弦向或展向都存在着相当大的柔性变形。本文在原有匀速刚性模型的基础上,加入了扑动速率变化和形状变化的影响,得出新的变速柔性扑翼分析模型,使之更接近鸟翼柔性扑动的真实情况。通过对比计算发现,柔性变形对扑翼的升力与推力都有着显著影响,如果控制得当,柔性变形能大大改善扑翼的气动性能。     

Second-order estimate of the macroscopic behavior of periodic hyperelastic composites: theory and experimental validation

This paper deals with some theoretical and experimental aspects of the behavior of periodic hyperelastic composites. We focus here on composites consisting of an elastomeric matrix periodically reinforced by long fibers. The paper is composed of three parts. The first part deals with the theoretical aspects of compressible behavior. The second-order theory of Ponte Castañeda (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 44 (1996) 827) is considered and extended to periodic microstructures. Comparisons with results obtained by the finite element method show that the composite behavior predicted by the present model is much more accurate for compressible than for incompressible materials. The second part deals with the extension of the method to incompressible behavior. A mixed formulation (displacement-pressure) is used which improves the accuracy of the estimate given by the model. The third part presents experimental results. The composite tested is made of a rubber matrix reinforced by steel wires. Firstly, the matrix behavior is identified with a tensile test and a shear test carried out on homogeneous samples. Secondly, the composite is tested under shearing. The experimentally measured homogenized stress is then compared with the predictions of the model.     

Propagation mechanism of dust detonations

This paper summarizes the studies on dust detonations at the Stosswellenlabor of RWTH Aachen since 1987. The onset and propagation mechanism of heterogeneous dust detonations are similar to those of marginal gas phase detonations. A self-sustained dust detonation has transverse wave structures that provide the coupling between shock and reaction. Large transition distances and transverse wave spacings require large sized tubes for the propagation of self-sustained dust detonations. The Hugoniot analysis of the Chapman-Jouguet detonation predicts equilibrium detonation states being in reasonable agreement with the self-sustained dust detonations observed. Shock matching calculations at the triple point adequately determine the wave structures of those stable dust detonations.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

柔性扑翼的气动特性研究

以往扑翼的气动力计算研究都很少考虑扑翼的柔性,而在鸟的扑翼动作中,在外加气动力和鸟自身的扑动力作用下,扑翼的柔性变形相当大。本文在原有匀速刚性模型的基础上,提出考虑了扑翼扑动速率变化和形状变化的扑翼分析模型,使之更接近鸟翼柔性扑动真实情况。通过计算分析气动特性发现,控制适当的话,柔性变形能大大改善扑翼的气动性能。本文通过模拟鸟扑翼的柔性运动,计算了时柔性扑翼气动力以及平均升力系数和平均推力系数随着扑动角、倾斜角等参数变化的情况,从而从气动的角度解释了为什么鸟在不同的飞行阶段扑翼规律各不相同,并为柔性扑翼飞行器的设计提供了理论依据。