柴油降凝剂的合成及性能研究

合成了新型聚合物型柴油降凝剂,并采用红外光谱对聚合物进行了表征。X射线衍射技术对不同降凝剂的结晶性能分析表明,聚合物的结晶性能差别很大,结晶度不同,蜡晶分散效果不同。同时发现,当两者结晶性能状态匹配时蜡晶分散效果变好,降凝性能最佳,并由柴油体系降凝性能证实。     

延长油田长2原油组分特征研究

采用柱层色谱分离法、热重法、傅立叶红外光谱、紫外光谱和偏光显微分析等表征方法,对采自延长油田某采油厂长2层原油样品进行了组分分离和分析,并对其热重行为、饱和烃组分结蜡行为等进行了研究.研究结果表明,在原油热重反应过程中,低温下主要是其轻、中组分(饱和烃、芳香烃)及水分的物理蒸发,高温下主要是重组分(胶质、沥青质)的物理蒸发及化学反应.显微分析发现原油中的胶质、沥青质等强极性组分使饱和烃组分冷却结晶时的蜡晶分散度增大,尺寸相对减小,颗粒数明显增多,蜡晶形状由片状三维网络结构变为颗粒状,因而蜡晶之间的联结度减弱,不易缔合形成大块蜡晶聚集体,说明该原油中的极性组分可以有效抑制原油的结蜡.     

聚丙烯/凹凸棒土纳米复合材料结晶形态和形貌研究

采用熔融共混的方法 ,制备聚丙烯 凹凸棒土纳米复合材料 .通过X射线衍射 (XRD)分析凹凸棒土在聚丙烯复合材料中晶面间距的变化以及对聚丙烯晶型的影响 ,结果表明凹凸棒土在复合材料中晶面间距没有变化 ;聚丙烯晶型没有发生变化但晶粒尺寸增加了 .用示差扫描量热法 (DSC)分析聚丙烯复合材料的结晶度的变化 ,发现凹凸棒土的加入使复合材料的结晶温度提高 ,结晶速率增大 ,结晶度增加 .用偏光显微镜(POM)观察凹凸棒土对聚丙烯球晶的影响 ,结果表明凹凸棒土的加入起到了成核剂的作用 ,使得聚丙烯球晶尺寸减小 ,当凹凸棒土的加入量到 10 %左右时 ,观察不到完整的球晶 .利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)和原子力显微镜 (AFM)观察凹凸棒土在聚丙烯中的分散 ,发现凹凸棒土在聚丙烯基体中分散比较均匀 ,但呈无序分布 .     

玉门稠油组分特征及其对结蜡行为的影响

为了研究稠油不同组分的特征及其相互作用,利用柱层色谱分离法、傅里叶红外光谱、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和偏光显微分析等表征方法及手段,对采自玉门油田的稠油样品进行了组分分离、分析,并对饱和烃组分结蜡行为的影响进行了研究。结果表明,稠油各组分相互作用可以有效抑制蜡晶的析出。饱和烃组分(A1)中分别加入其他不同极性组分后,其结蜡行为与原油原始状态差异较大;A1的析蜡点、析蜡峰温和析蜡量均有所降低。偏光显微分析发现胶质沥青质组分使A1冷却结晶时的蜡晶颗粒数增多,尺寸相对减小,可以减弱蜡晶之间的联结强度,削弱蜡晶缔合而形成大块蜡晶聚集体的倾向。     

玉门稠油组分特征及其对结蜡行为的影响

为了研究稠油不同组分的特征及其相互作用,利用柱层色谱分离法、傅里叶红外光谱、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和偏光显微分析等表征方法及手段,对采自玉门油田的稠油样品进行了组分分离、分析,并对饱和烃组分结蜡行为的影响进行了研究。结果表明,稠油各组分相互作用可以有效抑制蜡晶的析出。饱和烃组分（A₁）中分别加入其他不同极性组分后,其结蜡行为与原油原始状态差异较大;A₁的析蜡点、析蜡峰温和析蜡量均有所降低。偏光显微分析发现胶质沥青质组分使A₁冷却结晶时的蜡晶颗粒数增多,尺寸相对减小,可以减弱蜡晶之间的联结强度,削弱蜡晶缔合而形成大块蜡晶聚集体的倾向。     

聚醚砜和溶剂对聚偏氟乙烯膜结晶性能的影响

研究了非相容性聚合物及不同溶剂对聚偏氟乙烯相转化膜结晶性能的影响。采用红外光谱和DSC方法测定了膜的晶型及结晶度。结果显示,与非相容性材料以适当的比例共混和采用溶度参数较低的溶剂可以降低膜β晶型的含量。     

晶性3，4－聚异戊二烯的结构研究

采用ＷＡＸＤ、ＳＡＸＳ和Ｘ－射线平板照相法研究了不同聚合条件和拉伸倍数下的晶性３，４－聚异戊二烯的结构．结果发现，降低催化体系反应速度有利于产物结晶；不同的含氮类给电子试剂对聚合物的结晶结构影响较大．取向样品随着拉伸倍数的增加结晶度和长周期增大，微晶尺寸变小．ＳＡＸＳ的散射强度计算表明，该聚合物属多分散非均一粒子体系，微孔半径在３．５－１６．４ｎｍ间．     

热处理对聚芳醚腈的结晶行为及熔融的影响

利用广角X射线衍射 (WAXD)方法和示差扫描量热法 (DSC)研究了不同热处理温度 (Th)下聚芳醚腈(PCE)的微晶尺寸、结晶度及热性能的变化 .结果表明 ,淬火样品在熔融温度以下 ,热处理对微晶尺寸、结晶度、Tg 及Tm 均有不同程度的影响 ,且都随Th 的升高 ,其Dhkl、Xc 和Tm 也升高 .实验还发现 ,结晶样品的结晶度与原粉试样相比较均下降 ,说明PCE聚合物在熔融过程中出现了交联 ,导致了结晶度的下降     

试样两端固定或松弛态结晶对取向非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯膜结晶的影响

<正> 在研究聚合物的结晶过程中,有时(如在同步辐射法、X-衍射法和红外法的测定中)须将试样两端固定,有时(如研究热处理过程中取向聚合物的尺寸和结构变化)须将试样处于松弛状态。因而研究两端固定或松弛状态对取向聚合物结晶速率和结构的影响引起了人们的兴趣。一些研究结果得出,与松弛状态结晶相比,试样两端固定态结晶使取向聚合物的结晶速率变慢,但有时也出现相反的结果。此外,在上述文献中所用的原始试样都已具有较高的结晶度。为了弄清这一问题,我们用密度、双折射和应力测量等方法对取向程度不同的非晶态PET膜进行了深入和系统的研究。结果表明,试样两端固定与否对结晶速率的影响与试样原始的取向程度有关。     

大分子溶致凝聚过程中体系熵值的变化

讨论了大分子溶致凝聚过程中体系熵变的特点和影响。在分子链无规凝聚形成无定形聚合物时,正是熵增的贡献使体系自由能下降,无规凝聚过程得以进行。在有规凝聚形成结晶聚合物时,熵变对结晶过程产生复杂影响。由于熵变和内能变化相互竞争,使溶致结晶时最优生成的晶体结构为松散折叠链片晶;而从熔体结晶时则得到晶相和非晶相(无定形相)两相并存的复杂结构。区分了两类不同性质的熵变:阶跃性熵变导致熵致相变发生;渐变性熵变使体系力学性质变化或发生力学状态转变。     

Study on the Inherent Factors Affecting the Modification Effect of EVA on Waxy Crude Oils and the Mechanism of Pour Point Depression

The Ar-Sai waxy crude oils were taken as the research objects, and the viscosity reduction rates and the condensation point reduction rates were regarded as the evaluation indexes, the impacts of components content of the crude oils and carbon number distribution of waxes on the modification effect of EVA-type pour point depressant (PPD) were analyzed by using gray correlation analysis method. The oil wax was acquired by applying the extraction and separation techniques initially, then the structures and the lattice parameters of wax crystals before and after adding the PPD were studied by polarized light microscopy observation and x-ray diffraction techniques, the mechanism of pour point depression was discussed at last. The results indicate that wax content and the low carbon number wax have significant influences on the modification effect of PPD, while the impact of high carbon number wax is relatively small. Co-crystallization is the main mechanism of pour point depression, nevertheless, the impacts of the asphaltenes, resins, solid particles, and light components of the crude oils on the modification effect of the PPD cannot be ignored.     

含蜡原油降凝剂与石蜡作用机理的研究进展与探讨

高分子降凝剂产品已广泛应用于原油的开采和输送工艺中,但是,对降凝剂降凝机理认识的不足制约了降凝剂的开发和应用.降凝剂与油品中石蜡的相互作用决定其降凝机理.本文综述了近年来人们在研究降凝剂与石蜡作用机理方面所使用的研究方法和所取得的进展,并深入探讨了降凝剂与石蜡的具体作用方式.对于含蜡原油,降凝剂主要通过与石蜡的共晶、吸附作用使蜡晶结构更紧凑,并促进小蜡晶聚集成较大尺寸的聚集体,从而大大降低蜡.油界面积,破坏蜡晶三维网络的形成,宏观上表现为原油凝点降低,低温流动性改善.     

降凝剂与原油组分相互作用的影响因素及降凝剂发展

概述了含蜡原油中的蜡、胶质、沥青质、轻烃等有关组分与降凝剂的相互作用特点，及其对原油改性效果的影响。并结合降凝剂的改性原理，对降凝剂的发展进行了介绍。     

Effect of Wax Composition and Shear Force on Wax Aggregation Behavior in Crude Oil: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

To explore the influence of different wax components and the shear effect exerted by the pump and pipe wall in the process of crude oil pipeline transportation on the microbehavior of wax aggregation in crude oil at low temperatures, molecular dynamics models of binary and multivariate systems of crude oil with different wax components are established in this paper. The simulation results are compared with the existing experimental results and the NIST database to verify the rationality and accuracy of the models. By using the established binary model to simulate four crude oil systems containing different wax components, it can be found that the longer the wax molecular chain, the more easily the wax molecules aggregate. The influence of temperature on the aggregation process of wax molecules with different chain lengths is also studied. The lower the temperature, the greater the difference in wax molecular aggregation degree caused by the difference in molecular chain length. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics is used to simulate the shear process of a multivariate system of crude oil, and the micromechanisms of the shear effect on the aggregation process of wax molecules are studied. Shearing can destroy the stable structure of crude oil, resulting in the orientation and conformational transformation of wax molecules, and obtaining the region of wax molecules sensitive to temperature and shear effects, the temperatures of which are below the wax precipitation point and the shear rate of which is lower than the maximum shear rate to prevent the molecular structure from being destroyed. At the same time, the sensitivity of wax components with different chain lengths to the shear effect is studied. The research results provide theoretical guidance for ensuring the safe and economic operation of waxy crude oil production.     

Effect of nanocomposite of attapulgite/EVA on flow behavior and wax crystallization of model oil

Nanocomposites of attapulgite (ATT)/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were prepared with organically modified ATT covering in EVA. Organically modified ATT was prepared using KH550 and organic acid. The effect of nano-hybrid on the flow behavior of model oil containing 15?wt% wax was evaluated. The wax crystallization and crystal morphology of the model oil at low temperature were observed by polarizing optical microscopy (POM). The results indicated that the nano-hybrid with long-chain organic acid-modified ATT exhibited a better effect compared with the nano-hybrid with short-chain organic acid-modified ATT, pure EVA. In addition, it is interesting to note that EVA (VA?=?32%)/stearic acid-modified ATT composite polymeric pour-point depressant (PPD) S-AtPPD(32) provided better cold-flow improvement for the model oil than EVA (VA?=?32%)-modified nano-SiO₂ composite PPD N-SiPPD (32) with a low dose, which resulted in a regular, bar-shaped, and uniform arrangement of wax morphologies. The pour point of the model oil was reduced from 30°C to ?1°C when doped at 200?ppm S-AtPPD(32).     

倍半硅氧烷/改性乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物复配降凝剂对蜡油倾点的影响

乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)是原油常用的降凝剂(PPDs),但其分子结构相对比较单一,对部分油品降凝效果不佳。 为了提高EVA的降凝效果,使用硬脂酰氯与羟基化的EVA直接反应的方法制备烷基长链接枝改性EVA,并与带有烷基长链的倍半硅氧烷(SS)纳米粒子进行复配。 研究了改性EVA和SS复配降凝剂对蜡油的降凝效果和降凝机理。 结果表明:复配降凝剂为蜡提供晶核,使蜡晶变小并降低蜡的沉淀量,导致蜡油中形成的蜡晶难以搭接在一起,形成了松散的结构,当复配质量比m(EVA-g)∶m(SS-L)=1∶2时,在蜡油中的质量分数为0.1%时,蜡油倾点降低了25 ℃。     

UNIQUAC model for wax solution with pour point depressant

It had been shown that after adding pour point depressant (PPD), the diffraction line intensities of paraffin mixtures progressively decreased without any significant variation of the Bragg angle values. This phenomena is due to the structure of paraffin mixture is partly transformed from orthorhombic into hexagonal form. Owing to the crystal lattice transformation, the amount of wax precipitated from oil treated with PPD in the experimental range is lower than that from untreated oil and the wax precipitated from treated oil is richer in the higher melting point paraffins than that from untreated oil. A thermodynamic model is established in this work to predict these experimental results. The liquid phase behavior is described by the LCVM mixing rule and an equation of state-G^E model while the solid-phase non-ideality is represented by the UNIQUAC equation, respectively. New correlations for the melting points and solid–solid transition temperatures of treated paraffins are established based on the experimental results by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The experimental results indicated that the melting points and solid–solid transition temperatures of treated paraffins were both decreased. The calculation results for the amount and composition of wax precipitated from treated and untreated solutions at different temperatures have been compared with experimental observations. It has been shown that the predicted results agree well with the experimental ones.     

Effect of modified nano-silica/EVA on flow behavior and wax crystallization of model oils with different wax contents

The nano-hybrid pour-point depressant (PPD) was prepared with organically modified nano-silica covering in EVA. The effects of modified nano-silica/EVA on the flow behavior and wax crystallization of model oils with different wax contents were evaluated. Compared with pure EVA and nano-silica/EVA, modified nano-silica/EVA exhibited a better effect, when doped with 500?ppm, the pour point of the model oil containing 20?wt% wax was reduced from 33°C to 0°C. However, it is noteworthy that pour point cannot accurately reflect the effect of YSiO2/EVA as cold flow improver for a high wax content. The crystal morphology and crystallization behavior of the model oils at low temperature were also observed using polarizing optical microscopy (POM). The results indicated that modified nano-silica/EVA can reduce the size of the wax crystals and disperse the wax crystals by heterogeneous nucleation.     

降凝剂对蜡油中蜡析出与溶解影响的物理化学研究

用DSC热分析仪研究了合成蜡油的加热与冷却过程,测定了蜡油在不同蜡浓度下,添加降凝剂前后的平衡蜡溶点和析蜡点以及溶解度和饱和度,并进行了热力学分析.结果表明,含蜡油的平衡蜡溶点高于平衡析蜡点,降凝剂使平衡蜡溶点进一步升高,析蜡点进一步降低,导致含蜡油凝点较大幅度降低.在实验浓度和温度范围内,该过程符合Van′tHoff方程,降凝剂使蜡的溶解焓和溶解熵增大,析出焓和析出熵减少.降凝剂提高了蜡晶析出的临界半径,增大了成核位垒,使蜡晶析出困难.