氧气A带吸收系数的温度依赖关系研究

氧气A带是理想的大气要素反演通道,吸收系数是重要的参数之一,它影响到反演结果的精度.结合HITRAN2012数据库和大气温度廓线图,分析氧气A带吸收系数的影响因素,推出各因素与温度的依赖关系,确定吸收系数随温度的变化.结果表明,氧气A带谱线半宽度受温度依赖系数影响较小,而受温度影响较大.线型因子随温度产生了两种变化,在谱线半宽度以外的谱线位置上,随温度的增大,函数值减小,而在中心频率到谱线半宽度的谱线位置上,随温度的升高而增大.谱线线强对温度具有强依赖关系.利用逐线积分算法计算氧气A带吸收系数,同时考虑了谱线半宽度的压力展宽效应和谱线线强及半宽度对温度的依赖关系,得出氧气A带吸收系数对温度的依赖关系主要来源于线强的温赖关系,尤其是中心频率处温度影响较大;而Lorentzian线型函数的温赖关系不明显.利用布鲁克光谱仪在1 cm-1下测量63 m处氧气A带的吸收光谱,与理论模型在同等条件下的透过率比较,误差小于0.83%,验证了温度校正模型的正确性.     

大气二氧化碳反演中系统误差的分析与校正

二氧化碳（CO2）高精度反演中易受多种因素的影响,其中一部分是系统误差,如温度廓线、压力廓线、水汽以及大气分层等精度不足所带来的影响,仅利用CO2吸收带的光谱信息很难克服由此带来的误差。这种系统误差的波长依赖性小,可以考虑其他波段进行校正。模拟研究表明,上述系统误差对CO2反演的影响经O2校正后有较大程度地减小。利用大兴安岭地区的温室气体观测卫星（GOSAT）观测数据进行CO2反演,采用氧气（O2）A吸收带校正上述系统误差,结果显示反演精度得到明显提高。     

1.572μm附近CO_2吸收光谱的测量

应用自行构建的恒温差分吸收光谱探测系统,在230—320 K的温度范围内,精确探测1.572μm附近CO_2吸收谱线的变化,获得了不同温度和压强下CO_2气体的吸收截面、自增宽系数、空气增宽系数,这些参数补充和完善了现有的数据库.定量分析了温度、压强对谱线的影响,建立了光学厚度和吸收截面的数值计算模型,并已经用于我国的CO_2激光雷达,为其高精度数据反演奠定了技术基础.这些工作能够提高工作在该波段的差分吸收CO_2探测激光雷达的反演精度.     

基于三维射线追踪和HITRAN数据库的透过率仿真计算

星光掩星技术中,利用三维射线追踪方法模拟从地面到110 km高度红外辐射在大气中传输的路线。其中,设置频率为3.95×10~(14) Hz,地球形状为椭球状,模型为中性大气,且已知在地固系中目标恒星的三维位置坐标和低轨卫星轨道数据。再利用HITRAN数据库中高分辨率的氧分子吸收线参数,包括吸收线强度、低能态能量等,以天狼星的红外光谱作为原始的接收光谱,即去除地球大气的吸收散射等的作用,光谱能量随着波长的增大而降低,计算接收光谱在近红外氧气分子吸收A带(755～774 nm)的透过率。考虑到仪器小型化,选择氧气的特征吸收谱线760和762 nm,计算两谱线位置的大气透过率随高度的变化,并通过透过率计算接收光谱的信噪比,进行仪器设计的指导。另外,由于大气折射作用,必须将所得透过率进行折射修正。通过仿真计算可知:利用近红外波段755～774 nm,计算了80, 100和110 km三个高度的大气透过率,其随高度的逐渐增高而趋近于1。相比0.2 nm光谱分辨率, 0.1 nm分辨率条件下大气透过率的变化范围更大,为0.28～1,在110 km透过率为0.987,且探测的精确度可小一位。折射引起的透过率在60 km以上等于1,因此60 km以上可以忽略大气折射对大气透过率的影响,无需进行折射修正。利用760和762 nm的特征吸收线,得到光强度信噪比均大于100,且当分辨率为0.1 nm时,光强度信噪比的值更小,说明氧气对光谱的吸收作用更强。两种分辨率条件下所得相邻两高度的光子数变化量差别不大且大于1。最后,根据以上结果,可确定望远镜、 CCD、光谱分辨率、积分时间等参数,用以研究和测试星光掩星的反演算法,形成探测氧气从地面到110 km高度数密度变化的小型化仪器,也可预先分析探测误差等。     

气体浓度激光光谱检测温度影响修正研究

基于激光吸收光谱技术的气体检测手段具有非接触,分辨率高,灵敏度高等优势,然而激光在线检测气体过程易受温度变化导致其浓度测量偏差增大。以氨气为研究对象,探究了温度对氨气吸收谱线线强的影响规律及影响机制,搭建了非常温条件（298 K至323 K）氨气激光检测实验平台,提出了气体吸光度-温度关联式法对浓度反演结果进行修正处理。结果表明:浓度一定时,总配分函数比值rQ是氨气分析吸收线强随温度升高过程中的主导控制因素,总配分函数比值与温度的负相关关系造成氨气光谱吸光度随温度升高而降低;修正前浓度反演值随着温度升高而降低,温度达到323 K时,浓度反演值为3.13%,与标准浓度值相比其误差高达37.4%,经过修正后的浓度反演值与标准浓度值的相对误差在0.2%～1.4%范围内。     

调制噪声下激光检测气体吸收光谱信号处理研究

为减小调制噪声背景的干扰,提出了直接吸收光谱激光检测气体浓度反演的三级卷积降噪信号处理方法.以谱线6 612.939cm-1附近氨气分子吸收为例,分析了该降噪方法对氨气浓度反演的有效性.实验结果表明,经三级卷积降噪后的氨气原始吸收谱线信号整体均方根误差由初始8.53降至1.01,基线扣除归一化得到的氨气光谱吸收率谱线信噪比提高3.3倍;连续5次测量浓度5%标准氨气,反演浓度值平均偏差为0.0743%,相对标准偏差为1.4%,优于原始吸收谱线信号的小波降噪和不降噪处理反演值.采用三级卷积降噪方法预处理原始吸收谱线信号,提高了气体浓度反演精度,可为工业过程高浓度气体激光在线检测提供参考.     

高温窑炉气体红外辐射被动遥测EI北大核心CSCD

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对高温窑炉内气体红外辐射信号进行了遥测研究。根据工业现场条件,利用大气辐射原理建立被动辐射模型,计算了炉膛内高温气体透射率。针对湍流噪声对信噪比的影响,研究了红外干涉信号光谱转换的数据处理方法,以零光程差为基准对齐干涉信号,以实现多次扫描干涉信号的平均,减小了噪声和计算量,并提高了光谱数据率。利用HITRAN数据库和高温参考谱模型法,对谱线线强、线宽修正合成的校准光谱与透射谱进行非线性最小二乘拟合,反演了炉膛内不同吸收波段的高温气体浓度。结果表明该技术在窑炉内及其他工业燃烧过程中对高温气体的在线检测是可行、可靠的。     

高温窑炉气体红外辐射被动遥测

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对高温窑炉内气体红外辐射信号进行了遥测研究。根据工业现场条件,利用大气辐射原理建立被动辐射模型,计算了炉膛内高温气体透射率。针对湍流噪声对信噪比的影响,研究了红外干涉信号光谱转换的数据处理方法,以零光程差为基准对齐干涉信号,以实现多次扫描干涉信号的平均,减小了噪声和计算量,并提高了光谱数据率。利用HITRAN数据库和高温参考谱模型法,对谱线线强、线宽修正合成的校准光谱与透射谱进行非线性最小二乘拟合,反演了炉膛内不同吸收波段的高温气体浓度。结果表明该技术在窑炉内及其他工业燃烧过程中对高温气体的在线检测是可行、可靠的。     

燃气流红外空间扫描方程近似解

本文以CO_2(4.3μm)为发射与吸收介质,讨论轴对称燃气流低分辨率红外空间扫描方程的反演.使用洛仑茨线的随机谱带模型,指数-倒数线强分布函数和Curtis-Godson近似表示透过率.建立了通过已知吸收气体浓密分布,由辐射传递方程反演温度分布的迭代法.计算试验说明:此迭代法较为简单,收敛迅速,计算精度高.分析说明在较低温度和使用较大波数时,辐射强度误差对温度解的影响变小.推演得到由辐射传递方程和透过率方程求解吸收气体浓度分布的近似公式.此近似公式和温度迭代法组成了主动式红外空间扫描的近似反演.计算试验说明此反演法较为简单,计算精度可满足工程测温的要求.     

MIGHTI/ICON卫星的中高层大气温度反演与验证

中间层顶-低热层区域是地球大气中重要的空间区域。基于剥洋葱算法及氧分子气辉光谱理论，利用迈克耳孙全球高分辨率热层成像干涉仪（MIGHTI）测量的O2-A波段气辉辐射强度图像，反演得到海拔为92～140 km的大气温度廓线。首先，根据氧分子气辉光谱理论，结合MIGHTI仪器参数，计算了其各光谱通道信号强度随温度的变化关系；然后，利用剥洋葱算法提取各光谱通道的目标层信号强度，并结合信号强度与温度的函数关系，反演得到大气温度廓线；最后，通过与SABER卫星的观测结果及NRLMSIS-00大气模型的仿真数据的对比，验证了MIGHTI温度反演的可靠性与合理性。误差分析结果表明，MIGHTI的温度探测误差随高度增加而增大，在92 km处为1 K，在140 km处为13 K。     

神光Ⅱ间接驱动内爆实验ArX射线谱线模拟研究

ICF内爆物理研究中,示踪元素X射线谱诊断方法是推测内爆压缩温度、 密度以及燃料混合状态的有效方法.针对其中的非平衡物理过程, 研制了非局域热动平衡(non-LTE)下一维谱线输运程序Alpha.程序以辐射流体计算给出的温度、 密度等量为输入条件,求解细致组态(DCA)模型下的原子动力学方程和辐射输运方程, 自洽给出谱线不透明度,和成像面上的X射线谱分布.
利用该程序,模拟了神光Ⅱ装置上的掺Ar靶丸内爆示踪元素X射线谱诊断实验, 研究结果表明,谱线的自吸收效应影响发射的X射线谱的强度和形状, 谱线的宽度对自吸收效应的强弱也有影响.因此,在对X射线谱的数值模拟中应该考虑自吸收效应. 另外,与LTE近似下的发射谱的比较表明, LTE近似下,等离子体电离度大～1, 发射谱的形状与non-LTE的结果不同,且LTE近似下,谱线的强度比non-LTE的谱线强度大5-10倍, 采用LTE近似是不合适的.     

Correction of temperature influence on the wind retrieval from a mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar

A mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on double-edge technique is implemented for simultaneously observing wind and temperature at heights of 15 km-60 km away from ground.Before the inversion of the Doppler shift due to wind,the Rayleigh response function should be calculated,which is a convolution of the laser spectrum,Rayleigh backscattering function,and the transmission function of the Fabry-Perot interferometer used as the frequency discriminator in the lidar.An analysis of the influence of the temperature on the accuracy of the Une-of-sight winds shows that real-time temperature profiles are needed because the bandwidth of the Rayleigh backscattering function is temperature-dependent.An integration method is employed in the inversion of the temperature,where the convergence of this method and the high signal-to-noise ratio below 60 km ensure the accuracy and precision of the temperature profiles inverted.Then,real-time and on-site temperature profiles are applied to correct the wind instead of using temperature profiles from a numerical prediction system or atmosphere model.The corrected wind profiles show satisfactory agreement with the wind profiles acquired from radiosondes,proving the reliability of the method.     

空间目标红外双波段比色测温法精度分析

针对空间目标与地基望远镜红外成像传感器终端之间的不确知参量将降低双波段比色测温法求解精度,且精度影响程度未知,假设目标为灰体,对包含不确知参量的最大似然估计函数关于发射率求偏导,建立基于红外探测器测量电子数的双波段比色测温数学模型,并进行双波段比色测温法的蒙特卡洛仿真实验与精度分析。对于大气透过率的估算,提出应用红外自然星体的大气透过率现场标校方法。空间目标温度反演精度与成像探测器的信噪比、大气透过率、地球热辐射以及波段之间的发射率差异等未知参量的估算精度有关。结果表明:信噪比高于20,波段之间发射率差异小于0.03,地球热辐射预测精度优于50%,大气透过率预测精度优于10%时,比色测温法优于40 K的温度估计精度。     

基于自吸收量化的激光诱导等离子体表征方法

为了表征激光诱导等离子体的定量特征参数,提出了一种谱线自吸收量化的方法,通过获得分析元素谱线的半高全宽来量化谱线自吸收程度,进而得到等离子体的特征参数,包括电子温度、元素含量比以及辐射物质的绝对数密度.与传统激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析方法相比,新方法由于计算过程与谱线强度弱相关,所以分析结果基本不受自吸收效应的影响,同时也无需额外的光谱效率校准.基于铝锂合金的实验结果表明,该方法能够实现精确的相对定量分析和等离子体的特性诊断.     

Factors Analysis for CO2 Retrieval from the Ground-Based Hyperspectral Measurements in the Short Wave InfraredSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Ground-based CO2 inversion accuracy determines the understanding of CO2 source and sink. However the study about factors affecting ground-based CO2 inversion. In order to improve CO2 inversion accuracy, the effects from aerosol, spectral shift, spectral band selection, spectrometer response function type, half width and truncation error have been analyzed by using radiative transfer model. The results show that: (1) the multiple scattering of aerosol can be ignored when instrument field of view is less than 1.5 degrees and aerosol optical depth is less than 0.5. (2) The inversion results are smaller when there are spectral offsets. The inversion errors increase nonlinear with spectral offsets. And the higher the spectral resolution, the larger the effect of spectral shift. (3) Different spectral bands have various average signal-to-noise ratio, selecting channels with appropriate signal-to-noise ratio and enhancing instrument signal-to-noise ratio can reduce the effect of instrument noise. (4) The higher the instrument resolution, the more important the degree of accuracy of instrument line function for simulated spectrum. Therefore, for hyper-spectral observation, the constancy of environmental temperature is key of acquiring high precision inversion results. (5) For over-high spectral resolution, simulated spectrum is anamorphic due to crosstalk effect. Therefore the crosstalk effect must be considered when the spectrometer resolution is advanced.     

样品的激光诱导击穿光谱及谱线的自吸收现象

以脉冲Nd∶AG激光器的二倍频输出为激发源,获得了一种家庭用煤的激光诱导击穿光谱(laser induced breakdown spectrum,LIBS)。通过对谱线的归属,发现该煤种除包含文献报道的C,Si,Mg,Fe,Al,Ca,Ti,Na,K元素外,还包含Cd,Co,Hf,Ir,Li,Mn,Ni,Rb,Sr,V,W,Zn,Zr等微量元素,谱图中没有出现对应H和O元素的谱线,把该现象归因于H和O原子的跃迁概率较小,而灵敏谱线对应跃迁的上能级能量较大。同时发现随激光脉冲能量的增加,等离子体发射谱线的强度增大,增加到一定程度,K原子766.493和769.921 nm谱线会出现自吸收现象,自吸收的程度随激光能量的增加而增强,出现明显的双峰结构,把自吸收现象归因于原子大的跃迁概率及激光强度增加引起等离子体中粒子数密度的增大。     

Präzisionsmessungen am Spektrum des Wasserstoffplasmas

Detailed and precise investigations on the Balmer spectrum of a hydrogen arc have been made in order to compare the measured absolute values of the spectral emission coefficients with the existing theories, the results being of special interest with respect to line broadening calculations and to the lowering of the ionization energy. The plasma is generated in a stationary high power cascade arc at atmospheric pressure. The experiment covers the temperature range between 12000 and 20000 K, where all emission coefficients show maxima in their temperature dependence. To keep self-absorption within the plasma as low as possible, the investigations have been carried out in side-on observation. The extended gas layer of almost constant intensity surrounding the maxima ensures very accurate results of the side-on measurements. For the necessary precise calibration of the optical system both a standard carbon arc and tungsten strip lamps have been used. As the intensity of these different radiation standards only shows a few percent deviation, a very high accuracy can also be established for the measured hydrogen emission coefficients. After evaluating an average radial temperature distribution at first the absolute emission coefficients of five selected wavelengths are plotted vs. temperature and compared with theory, whereby a very good agreement is found. The emission coefficients of the continuous radiation thus confirm the lowering of the ionisation energy according to Griem used in the calculations. In the following the spectral intensities for 16250 K, i.e. the temperature in the neighbourhood of which all the maxima occur, are represented vs. wavelength to investigate the spectral dependence of the emission coefficients. Again an excellent agreement with theories of continuous radiation and line profiles is found. The experimental line shape ofH _α, however, is described much better by Vidal's ‘Unified Theory” than by Griem's standard profile. When the maxima of the emission coefficients appear appr. at half the tube radius, the side-on distributions of the intensity show a flat top in the center and their value is almost independent of the arc current. Because of these qualities and of the reliability of the theoretical calculations of the spectrum finally the hydrogen arc is recommended for a radiation standard both for the visible and the UV region.     

Correction and analysis of lead content in soil by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to analyze the lead content in soils. The analyzed spectral line profile is fitted by Lorentzian function for determining the background and the full-width at half-maximum （FWHM） intensity of spectral line. A self-absorption correction model based on the information of spectral broadening is introduced to calculate the true value of spectral line intensity, which refers to the elemental concentration. The results show that the background intensity obtained by spectral profile fitting is very effective and important due to removing the interference of spectral broadening, and a better precision of calibration analysis is acquired by correcting the self-absorption effect.