轻度铅中毒对儿童微量元素及骨龄的影响

为探讨儿童轻度铅中毒对微量元素及骨龄的影响,采用钨舟原子化法和原子吸收光谱法分别检测了33例轻度铅中毒患儿血铅及微量元素水平,用X摄片进行骨龄测定,并进行了相关分析。结果表明,轻度铅中毒患儿微量元素钙、铁、锌降低,骨龄发育落后,血铅含量与钙、铁、锌水平呈负相关。提示轻度铅中毒使儿童骨龄落后,可能与微量元素间的失衡有关。     

The non-destructive determination of REE in fossilized bone using synchrotron radiation induced K-line X-ray microfluorescence analysis

The sensitivity and applicability of the synchrotron radiation induced X-ray microfluorescence (μ-SRXRF) spectrometer at the Hamburg synchrotron laboratory Hasylab for the determination of the distribution of trace concentrations of rare-earth elements (REE) in fossilized bone are discussed and critically compared to those of other trace analytical methods such as instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and LAMP-ICPMS (laser ablation microprobe inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Measurements were carried out on two bone samples from contrasting terrestrial depositional environments at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Results indicate that the microdistribution of the REE in these biological materials is not homogeneous and that the relative abundance of these elements can provide information on the palaeoenvironment during the fossilization process. The heterogeneous distribution of the REE can be determined in a quantitative and completely non-destructive manner provided the concentrations of individual REE are above 10 μg/g.     

On the distribution of trace elements in human skeletons

Instrumental neutron activation analysis and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry have been used to study the occurence and distribution with a maximum of 25 elements in multiple sites of a skeleton and in the iliac crest of 69 ancient human skeletons. To study the distribution of trace elements between the different bone fractions the material of each sampling site was chemically treated to separate the collagen and the mineral from one another. Losses or contamination during the extraction procedure have been controled in detail by balance calculations. The elements can be subdivided into several groups due to the balance calculation and their association with the mineral. The analysis of the skeleton showed that the trace elements are distributed in varying degrees within a bone and throughout the skeleton their variation seems to be related to functional and structural conditions of the sampling site. The element content was observed to be higher at epiphyseal areas of long bones than in the shaft and higher in trabecular than in cortical bones. It was found that the element content of a single bone sample depends largely on the mass ratio spongiosa/compacta at the sampling site. By investigating an ancient population group, information about the “natural levels” and biological variation of trace elements was obtained. The results for F, Pb, Sr, and Zn in particular suggest that these elements could be useful in the study of health problems in man which involves the bone tissue.     

The non-destructive determination of REE in fossilized bone using synchrotron radiation induced K-line X-ray microfluorescence analysis

The sensitivity and applicability of the synchrotron radiation induced X-ray microfluorescence (μ-SRXRF) spectrometer at the Hamburg synchrotron laboratory Hasylab for the determination of the distribution of trace concentrations of rare-earth elements (REE) in fossilized bone are discussed and critically compared to those of other trace analytical methods such as instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and LAMP-ICPMS (laser ablation microprobe inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Measurements were carried out on two bone samples from contrasting terrestrial depositional environments at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Results indicate that the microdistribution of the REE in these biological materials is not homogeneous and that the relative abundance of these elements can provide information on the palaeoenvironment during the fossilization process. The heterogeneous distribution of the REE can be determined in a quantitative and completely non-destructive manner provided the concentrations of individual REE are above 10 μg/g. Received: 18 January 1998 / Revised: 6 October 1998 / Accepted: 10 October 1998     

氟化物对幼年大鼠骨矿物质和血微量元素的影响及其相关性研究

为探讨氟化钠对幼年大鼠血清4种微量元素和骨矿物质含量的影响,以及大鼠骨矿物质和血清微量元素的相关性,将80只2月龄SPF级SO大鼠,雌雄各半,随机分成8组：对照（幼年CS、成年AS）组和用药组（幼年高氟组CHS、幼年低氟组CLS、成年高氟组AHS、成年低氟组ALS、幼年长期高氟组HS、幼年长期低氟组15）。对照组灌胃生理盐水,用药组分别按相应时间给予不同剂量的NaF灌胃,测定了大鼠尺骨和血清中的Ca、P、Fe、Zn含量。结果表明,（1）血清微量元素：①与cs组相比,CHS组和CLS组的磷（P）分别增加100．0％和193．8％（P〈0．05）。②与AS组相比,HS组的Ca、Zn分别下降了20．5％和40．0％,而P则增加了74．0％（P〈0．05）;Ls组的Zn下降了33．3％（P〈0．05）。与HS组比较,CHS组的Ca增加22．3％。③与LS组比较,CLS组的P和Zn明显增加49．2％和28．5％（P〈0．05）。（2）骨矿物质：①与As组相比,HS组的Ca分别下降了23．9％（P〈0．05）,Zn则增加了36．1％（P〈0．05）。②与HS组相比,CHS组的Ca和Fe分别增加了42．3％和36．05％,Zn下降了38．6％（P〈0．05）。（3）骨矿物质和血清微量元素的相关性：骨Ca和血Ca、骨P和血P、骨Zn和血Zn、骨Fe和血Fe的相关系数分别为0．435、0．347、0．136和0．059（P〉0．05）。提示长期使用氟化钠,可以导致幼年大鼠血中微量元素代谢紊乱,骨矿物含量降低,但未确定大鼠骨矿物含量和血微量元素具有相关性。     

家兔动脉粥样硬化模型微量元素谱的计算机多元分析

为了查明微量元素谱与动脉粥样硬化症的关连，用多元分析研究了白兔动脉粥样硬化模型中的生物样品微量元素谱。ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ测定动脉粥样硬化模型和对照组的兔器官和 组织中１９种元素。因子分析法处理数据，得到一系列因子得分分布图，各图象表明动脉粥样硬化组与对照组的样品点分布在图上不同区域，且两组样品点可分辨。     

Uptakes of trace elements in Zn-deficient mice

A multitracer technique was used to obtain uptake rates of essential trace elements in various organs and tissues in Zn-deficient mice. A multitracer solution, containing more than 20 radioisotopes, was injected intraperitoneally into Zn-deficient state mice and control ones. Uptake rates of the radioisotopes were compared with concentrations of trace elements determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in order to study a specific metabolism of Zn and other essential trace elements, such as Mn, Co, Se, Rb, and Sr. The result suggests that Zn is supplied from bone to other organs and tissues and an increase in Co concentration in all organs and tissues depends on its chemical form, under the Z-deficient state.     

Trace element study of human bone by X-ray emission analysis using an external proton beam

A simple proton beam (PIXE) arrangement developed for a low energy accelerator was used for the determination of absolute concentrations of nine trace elements in human bone samples. The 2.4 MeV proton beam was externalized through a thin (2 μm) aluminiummylar foil. Using an air cooling system, the foil withstood a high current (0.5–1 μA) for a long time. The samples were cooled to prevent damage and volatilization of elements. The induced X-rays were detected with a Si(Li) detector and the external beam was monitored with a second detector, measuring K X-rays induced in atmospheric argon. The mean (SD) trace element levels (ppm) measured in dense bone by comparison with hydroxyapatite/standard mixtures were: Cr<2.0, Mn<2.3, Fe 7.58 (1.55), Ni<2.4, Cu 3.58 (2.16), Zn 144 (27), Pb 12.2 (2.5), Br 12.4 (5.5) and Sr 47.7 (14.3). The detection limits for these elements achieved in this work were about 1 ppm when rather short measuring times (∼10 min) were used. The coefficient of variation of a single measurement, e.g. for Zn, was 3–4%. Because of the slow turnover of dense bone, such measurements provide a means of monitoring long term trace element exposure.     

植物类中药中微量元素的因子分析和聚类分析

尝试利用化学计量学方法探讨微量元素含量与中药药性的相关性。对１０５味植物类中药４２种微量元素测定数据用因子分析和聚类分析进行了多因素分析。因子分析证实了一个１０因子模型合理解释这些微量元素间的相关关系；样本聚类分析证明了１０５株中药合理地聚类成不同组；     

赣南鼢鼠骨骼中7种微量元素含量的测定

目的赣南鼢鼠骨骼经硝酸、高氯酸消化后,在样品中加入氯化镧作为释放剂以消除共存离子的干扰,方法采用火焰原子吸收光谱法对赣南鼢鼠骨骼中7种微量元素ca、cu、Mn、Fe、zn、Pb、和Mg进行了测定。结果赣南鼢鼠全骨中7种元素含量依次为ca,Fe,zn,Mn,cu,Mg,Pb,同一元素在不同骨骼分布不均,头骨最丰富,除zn、Mn外,同一元素在不同部位骨骼的含量存在显著差异,结论此种方法灵敏度高,操作简便快速,结果准确,重现性好,说明赣南鼢鼠终生虽营地下生活,但骨骼微量元素含量依然丰富,并不表现出缺乏的现象。     

急性再障与中药微量元素及某些免疫指标关系的研究

急性再生障碍性贫血(简称急再)，是由多种病因导致骨髓广泛造血功能障碍的一组综合证，此病发病急，进展快，常伴有严重感染及内脏出血，严重威胁着广大患者的生命，本文从微量元素及免疫角度对急再进行了研究。同时对有关中草药进行了微量元素的测定，并与临床治疗密切结合，开阔了诊治急再的新思路。     

Trace elements distribution and post-mortem intake in human bones from Middle Age by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the suitability of TXRF technique to study the distribution of trace elements along human bones of the 13th century, to conclude about environmental conditions and dietary habits of old populations and to study the uptake of some elements from the surrounding soil.In this work, we used TXRF to quantify and to make profiles of the elements through long bones. Two femur bones, one from a man and another from a woman, buried in the same grave were cross-sectioned in four different points at a distance of 1 cm. Microsamples of each section were taken at a distance of 1 mm from each other.Quantitative analysis was performed for Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb. Very high concentrations of Mn and Fe were obtained in the whole analysed samples, reaching values higher than 2% in some samples of trabecular tissue, very much alike to the concentrations in the burial soil. A sharp decrease for both elements was observed in cortical tissue. Zn and Sr present steady concentration levels in both kinds of bone tissues. Pb and Cu show very low concentrations in the inner tissue of cortical bone. However, these concentrations increase in the regions in contact to trabecular tissue and external surface in contact with the soil, where high levels of both elements were found. We suggest that contamination from the surrounding soil exists for Mn and Fe in the whole bone tissue. Pb can be both from post-mortem and ante-mortem origin. Inner compact tissue might represent in vivo accumulation and trabecular one corresponds to uptake during burial. The steady levels of Sr and Zn together with soil concentration lower levels for these elements may allow us to conclude that they are originated from in vivo incorporation in the hydroxyapatite bone matrix.     

骨的微量元素代谢

雌激素可通过影响骨骼细胞的新陈代谢而促进微量元素在骨骼中的储存,微量元素代谢与骨质疏松的形成发展有密切关系。近年来不少学者对一些必需微量元素如硼(5B)、氟(9F)、钒(23V)、锰(25Mn)、铁(26Fe)、钴(27Co)、铜(29Cu)、锌(30Zn)、硒(34Se)、锶(38Sr)等和一些非必需微量元素如铝(13Al)、镓(31Ga)、锗(32Ge)、镉(48Cd)、铅(82Pb)等与骨质疏松关系的研究取得了令人瞩目的成果。     

古人类骨骼中微量元素的分析及其与古代食谱的关联

采用等离子体质谱(ICP-Ms)法对三峡地区及长江下游地区出土的古墓中的人体骨骼中的微量元素Zn、Sr、Ba、Ca进行了分析，并与原子吸收光谱(AAS)对照，结果表明：ICP-MS是骨化学微量元素分析很好的方法，它相对FAAS，具有灵敏度高，检出限低，可快速进行多元素检测等优点，对溶液中元素的检出限可达到ng/L数量级，对元素的高含量和低含量都能进行准确测量。本实验以Zn、Sr、Ba、Ca为指示剂，根据其测量结果，还对上述两地区的古人类食谱进行了初步探讨。     

毛冬青总皂苷对AHNP诱导肝损伤大鼠骨中7种微量元素的影响

目的探讨了毛冬青总皂苷对AHNP诱导肝损伤大鼠骨中微量元素的影响。方法应用逆行胰胆管术注射牛磺胆酸钠（TAC）复制急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）大鼠实验动物模型,进行了毛冬青总皂苷（高、低剂量）的治疗。观察了5组（假手术对照组、AHNP模型组、毛冬青总皂苷高剂量组、毛冬青总皂苷低剂量组、尼尔雌醇组、）大鼠股骨中Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb、Mg和ca等微量元素的变化。结果统计学结果显示与AHNP模型组比较,毛冬青总皂苷能提高AHNP大鼠骨质中cu、Fe、Mn、Mg、Ca等元素的含量,尼尔雌醇组中的zn含量提高,毛冬青总皂苷组中的zn含量反而下降;尼尔雌醇组与毛冬青总皂苷组中Pb含量下降明显。结论说明毛冬青总皂苷的治疗作用并不是单一的,可以认为中药毛冬青总皂苷是通过发挥对人体整体的调节作用来调节骨骼中微量元素的变化,改变骨质的代谢情况,促进骨密度的提高。     

香瓜茄微量元素含量的分析

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪 (ICP AES)选择测定了湛江市栽培的香瓜茄 (人参果 )微量元素的含量 ,结果表明香瓜茄富含各种生命微量元素 ,并讨论了这些有益元素与人体健康的关系。     

骨质疏松与微量元素

骨质疏松与某些矿物质的饮食摄取不足、过量或不平衡有关，但微量元素在骨质疏松的病理、诊断和治疗中也起着十分重要的作用。适量的Ｂ、Ｆ、Ｓｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｇｅ、Ｓｒ和Ｖ、Ｉ、Ｍｏ对骨骼的发育和代谢是必需的，但Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ａｌ则可能是骨质疏松的危险因子。高尿锌可被用作骨质疏松的生物化学标记物，锶可代替钙用作骨矿化的标记物。临床实践表明，氟可明显增加骨质疏松患者的长轴骨密度和显著降低脊椎骨新骨折的发生     

Determination of trace elements in biological fluids

Main approaches to the trace element analysis of biological fluids and problems appearing in this case are considered. The specific character of these approaches is illustrated by the examples of the analysis of real samples for various trace elements. The advantage of methods for the direct determination of trace elements in these samples is demonstrated.     

糖尿病母亲及其新生儿全血14种微量元素的研究

为了解糖尿病母亲及其新生儿全血微量元素的分布情况，采用日本岛津ICPQ－1012型高频等离子体发射光谱仪检测了糖尿病母亲及其新生儿的全血14种微量元素。以正常产妇及足月新生儿病例为对照组，观察糖尿病母亲及其新生儿的全血14种微量元素的改变。结果糖尿病母亲铜元素高于正常产妇，铬、锰、锌元素低于正常产妇，糖尿病母亲新生儿铜元素高于正常新生儿，锌、锰、镁、铬元素低于正常新生儿。糖尿病母亲新生儿镁、镍、铜、锌、钙、钼、锶、铁低于糖尿病母亲。结论：糖尿病母亲血铬、锌、锰元素低于正常，铜元素增高是由于糖尿病疾病所引起，糖尿病母亲新生儿铜元素增高，血镁、钙、锰、锌等低于正常，与糖尿病母亲本身微量元素特点有关。糖尿病母亲新生儿血镁、镍、铜、锌、钙、钼、锶、铁元素低于糖尿病母亲与先天发育不足有关。     

Tendency and Fractal Pattern of Migration of Trace Elements in Source Rocks During Thermal Event

The reactivation of trace elements in source rocks is fundamental in the formation of many economic deposits. Although transport by fluid flow and infiltration is very effective along visible fractures, the migration of trace elements from the inner part of solid cells to the weaknesses is much less efficient, and so becomes the bottleneck in the migration of these elements from their initial positions in the source rock to the final deposition site in an ore body. Diffusion may play a key role in the reactivation of trace elements. The overall migration pattern of trace elements in source rocks is characterized by an embedded sink mosaic structure, which possesses the self-similarity of a fractal. There are two general migration tendencies of trace elements. One is from within solid cells, such as mineral grains, toward the sink, consisting of weaknesses in the source rock. The other is from high-temperature fields toward low-temperature ones. High temperature favors the realization of these two tenden