托卡马克等离子体中内部磁扰动的测量研究

热等离子体中内部磁扰动水平可以由逃逸电子输运来确定，逃逸电子输运采用扰动实验和稳态实验等四种不同方法较容易获得某些局域的逃逸扩散系数，首先利用等离子体快速移动实验，测量孔栏上硬X射线通量的变化，获得边缘扩散系数；第二，由微波辐射强度和硬X射线通量(HXR)信号的锯齿振荡的峰值延迟时间得到径向位置某处到孔栏之间平均扩散系数；第三，软X射线(SXR)强度和HXR通量的信号的锯齿振荡的峰值延迟时间给出等离子体芯区外的径向平均扩散系数；第四，由来自孔栏上HXR韧致辐射谱求得逃逸电子平均能量，继而得到逃逸约束时间， 关键词： 逃逸电子输运 扩散系数 内部磁涨落 软X射线(SXR) 硬X射线 (HXR)     

HL—1装置逃逸电子扰动及硬X射线发射

HL-1装置逃逸电子扰动,硬X射线锯齿振荡和软X射线锯齿振荡关联,内破裂后硬X射线发射强度到其峰值的延迟时间,被解释为逃逸电子从q=1面附近输运到等离子体边缘时间。当有电子回旋共振预电离时,硬X射线显著减少;相反,电子回旋共振加热时,硬X射线明显地增加。     

HL—1装置逃逸电子产生硬X射线锯齿振荡的频谱计算

在HL-1装置上用硬X射线测得相应的打在孔栏处逃逸电子通量,其通量脉动呈现反锯齿振荡。为辨别这个振荡是一个真实的物理扰动,还是毫无意义的噪声涨落或背景振动,我们对获取的硬X射线通量作了频谱分析,证实逃逸电子打在限制器上产生的硬X射线受到一     

HL—1装置的硬X射线锯齿振荡

软X射线的锯齿振荡,在ST,Pulsator和TEXT等装置上已观测到;在Pulsator和PLT上已研究了硬X射线锯齿波。PLT和Pulsator观测结果为,产生的硬X射线锯齿振荡为反锯齿和内破裂的软X射线锯齿相对应。Pulsator的硬X射线锯齿和软X射线锯齿一样,这种趋势一直持继到放电结束,而硬X射线峰值发生在软X射线内破裂后大约200μs。PLT的硬X射线锯齿比软X射线锯齿延迟1至5ms。本工作目的是在内破裂后,从软、硬X射线锯齿波对比,观测硬X射线到达峰值这段延迟时间,并以此来量度逃逸电子约束时间。     

HL-1装置的X射线测量

本文叙述了HL-1装置的X射线测量。结果表明,电子温度随着等离子体电流通道的缩小而升高,其典型值为480eV。稳定放电的软X射线扰动幅度大约是总强度的15％,锯齿振荡周期约为2ms。与磁探针信号比较,明显看到了内、外模之间的耦合关系。多次放电清洗了真空空器壁,含水量下降;硬X射线测量表明,逃逸产生率减小。     

HL—1M等离子体的复合锯齿振荡

用软X射线二极管阵列可以很容易地探测到在等离子体内部形成的软X射线辐射扰动的锯齿振荡波形,根据观测到的锯齿振荡的某些特征可以定性地确定等离子体芯部的磁场位形。在托卡马克等离子体加热过程中,电子加热和电流穿透使得电流分布不断峰化、中心磁轴附近的安全因子下降,当中心安全因子q(0)＜1时在q=1磁面附近形成磁岛,磁岛的增长和重联构成了一个完整的锯齿振荡波形。由于电流分布的峰化而形成的振荡被称为单锯齿振荡,振荡的周期和幅度具有单一的特性,尽管它们会随着放电条件的改变而变化,但振荡的单一性保持不变,破裂位于中心磁轴位置。在特定的条件下,当等离子体电流变成中空分布而且在等离子体内部出现两个q=1磁面时,复合锯齿取代常规的单锯齿,它们或者有规则地连续出现,或者间或地出现在单锯齿之间,这取决于中空电流分布的维持程度。我们在HL－1M装置上通过测量软X坶辐射扰动观测到等离子体的复合锯齿振荡。本文叙述的就是在离轴电子回旋共振加热期间所观测到的复合锯齿振荡及其产生的条件,并对锯齿产生的可能的机制作了定性的描述。     

HL-1装置硬x射线辐射剂量测量

一、引言 多年来,从事受控核聚变的研究人员相继对环形磁约束装置的硬X射线辐射做了许多深入的实验研究,因为逃逸电子是高温等离子体的必然产物,通过逃逸电子产物——硬X射线的研究,便可得知等离子体的行为。但是,装置的硬X射线辐射剂量却直接影响到周围环境及工作人员的身体健康。高能X射线通过物质时,主要以光电效应,康普顿散射和电子对效应损失能量,进入生物组织后,X射线能量在其中转移、吸收乃至最终导致组织损伤。随着实验的进展,人们对硬X射线辐射剂量日益关心。为此,1987年,我们在HL-1装置实验运行期间(近旁的电子回旋共振加热系统未投入工作),测量了装置的硬X射线辐射剂量。     

闪烁探测器Nal(TI)对γ射线的光峰效率刻度

在辐射的探测与测量中,精确的效率刻度是绝对强度测量必不可少的步骤。本工作是为研究磁约束聚变装置(托卡马克)在放电过程中的逃逸电子成分及硬X射线绝对辐射强度而作的实验准备工作。     

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利用多阵列高时空分辨的软X射线阵列成像系统对EAST芯部固有杂质驱动的蛇形振荡进行时间动态演化和空间结构反演研究,研究了实验上发现的两种时空行为明显不同的两类蛇形振荡,一类具有字母V或W形状的动态频谱,空间上为理想近圆状热芯结构;另外一类蛇形振荡和锯齿崩塌共存,振荡的频谱呈现手掌状,空间上为很大的电阻性月牙形磁岛结构。结果表明,锯齿共存的蛇形振荡的饱和径向扰动位移通常比无锯齿的蛇形振荡大,并且会触发边界的新经典撕裂模。     

EAST 装置固有杂质驱动蛇形振荡行为研究

利用多阵列高时空分辨的软X 射线阵列成像系统对EAST 芯部固有杂质驱动的蛇形振荡进行时间动态演化和空间结构反演研究,研究了实验上发现的两种时空行为明显不同的两类蛇形振荡,一类具有字母V 或W形状的动态频谱,空间上为理想近圆状热芯结构;另外一类蛇形振荡和锯齿崩塌共存,振荡的频谱呈现手掌状,空间上为很大的电阻性月牙形磁岛结构。结果表明,锯齿共存的蛇形振荡的饱和径向扰动位移通常比无锯齿的蛇形振荡大,并且会触发边界的新经典撕裂模。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.