相变常数对反应射流气羽影响的数值研究

以Li-SF_6反应射流为能量来源的闭式循环动力系统在水下推进以及航空航天等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文在欧拉模型和组分输运模型的基础上,结合涡耗散反应速率模型和Lee相变模型对Li-SF_6反应射流过程进行了三维稳态计算,研究了相变常数对反应射流流场以及气羽结构的影响。研究结果表明,反应射流气羽穿透长度随蒸发常数的增加而增加,随凝结常数的增加而减小;在蒸发常数为10~4以及凝结常数为10~6下,气液界面与饱和温度分布一致,模拟计算结果与实验结果符合较好。本文研究结果将为Li-SF_6反应射流的数值模拟奠定基础,也将对Li-SF_6射流反应器的设计和安全运行提供指导。     

射流冲击泡沫金属流动液膜传热的实验研究

薄液膜蒸发由于其优良的传热特性而被广泛应用于工业领域。在流动液膜上表面覆盖铜质泡沫金属,并耦合空气射流冲击,能够进一步强化传热。多孔泡沫金属提供的毛细驱动力能够有效控制流动液膜的厚度以避免干涸,同时多孔材料特殊的固体骨架构造可以扩大固液、气液传热面积。为了研究射流冲击条件下多孔介质覆盖流动液膜的传热特性,本文通过实验方法,对包括液膜流速Vf、空气射流速度Va、液膜厚度δf和多孔介质孔隙率ε在内的影响因素进行分析,研究并对比这些因素对加热壁面温度Tw、表面传热系数hw以及传热系数提升率的影响。     

高压热气流与整装式液体工质相互作用的实验研究

为了探索整装式液体发射药燃烧稳定性的控制方法,本文设计了多级渐扩型圆柱观察室,采用高速录像系统,开展了含能气体射流在液体模拟工质中扩展形态的实验研究.实验结果表明,渐扩型结构尺寸、喷气压力、喷孔直径对泰勒空腔的扩展形态以及气液间的湍流掺混强度有显著影响,通过这些参数的合理匹配,可以在一定程度上实现对射流发展过程的控制.     

双液滴同时垂直撞击壁面的数值研究

采用质量守恒的level set方法对双液滴同时垂直撞击干壁面后的流动过程进行了模拟研究,主要讨论了韦伯数(We)、壁面接触角(θ)以及双液滴水平间距(S)等物理参数对相界面流动过程的影响,分析了不同参数下射流高度和水平铺展半长随时间的变化规律.研究表明:We数较大时,中心射流液柱将产生二次液滴,随后液柱反弹至空中,且We数越大,中心射流产生的二次液滴次数越多,最大无量纲射流高度和最大无量纲铺展半长越大;随壁面接触角的增大,中心射流液柱出现反弹现象,水平铺展液流出现断裂的时间越早,最大无量纲射流高度和最大无量纲铺展半长越小;最大无量纲射流高度值与液滴水平间距的相关性不单调,铺展半长随水平间距的增大而增大.     

气固两相圆湍射流颗粒对气相流动的影响

采用PDA测量气固两相圆湍射流中轴线上的气相轴向平均速度及轴向和径向湍流强度,并与相同出口速度的单相射流进行比较。研究不同颗粒对气相的调制作用。喷口直径为20 mm,出口Re为13600。采用了从50μm到300 μm不同平均直径的六种密度为2500 kg/m3玻璃微珠作为颗粒相。各组实验质量气载比为0.5。结果表明不同粒径的颗粒对两相流场中气相的平均速度、轴向和径向湍流强度均有不同影响。150μm以下的颗粒对气相湍流有明显抑制作用, 200μm以上颗粒对气相湍流有加强作用。颗粒对气相湍流调制规律的分界取与颗粒随拟序结构扩散的分界不同。     

气泡与自由液面相互作用的实验研究

气泡在不同边界附近运动时,其运动特性与在自由场中相比会发生很大变化,特别是当气泡在近自由面附近运动时, 与自由面发生强烈的耦合作用而产生极其复杂的水面现象.为探究其规律,在前人研究的基础上, 采用电火花生成气泡,利用高速摄影系统对气泡与自由液面的相互作用进行了实验观察和研究. 通过对大量实验数据的分析和整理,总结了自由液面的存在对气泡最大半径、脉动周期、射流时间以及射流宽度的影响, 并初步拟合了放电电压与气泡最大半径的关系.对不同水冢现象的具体过程进行了分类和详细的描述, 得出了发生不同水冢现象的决定因素,同时统计得到相同初始条件下水柱最大高度随无量纲距离的变化规律, 为气泡与自由液面相互作用的研究提供了参考.     

横向气膜作用下液体射流在近喷孔区域的破碎雾化特性

为了深入理解横向气膜作用下液体射流的破碎雾化特性,设计了一种以空气和水为模拟介质的针栓喷注单元,并通过两相流大涡模拟和背景光成像对大气环境下其近喷孔区域内的液体射流破碎过程和动态特性进行研究.通过大涡模拟液体射流的表面波主导破碎过程得到了针栓喷注单元近喷孔区域的喷雾场建立过程,亚声速气流离开狭缝后膨胀加速为超声速气流,经过液体射流上游的脱体弓形激波后减速增压.而在液体射流上下游之间的压差作用下,射流往下游发生弯曲的同时迎风面出现Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T)不稳定表面波;随着表面波的发展,气流穿透表面波的波谷位置导致连续射流发生断裂.正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition,POD)方法可有效重构瞬时喷雾图像,POD模态表明近喷孔区域的低频和高频喷雾振荡分别由喷雾场的整体扩张/收缩过程和液块或者液雾团在迎风面的“撞击波”型运动引起,而后者的形态属于受连续液体射流断裂前的R-T不稳定表面波影响而产生的行波结构,其无量纲行波波长与韦伯数呈幂次律关系.     

射流清管器黏滑特性研究

针对射流清管过程中,清管器运动速度不稳定,可能会出现远高于设计气速或卡堵停滞的情况,本研究尝试从理论方面进行建模求解,分析射流清管器黏滑成因。研究过程设计并搭建了室内清管试验平台,通过对比实验与模拟结果,验证求解方法及模型的准确性。针对实验中难以改变和监测的参数,如清管过程中管道内气体流场、清管器两侧压降等,采用数值模拟对其变化规律进行研究。研究表明,射流清管器的黏滑运动与气体可压缩性和摩擦力变化有关:气体可压缩性主要决定了清管器运动的启动、停滞、波动,摩擦力的变化主要对黏滑程度有影响。     

枝晶生长和气泡形成的数值模拟

本文建立了二维的格子玻尔兹曼方法-元胞自动机(lattice Boltzmann method-cellular automaton, LBM-CA)耦合模型, 对凝固过程中枝晶生长和气泡形成进行模拟研究. 本模型采用CA方法模拟枝晶的生长, 根据界面溶质平衡法计算枝晶生长的驱动力. 采用基于Shan-Chen多相流的LBM模拟气泡在液相中的生长和运动. 在LBM-CA的耦合模型中包含了固-液-气三相之间的相互作用. 应用Laplace定理和模拟气-液-固三相之间的润湿现象对模型进行了验证. 应用所建立的LBM-CA耦合模型模拟研究了气-液相互作用系数对单气泡生长的影响. 发现单气泡的生长速度和平衡半径随气-液相互作用系数的增大而增大. 定向凝固过程中枝晶和气泡生长的模拟结果再现了枝晶的择优生长、 气泡的优先形核位置、气泡的长大、合并、在枝晶间受挤变形以及在液相通道中的运动等物理现象, 与实验结果符合良好. 此外, 初始气体含量越高, 凝固结束时气泡的体积分数也相对较高. 本模型的模拟结果可以揭示在凝固过程中气泡形核、 生长和运动演化以及与枝晶生长相互作用的物理机理.     

基于MRT-LB伪势模型的液滴撞击液膜数值研究

运用改进的格子玻尔兹曼（LB）伪势多松弛多相模型,研究单/双液滴撞击液膜的流动特性.考察单液滴在不同气液相密度比时撞击液膜的发展.随着密度比的减小,冠状水花顶端开始向内弯曲,且底部半径显著减小.在大密度比情况下研究双液滴撞击液膜.结果表明：双液滴撞击液膜有中心射流的形成;液滴水平间距的增大,延缓中心射流的出现,并降低初始中心射流的高度;随Re数的增加,中心射流的高度明显增大.     

Soft swimming: exploiting deformable interfaces for low reynolds number locomotion

Reciprocal movement cannot be used for locomotion at low Reynolds number in an infinite fluid or near a rigid surface. Here we show that this limitation is relaxed for a body performing reciprocal motions near a deformable interface. Using physical arguments and scaling relationships, we show that the nonlinearities arising from reciprocal flow-induced interfacial deformation rectify the periodic motion of the swimmer, leading to locomotion. Such a strategy can be used to move toward, away from, and parallel to any deformable interface as long as the length scales involved are smaller than intrinsic scales, which we identify. A macroscale experiment of flapping motion near a free surface illustrates this new result.     

Surface Modified Single Molecules Free-Diffusion Evidenced by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

We report on the free diffusion of single molecule near an interface studied using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In particular, we show that the chemical nature of the substrate may modify the free diffusion of a widely used molecule (rhodamine 6G), thus inducing unexpected effects in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements. Our results show a strong influence, up to a few micrometer from the interface, of the surface polarity. This effect is assessed through the relative weight of the two dimensions diffusion process observed close to the surface. Our results are discussed in terms of competition between surface-solvent, solvent-molecule and molecule-surface specific interactions.     

Low-gravity liquid nonlinear sloshing analysis in a tank under pitching excitation

Under pitch excitation, the sloshing of liquid in circular cylindrical tank includes planar motion, rotary motion and rotary motion inside planar motion. The boundaries between stable motion and unstable motion depend on the radius of the tank, the liquid height, the gravitational intension, the surface tensor and the sloshing damping. In this article, the differential equations of nonlinear sloshing are built first. And by variational principle, the Lagrange function of liquid pressure is constructed in volume integration form. Then the velocity potential function is expanded in series by wave height function at the free surface. The nonlinear equations with kinematics and dynamics free surface boundary conditions through variation are derived. At last, these equations are solved by multiple-scales method. The influence of Bond number on the global stable response of nonlinear liquid sloshing in circular cylinder tank is analyzed in detail. The result indicates that the system's amplitude–frequency response changes from a ‘soft-spring’ to a ‘hard-spring’ in the planar motion with the decreasing of the Bond number, while it changes from a ‘hard-spring’ to a ‘soft-spring’ in the rotary motion. At the same time, jump, lag and other nonlinear phenomena of liquid sloshing are discovered.     

Visco-potential flows in electrohydrodynamics

In this study we consider the problem of the interface motion under the capillary–gravity and an external electric force. The infinitely deep fluid layer is assumed to be viscous, perfectly conducting and the flow to be incompressible. The weak viscous effects are introduced using the Helmholtz–Leray decomposition and the visco-potential flow approach. The electric charge distributions above and on the free surface are considered. Finally, we derive some linearized analytical solutions for the free surface elevation shape under the localized pressure distribution and the combined action of the forces mentioned herein above.     

Motional effect in surface sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy

Fast orientational motion of molecules at a surface can affect the sum-frequency vibrational spectra of the surface. Calculation shows that the effect is significant if the molecular orientation varies over a broad range within the vibrational relaxation time. The stretch vibration of the free OH bonds at the vapor/water interface is used to illustrate the importance of the effect.     

Bound states of 3He at the edge of a 4He drop on a cesium surface

We show that small amounts of 3He atoms, added to a 4He drop deposited on a flat cesium surface at zero temperature, populate bound states localized at the contact line. These edge states show up for drops large enough to develop well defined surface and bulk regions together with a contact line, and they are structurally different from the well-known Andreev states that appear at the free surface and at the liquid-solid interface of films. We illustrate the one-body density of 3He in a drop with 1000 4He atoms, and show that for a sufficiently large number of impurities the density profiles spread beyond the edge, coating both the curved drop surface and its flat base and eventually isolating it from the substrate.     

“聚龙一号”装置上磁驱动铝飞片实验的数值模拟

采用二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2,对大电流脉冲装置"聚龙一号"上的151发次磁驱动370μm厚铝飞片实验、164发次磁驱动330μm厚铝飞片实验进行了数值模拟和分析。数值模拟表明:370μm厚铝飞片和330μm厚铝飞片的磁驱动过程中,VISAR测量的速度不是飞片自由面的速度,而是飞片中邻近自由面最近的固体反射面的速度。这是由于磁驱动飞片发射过程中,飞片自由面部分被烧蚀,密度低于固体密度状态,而飞片自由面和加载面中间的飞片还保持固体密度状态。VISAR测量的激光将穿过自由面的低于固体密度状态的飞片部分,到达飞片自由面最近的固体密度位置再反射回去,获得这一位置的飞片速度。数值模拟的飞片固体反射面速度历史和VISAR测量的速度历史相吻合。     

Spectrum of the sound produced by a jet impinging on the gas-water interface of a supercavity

An analysis is made of the sound generated by the impingement of an air jet on the gas-water interface of a supercavity. The water is in uniform low Mach number motion over the interface. The interface is rippled by the jet, which produces an unsteady surface force on the water that behaves as a dipole or monopole acoustic source, respectively, at high and low frequencies. In a first approximation the very large difference in the gas density and that of water implies that the surface force is similar to that occurring when a jet impinges on a rigid wall. Data from recent measurements by Foley (2009, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University) of the frequency spectrum of the surface force produced by the impact of a turbulent jet on a wall are used to formulate an analytical representation of the spectrum and thence to predict the sound produced in water when the same jet impinges on the cavity interface. The prediction is used to estimate the characteristics of gas jet impingement noise for an experimental supercavitating vehicle in use at the Applied Research Laboratory of Penn State University.     

自由面被烧蚀磁驱动飞片的数值模拟

为了理解磁驱动飞片自由面烧蚀的机理、自由面被烧蚀后飞片的物质状态、自由面被烧蚀后激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测量的机理等,采用磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2对聚龙一号装置上PTS-151发次磁驱动飞片实验中370 m厚飞片进行了模拟和分析。数值模拟表明,334 ns之前飞片自由面部分保持固体状态,334 ns之后飞片自由面部分已经熔化,到340 ns后整个飞片都被熔化。飞片自由面烧蚀的主要机制是电流焦耳加热,热扩散和压缩做功的贡献很小。数值模拟的固体密度反射面速度历史和VISAR测量的速度历史一致。飞片自由面熔化后,VISAR测量的速度是距离自由面最近的固体密度反射面的速度。