Phase Transition in Two-Dimensional Josephson-Junction Arrays

The self-charging model of two-dimensional Josephson-junction arrays at T = 0 is studied by the coupled cluster expansion method. The calculated results for the mass gap converge nicely. Besides the critical point, we also determine the critical parameters at T = 0. The system displays a second-order phase transition and the results are consistent with those obtained by other methods.     

Analysis of Phase Transition in Traffic Flow based on a New Model of Driving Decision

Different driving decisions will cause different processes of phase transition in traffic flow.To reveal the inner mechanism, this paper built a new cellular automaton (CA) model,based on the driving decision (DD). In the DD model, a driver's decision is divided intothree stages: decision-making, action, and result. The acceleration is taken as a decisionvariable and three core factors, i.e. distance between adjacent vehicles, their own velocity,and the preceding vehicle's velocity, are considered. Simulation results show that the DDmodel can simulate the synchronized flow effectively and describe the phase transitionin traffic flow well. Further analyses illustrate that various density will cause the phasetransition and the random probability will impact the process. Compared with the traditional NaSch model, the DD model considered the preceding vehicle's velocity, the deceleration limitation, and a safe
distance, so it can depict closer to the driver preferences on pursuing safety, stability and fuel-saving and has strong theoreticalinnovation for future studies.     

Information and Self-Organization II: Steady State and Phase Transition

This paper starts from Schrödinger’s famous question “what is life” and elucidates answers that invoke, in particular, Friston’s free energy principle and its relation to the method of Bayesian inference and to Synergetics 2nd foundation that utilizes Jaynes’ maximum entropy principle. Our presentation reflects the shift from the emphasis on physical principles to principles of information theory and Synergetics. In view of the expected general audience of this issue, we have chosen a somewhat tutorial style that does not require special knowledge on physics but familiarizes the reader with concepts rooted in information theory and Synergetics.     

Learning PDE to Model Self-Organization of Matter

A self-organization hydrodynamic process has recently been proposed to partially explain the formation of femtosecond laser-induced nanopatterns on Nickel, which have important applications in optics, microbiology, medicine, etc. Exploring laser pattern space is difficult, however, which simultaneously (i) motivates using machine learning (ML) to search for novel patterns and (ii) hinders it, because of the few data available from costly and time-consuming experiments. In this paper, we use ML to predict novel patterns by integrating partial physical knowledge in the form of the Swift-Hohenberg (SH) partial differential equation (PDE). To do so, we propose a framework to learn with few data, in the absence of initial conditions, by benefiting from background knowledge in the form of a PDE solver. We show that in the case of a self-organization process, a feature mapping exists in which initial conditions can safely be ignored and patterns can be described in terms of PDE parameters alone, which drastically simplifies the problem. In order to apply this framework, we develop a second-order pseudospectral solver of the SH equation which offers a good compromise between accuracy and speed. Our method allows us to predict new nanopatterns in good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, we show that pattern features are related, which imposes constraints on novel pattern design, and suggest an efficient procedure of acquiring experimental data iteratively to improve the generalization of the learned model. It also allows us to identify the limitations of the SH equation as a partial model and suggests an improvement to the physical model itself.     

Magnetic Phase Transition in Strained Two-Dimensional CrSeTe Monolayer

Tunable magnetic phase transition in two-dimensional materials is a fascinating subject of research. We perform first-principle calculations based on density functional theory to clarify the magnetic property of CrSeTe monolayer modulated by the biaxial compressive strain. Based on the stable structure confirmed by the phonon calculation, CrSeTe is determined to be a ferromagnetic metal that undergoes a phase transition from a ferromagnetic state to an antiferromagnetic state with nearly 2.75% c...     

Properties of Phase Transition of Traffic Flow on Urban Expressway Systems with Ramps and Accessory Roads

In this paper, we develop a cellular automaton model to describe the phase transition of traffic flow on urban expressway systems with on-off-ramps and accessory roads. The lane changing rules are given in detailed, the numerical results show that the main road and the accessory road both produce phase transitions. These phase transitions will often be influenced by the number of lanes, lane changing, the ramp flow, the input flow rate, and the geometry structure.     

Noise-Induced Phase Transition in Traffic Flow

One of the dynamic phases of the traffic flow is the traffic jam. It appears in traffic flow when the vehicledensity is larger than the critical value. In this paper, a new method is presented to investigate the traffic jam when thevehicle density is smaller than the critical value. In our method, we introduce noise into the traffic system after sufficienttransient time. Under the effect of noise, the traffic jam appears, and the phase transition from tree to synchronized flowoccurs in traffic flow. Our method is tested for the deterministic NaSch traffic model. The simulation results demonstratethat there exist a broad range of lower densities at which the noise effect leading to traffic jam can be observed.     

Two-Dimensional Wetting Transition Modeling with the Potts Model

A droplet of a liquid deposited on a surface structured in pillars may have two states of wetting: (1) Cassie-Baxter (CB), the liquid remains on top of the pillars, also known as heterogeneous wetting, or (2) Wenzel, the liquid fills completely the cavities of the surface, also known as homogeneous wetting. Studies show that between these two states, there is an energy barrier that, when overcome, results in the transition of states. The transition can be achieved by changes in geometry parameters of the surface, by vibrations of the surface or by evaporation of the liquid. In this paper, we present a comparison of two-dimensional simulations of the Cassie-Wenzel transition on pillar-structured surfaces using the cellular Potts model (CPM) with studies performed by Shahraz et al. In our work, we determine a transition diagram by varying the surface parameters such as the interpillar distance (G) and the pillar height (H). Our results were compared to those obtained by Shahraz et al. obtaining good agreement.     

Phase Transition and Superfluid of Photons and Photon Pairs in a Two-Dimensional Optical Microcavity

We analyze the ground-state properties and the excitation spectrum of Bose-Einstein condensates of photons and PPs in a two-dimensional optical microcavity. First, using the variational method, we discuss the ground-state phase transition of the two-component system. We also investigate the energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state. Moreover, by investigating the excitation spectrum, we also illustrate how the superfluid behavior of photons and PPs can be associated with the phase transition of the system.     

Phase Transition and Superfluid of Photons and Photon Pairs in a Two-Dimensional Optical Microcavity

We analyze the ground-state properties and the excitation spectrum of Bose-Einstein condensates of photons and PPs in a two-dimensional optical microcavity. First, using the variational method, we discuss the ground-state phase transition of the two-component system. We also investigate the energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state. Moreover, by investigating the excitation spectrum, we also illustrate how the superfluid behavior of photons and PPs can be associated with the phase transition of the system.     

Dynamical Phase Transitions in the Disordered Two-Dimensional XY Model

We study the time evolution of the distance between two configurations of the site-disordered two-dimensional (2D) XY model submitted to metropolis dynamics on a square lattice. For concentrations between p = 0.6 and p = 0.9 (p_c = 0.59), dynamical transitions and three temperature regimes, similar to the case of pure 2D XY model, are found.     

二维红外光谱法对肉豆蔻酸相变过程的研究

脂肪酸由于成本低、相变潜热大、热稳定性好的特点,在有机固-液相变材料中应用较多。对脂肪酸进行热分析一般采用热重法（TG）或差示扫描量热法（DSC）得到材料宏观上的热力学性质,但难以对其微观结构变化进行深入探讨。二维红外光谱（2D-IR）在温度扰动的作用下,样品的光谱信号将随之发生动态变化。通过数学处理能够发现样品在相变过程中微观结构的变化。以肉豆蔻酸为例,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪,在4 000～400 cm-1和30～100 ℃温度范围内对肉豆蔻酸进行一系列红外光谱实验。采用二维移动窗口（MW2D）红外光谱技术,对肉豆蔻酸中的CO和O—H键进行分析,发现MW2D测出的肉豆蔻酸熔点与传统的DSC测出的基本一致,且两种化学键显示的热数据具有良好的一致性和稳定性。对光谱数据进行2D-IR分析,结果表明,由于分辨率的提高,一维光谱中单一的重叠吸收峰对应着二维光谱中的多个吸收峰,根据2D-IR的理论知识,推测可能存在二聚体肉豆蔻酸构型向单聚体肉豆蔻酸构型转变的情况。从峰强度和温度的变化关系中发现,升温时CO键和O—H键存在三个变化过程,达到相变温度之前,CO吸收峰强度基本不变,O—H吸收峰强度逐渐下降,说明O—H键偶极矩的变化比CO键更易受温度影响;相变过程中,两者吸收峰强度都显著减弱且O—H吸收峰强度下降幅度更大;达到相变温度之后,可能因O—H形成的分子间氢键,受热导致由强变弱,O—H上的电子云移向CO,导致CO吸收峰强度增大、O—H吸收峰强度减小。同时,结合密度泛函理论,对二维红外光谱的推论进行理论验证,可知存在二聚体肉豆蔻酸向单聚体肉豆蔻酸的转化过程。     

Transition from the Compact to the Dense Phase of Two-Dimensional Polymers

We present a unifying picture of the compact, dense, and dilute phases of two-dimensional polymers. The lattice dependence of the scaling exponents for compact polymers is reconciled with their universality in the dense and dilute cases. In particular, we show that violations of the fully packing constraint in the compact phase can be interpreted as magnetic screening in the associated Coulomb gas, which induces a flow to either the dense or the dilute phase. When more than one flavor of polymers is present the flow away from the compact phase leads to a decoupling of the flavors, and the central charge decreases by an integer. If charge asymmetry develops, the polymer flavors may independently flow to either of the two noncompact phases.     

Incomplete-Fusion-Fragmentation Model and Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition

Incomplete-Fusion-Fragmentation Model is used to analyze the multifragmentation of the projectile remnant in 600MeV/u Au+Au reaction.The theoretical resultsof the mass number,the excitation energy and the thermodynamical temperature of the projectile remnant agree well with experimental data.The backbending structure in the curve of temperature as a function of the excitation energy per nucleon,i.e. the evidence of liquid-gas phase transition,is reproduced and reasonably related to the decay modes phase transformation from dominance of the multifragmentation mode to the vaporization mode.     

Dynamic Simulation of Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in Two-Dimensional Fully Frustrated XY Model

Relaxation dynamics of the two-dimensional fully frustrated XY model is investigated with Monte Carlo methods. The simulation focuses on the Kosterlitz Thouless phase transition. From the dynamic scaling behaviour of the magnetization above the transition temperature TKT, the correlating time of the dynamic system is extracted. The transition temperature TKT and static exponent v are then determined.     

Phase Transitions in the Two-Dimensional Slightly Diluted Five-Vertex Potts Model

Physics of the Solid State - Phase transitions in the two-dimensional slightly diluted Potts model on a square lattice at q = 5 have been studied using the computer simulation method. The systems...     

Monte Carlo Simulation for the Photoinduced Phase Transition on a Two-Dimensional Stripe-Structure

By means of Monte Carlo simulations for a kinetic Ising model on a two-dimensional square lattice, we demonstrate that a photoinduced phase transition is accomplished more rapidly even for weaker light in a stripe-structure consisting of two kinds of constituent units than in a homogeneous structure. This is due to accelerated nucleation of a final phase in the constituent unit that is relatively close to instability locally.