Determination of Organic Acids in Ground Water by Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

Current methods of determining organic acids in ground water are labor-intensive, time-consuming and require a large volume of sample (100 milliliter to 1.0 liter). This paper reports a new method developed to determine aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic acids in ground water using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/APCI/MS). This method was shown to be fast (less than 1 hour), effective, and reproducible, requiring only 1.0 mL of ground-water sample. Ground water was pH-adjusted, filtered through 0.45 μm filters and directly injected into the LC. A binary solvent system consisting of 40 mM of aqueous ammonium acetate and methanol and a C18 column were used for chromatographical separation. The APCI was operated under negative ionization mode. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for detection and quantitation of the analytes. This method was applied to the analysis of organic acids in ground-water samples collected from an aquifer contaminated with JP-4 fuel hydrocarbons at Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, Michigan. Aromatic acids identified in the contaminated ground water include o-, m-toluic acids (2- and 3-methylbenzoic acids), 2,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,3,5- and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acids and two additional trimethylbenzoic acids with unknown location of methylation. The detection of aromatic acids in groundwater from the KC-135 site provided evidence for in situ microbial degradation of hydrocarbons occurring in the aquifer.     

Determination of Ranolazine in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC–MS) method, with phenoprolamine hydrochloride (DDPH) as internal standard, has been developed and validated for determination of ranolazine in rat plasma. After liquid–liquid extraction the compound was analyzed by HPLC on a C₁₈ column, with methanol–10 mM ammonium acetate, 76:24 (v/v), as mobile phase, coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). The protonated analyte was quantified by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) with a quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive-ion mode. Calibration plots were linear over the concentration range 0.046–12 μg mL⁻¹. Inter and intra-day precision (CV%) and accuracy (RE%) for quality-control samples (0.187, 1.5, and 12 μg mL⁻¹) ranged between 2.96 and 13.38% and between −11.23 and 12.67%, respectively. Extraction recovery of RAN from plasma was in the range 82.77–86.54%. The method enables rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate measurement of the concentration of ranolazine in rat plasma.     

脂肪胺的高效液相色谱分离及质谱鉴定

 采用新型荧光试剂1,2-苯并-3,4-二氢咔唑-9-乙酸(BCAA)为柱前衍生化试剂,在Hypersil BDS-C18色谱柱上,通过梯度洗脱对12种游离脂肪胺进行了分离和在线质谱定性。以乙腈为溶剂,1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)环己碳二亚胺(EDAC)为缩合剂,在50 ℃条件下衍生反应15 min后获得稳定的荧光产物。激发波长和发射波长分别为333 nm和390 nm。采用大气压化学电离源(APCI)的正离子模式,实现了土壤和污水中脂肪胺的定性及其含量的测定。脂肪胺的线性相关系数大于0.9993,检测限为12~28 fmol。     

高效液相色谱/大气压化学电离质谱快速分析水中痕量有机磷农药

用反相液谱短柱实现了６种有机磷农药（乙酰甲胺磷、甲基对硫磷、杀螟硫磷、喹硫磷、二嗪农、辛硫磷）的高效液相色谱／大气压化学电离质谱（ＨＰＬＣ／ＡＰＣＩＭＳ）快速分析。此技术可以很好地实现水中痕量有机磷农药的测定,一次联机分析仅需１０ｍｉｎ。文中还讨论了二嗪农的碰撞诱导解离（ＣＩＤ）碎片谱。二嗪农和喹硫磷的检出限可低达０．０９ｎｇ和０．１ｎｇ。     

Determination of Melamine and Derivatives in Foods by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Diode Array Detection

Two liquid chromatographic methods based on atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) and diode array detection (DAD) are evaluated for the rapid determination of melamine (MEL) and structurally related compounds, including ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), and cyanuric acid (CA) in foods. Both procedures used ion-exchange LC and isocratic elution. Samples were extracted by homogenization with acetonitrile/water/diethylamine. Specificity was demonstrated for LC-MS by the retention characteristics and MS spectra, by comparing with commercial standards. Specificity was only demonstrated in the case of LC-DAD for MEL and AMN, considering the retention characteristics and UV spectra. The recoveries obtained for spiked samples were satisfactory for all the analytes with LC-MS. The proposed procedure, LC-APCI-MS, was successfully applied to the analysis of different baby foods, including infant formula and breakfast cereal, and samples of rice flour, potato starch, soya drink, and coconut drink.     

Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) was successfully coupled to a conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in a commercial linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (LQIT). Model compounds representing a wide variety of different types, including basic nitrogen and oxygen compounds, aromatic and aliphatic compounds, as well as unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, were tested separately and as a mixture. These model compounds were successfully evaporated into the gas phase by using LIAD and then ionized by using APCI with different reagents. From the four APCI reagent systems tested, neat carbon disulfide provided the best results. The mixture of methanol and water produced primarily protonated molecules, as expected. However, only the most basic compounds yielded ions under these conditions. In sharp contrast, using APCI with either neat benzene or neat carbon disulfide as the reagent resulted in the ionization of all the analytes studied to predominantly yield stable molecular ions. Benzene yielded a larger fraction of protonated molecules than carbon disulfide, which is a disadvantage. A similar but minor amount of fragmentation was observed for these two reagents. When the experiment was performed without a liquid reagent (nitrogen gas was the reagent), more fragmentation was observed. Analysis of a known mixture as well as a petroleum cut was also carried out. In summary, the new experiment presented here allows the evaporation of thermally labile compounds, both polar and nonpolar, without dissociation or aggregation, and their ionization to predominantly form stable molecular ions.     

高效液相色谱/大气压化学电离质谱分析银杏叶中聚戊烯醇化合物

采用高效液相色谱，大气压化学电离质谱法(HPLC/APCIMS)分析银杏叶中聚戊烯醇化合物。在ODS-3柱上，以异丙醇-甲醇-正己烷-水(50：25：15：2，V/V)为流动相分离银杏叶中不同碳链长度的聚戊烯醇，通过质谱分析对每种聚戊烯醇化合物进行定性鉴定，外标法定量分析各聚戊烯醇含量。经HPLC/APCIMS分析，银杏叶中含有C75-C105聚戊烯醇，其中主要为C85、C90和C95聚戊烯醇。该方法简便，快速。     

Characterization of Nonpolar Lipids and Selected Steroids by Using Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption/Chemical Ionization, Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization, and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) combined with ClMn(H(2)O)(+) chemical ionization (CI) was tested for the analysis of nonpolar lipids and selected steroids in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR). The nonpolar lipids studied, cholesterol, 5α-cholestane, cholesta-3,5-diene, squalene, and β-carotene, were found to solely form the desired water replacement product (adduct-H(2)O) with the ClMn(H(2)O)(+) ions. The steroids, androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estrone, estradiol, and estriol, also form abundant adduct-H(2)O ions, but less abundant adduct-2H(2)O ions were also observed. Neither (+)APCI nor (+)ESI can ionize the saturated hydrocarbon lipid, cholestane. APCI successfully ionizes the unsaturated hydrocarbon lipids to form exclusively the intact protonated analytes. However, it causes extensive fragmentation for cholesterol and the steroids. The worst case is cholesterol that does not produce any stable protonated molecules. On the other hand, ESI cannot ionize any of the hydrocarbon analytes, saturated or unsaturated. However, ESI can be used to protonate the oxygen-containing analytes with substantially less fragmentation than for APCI in all cases except for cholesterol and estrone. In conclusion, LIAD/ClMn(H(2)O)(+) chemical ionization is superior over APCI and ESI for the mass spectrometric characterization of underivatized nonpolar lipids and steroids.     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定动物肌肉组织中的氯霉素残留

建立了动物肌肉组织中氯霉素残留检测的液相色谱-串联质谱确证方法。样本用乙腈-醋酸缓冲液(μH=5．0)(体积比80：20)匀质提取,乙酸乙酯液-液分配净化,以甲醇-水溶液(体积比40：60)作为流动相经反相色谱柱分离后进行质谱分析、采用负电喷雾电离源,在多反应监测模式下进行信号采集,定性诊断离子对为,m／z320．9／257．0,320．9／152．0和320．9／194．0;m／z320．9／152．0用于外标法定量,空白样品及其添加实验表明,与标准CAP溶液相比,特征离子相对强度比值吻合、稳定,无基质成分的干扰,结合保留时间可实现准确定性方法的检出限(S／N=3)和定量下限(S／N=10)分别为0．03和0．1μg／kg。不同肌肉基质样本添加水平在0．1～1．0μg／kg时,平均凹收率为77％～90％,日内和日间相对标准偏差小于15％,该方法前处理简单、灵敏、回收率高、精密度好,符合残留的确证分析方法要求,已应崩于日常工作中CAP残留的定性和定量分析。     

Impurity Profiling of Dirithromycin by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The aim of this study was to characterize as much as possible the unknown peaks in the chromatogram obtained with a non-volatile LC-UV system, which was published earlier for the separation of dirithromycin and its related substances. For this purpose, each peak eluting from the non-volatile system was collected and transferred to a MS, after performing a desalting process. The desalting procedure uses a XTerra RP C₁₈ column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and two mobile phases consisting of a mixture of water / 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and a mixture of acetonitrile / 0.1% (v/v) formic acid, respectively. Mass spectral data were acquired on an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI), operating in the positive ion mode. In addition to the thirteen already known compounds, seven new compounds were elucidated. Five impurities showed modifications at the amino group of the desosamine molecule, one an alteration at position C-9 and one a modification at position C-13 of the macrolide ring.     

Simultaneous Determination of Haloacetic Acids in Environmental Waters using Electrospray Ionization Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Negative ionization electrospray liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of all nine haloacetic acids containing bromine and chlorine. Haloacetic acids were separated on a crosslinked polystyrene resin column using 3% acetic acid dissolved in acetonitrile:water (20:80) as mobile phase. The precision of this method varied from ±2.2 to ±7.1% for nine haloacetic acids. In addition, quantitative results obtained with spiked water samples at three different concentrations are described. The limit of detection of the proposed method using 200 mL of water samples was between 0.003 and 0.070 μg/L. This method was successfully applied to the trace determination of haloacetic acids in waste water, river water, and seawater.     

高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱联用分析天然[口山]酮甙类化合物

利用高效液相色谱大气压化学电离质谱联用技术，探讨了[口山]酮单糖甙和[口山]酮双糖甙在负离子模式下的质谱断裂特点，比较相同条件下不同[口山]酮甙的质谱图，借助[Y0-1]^-和Y0^-离子的相对丰度关系探讨了糖基的性质对断裂规律的影响。同时借助[Y0-1]^-、Y1^-及Z1^-离子的丰度实现对双糖基为1→2与1→6连接的[口山]酮双糖甙的区分。     

高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱联用分析天然(口山)酮甙类化合物

利用高效液相色谱大气压化学电离质谱联用技术,探讨了酮单糖甙和酮双糖甙在负离子模式下的质谱断裂特点,比较相同条件下不同酮甙的质谱图,借助[Y0-1]-.和Y0-离子的相对丰度关系探讨了糖基的性质对断裂规律的影响。同时借助[Y0-1]-.、Y1-及Z1-离子的丰度实现对双糖基为1→2与1→6连接的酮双糖甙的区分。     

婴幼儿配方食品中生物素的高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定了婴幼儿配方食品中生物素的含量.样品经前处理后以Dikma C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇(含体积分数为0.5%甲酸)-0.02 mol·L-1醋酸铵(含0.5%甲酸)(体积比40 ∶ 60)溶液,柱温:25 ℃,进样量:80 μL,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱后分流比为1 ∶ 3(体积比).在Agilent 1100 LC/MSD XCT离子阱质谱仪上,以多离子反应监测(MRM)方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子为m/z 245.3→226.9.生物素在2.50 ～100.0 μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,方法加标回收率为87% ～101%(n=5),检出限为0.35 μg·L-1;方法的检出限为0.7 ng/g.结果表明,该法操作简便、灵敏度高、重复性好,将其用于婴幼儿配方食品中生物素的测定,取得了良好的结果.     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法测定背角无齿蚌体内微囊藻毒素

研究液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用(LC-ESI MS)测定蚌类水产品中微囊藻毒素的分析方法。背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)样品经正丁醇、甲醇及水混合溶剂提取,反相硅胶固相萃取柱净化后,采用正离子检测模式的LC-ESI MS方法进行分析测定。以乙腈-水-甲酸(体积比38∶62∶0.1)为流动相,经Symmetry C18色谱柱(2.1×150 mm,3.0μm)分离。采用选择离子监测m/z520.3(MC-RR)、1046.1(MC-YR)、996.9(MC-LR)及1156.4(胰岛素,内标)分子离子峰进行定量分析。线性定量范围0.02~20μg/g,蚌干粉检出限为0.01μg/g。此方法准确、灵敏度高、专属性好,可作为食品安全风险评价和监测环境污染的分析方法。     

反相高效液相色谱/电喷雾质谱法测定血浆中盐酸舍曲林

采用反相高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法(LC-ESI/MS)测定人体血浆中盐酸舍曲林。以盐酸丙咪嗪为内标,按内标法定量。血浆样品经pH 10.00碳酸钠溶液碱化,加入甲基叔丁基醚萃取,离心分离,取上清液吹干,用流动相溶解进样。色谱柱:RP-Extend-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温:40℃;流动相:pH 3.00的三氟乙酸溶液-甲醇(40∶60,V/V),流速0.6 mL/m in。质谱采用选择离子监控模式,检测离子的核质比(m/z)分别是281(丙咪嗪)和159(舍曲林)。舍曲林和丙咪嗪的保留时间分别是5.4 m in和3.8 m in;舍曲林标准曲线线性范围为1~80μg/L;检出限为1.0μg/L(S/N>10);日间、日内相对标准差均小于6.0%,相对回收率为90%~106%;提取回收率在75%~93%范围内。此法适合人体药代动力学的血浆样品的分析,结果准确、可靠。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠不同脑区的硫酸酯型神经甾体

应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,以雌酮硫酸酯为内标,建立了大鼠不同脑区硫酸酯型神经甾体的测定方法。甾体分两步萃取,第一步用氯仿-仲丁醇(体积比为1∶1)提取甾体硫酸酯,然后经固相萃取纯化。溶剂解使甾体硫酸酯形成游离型甾体,然后用衍生化试剂进行衍生化,再用液相色谱-质谱分离测定。初步研究发现,雄性SD大鼠不同脑区神经甾体孕烯醇酮硫酸酯和脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯的含量分别为(4.14±1.33) ng/g和(2.26±0.76) ng/g(垂体),(1.98±1.13) ng/g和(1.80±0.93) ng/g(下     

金属硫蛋白的色谱/电喷雾电离质谱联用表征方法

通过反相液相色谱(RPLC)与电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)的联用技术,对镉诱导金属硫蛋白标准物质MT-1和MT-2的结构进行表征分析。采用Vydac C8 反相色谱柱(250 mm×2.1 mm i.d., 5 μm, 30 nm),流动相A为pH 6.0的5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液,流动相B为pH 6.0的5 mmol/L乙酸铵的甲醇-水(体积比为1∶1)溶液,流动相流速为0.20 mL/min,在40 min内流动相B的体积分数从10%增加到37.5%进行梯度洗脱。分别用紫外(UV)和ESI-M     

Analysis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids using high performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry is described. The standard fatty acid methyl esters from 16 to 22 carbons were analyzed by LC‐MS with APCI. The effect of orifice voltage and total carbon atoms versus number of double bonds in each homologue on the mass spectra is discussed. The correction coefficients for homologues from saturated fatty acids to hexaenoic acid are also mentioned.