平面飞片下气体绝热压缩后的聚能效应——两次不寻常的爆炸实验结果

揭示了可以展现垂直高速飞行的飞片在碰撞目的物的瞬间会产生极高速气流的聚能效应现象.在一般的爆炸压实实验中,飞片下的空间都是大气状态下的空气,空气量都很少,不会超过1 g,但在飞片高速飞行状态下,大多数气体很难向四周排出,最后形成绝热压缩气体,气流以万米/秒以上高速向四周喷射在出能量可切断很厚的钢板.这是从未被注意过的、...     

Three-dimensional bubble field resolution using synthetic aperture imaging: application to a plunging jet

A methodology for resolving three-dimensional (3D) bubble fields using 3D synthetic aperture imaging (SA imaging) is developed and applied to the bubbly flows induced by a turbulent circular plunging jet. 3D SA imaging involves capturing entirely in-focus images in an array of cameras with multiple viewpoints, then reprojecting the images into the measurement volume and combining them post capture. The result is a stack of synthetically refocused images that span the measurement volume with each refocused image having a narrow focus on a particular plane. In this paper, bubble shadow images are captured by projecting diffuse backlight onto the measurement volume. 3D SA imaging is ideally suited to investigate optically dense multiphase flows due to the ability to reconstruct volumes that contain partial occlusions. Instantaneous bubble sizes and locations in the plunging jet bubble fields are extracted from the volumes using two feature extraction algorithms and presented for various jet heights. The data are compared with existing literature on bubble penetration depth and size distributions. A scaling law for the integrated air concentration as a function of depth below the free-surface is proposed. Coupled with scaling laws for a parameter describing the radius of the bubble cone and radial concentration profiles, this new scaling law can be used to determine the entire air concentration profile given a minimal number of single-point measurements.     

Simulation-supported measurements in large circulating fluidized bed combustors

The concept of simulation-supported measurement is suggested for the elucidation of processes occurring in the combustion chambers of large-scale circulating fluidized bed combustors where the desired information cannot be obtained by direct measurements. The concept is illustrated with the example of secondary air injection where the way the air is released, the penetration depth and the evenness of air distribution over the cross-sectional area of the combustion chamber are of interest. The measured information consists of lateral profiles of oxygen concentrations measured with gas sampling probes at two ports which were located 5 and 9 m, respectively, above the level of secondary air injection. The simulation is carried out on the basis of a 3D semi-empirical fluid-mechanical model of the circulating fluidized bed which is combined with models of gas and solids mixing, fuel distribution, devolatilization and combustion of char and volatiles. The combination of the simulation with the measurements yields a clear picture of the mechanism of secondary air injection, its penetration into the combustion chamber and its effect on the local combustion processes. The results confirm the usefulness of the concept of simulation-supported measurement for this application.     

爆炸载荷下钢板层裂的二维数值计算

采用二维有限元方法对爆炸载荷下钢板的层裂问题进行数值模拟计算。计算中引入了一种普适的弹塑性本构方程,并采用了损伤积累准则和半解耦的损伤本构模型。结果表明,二维计算的主裂片厚度略小于一维计算,裂片飞散速度要比一维计算低得多,更接近实际结果。     

Enhanced nonlinear 3D Euler–Bernoulli beam with flying support

Using Hamilton’s principle the coupled nonlinear partial differential motion equations of a flying 3D Euler–Bernoulli beam are derived. Stress is treated three dimensionally regardless of in-plane and out-of-plane warpings of cross-section. Tension, compression, twisting, and spatial deflections are nonlinearly coupled to each other. The flying support of the beam has three translational and three rotational degrees of freedom. The beam is made of a linearly elastic isotropic material and is dynamically modeled much more accurately than a nonlinear 3D Euler–Bernoulli beam. The accuracy is caused by two new elastic terms that are lost in the conventional nonlinear 3D Euler–Bernoulli beam theory by differentiation from the approximated strain field regarding negligible elastic orientation of cross-sectional frame. In this paper, the exact strain field concerning considerable elastic orientation of cross-sectional frame is used as a source in differentiations although the orientation of cross-section is negligible.     

Nonlinear bending behavior of 3D braided rectangular plates subjected to transverse loads in thermal environments

Nonlinear bending behavior of 3D braided rectangular plates subjected to transverse loads is investigated. A new micro-macro-mechanical model of unit cells is suggested. In this model, a 3D braided composite may be considered as a cell system and the geometry of each cell is deeply dependent on its position in the cross-section of the plate. The material properties of the epoxy are expressed as a linear function of temperature. Based on Reddy’s higher-order shear deformation plate theory and general von Kármán-type equations, analytical solutions for nonlinear bending behavior of simply supported 3D braided rectangular plates are obtained using mixed Galerkin-perturbation method. The numerical examples concern effects of geometric parameters, of fiber volume fraction, braiding angle and load boundary condition.     

基于对偶四元数的双星编队相对位姿测量

为了描述编队卫星中主从星的相对位置和姿态信息,提出了基于对偶四元数的编队卫星相对位姿测量算法。以双星编队飞行的位姿运动为主线,运用对偶四元数工具,充分发挥其能以最简洁的形式表示一般性刚体运动的优点,对卫星轨道和姿态进行分析并建立了对偶四元数位姿模型。同时设计类GPS测量技术来测量编队卫星的相对位置和姿态,该技术载波相位波长和伪码码元比GPS的更短,可获得更高精度的相对测量信号。由于状态方程和观测方程的非线性特征,使用UKF滤波来消除随机噪声对量测过程的干扰。实验结果表明,所设计的算法能够有效估计系统误差,卫星的位置误差和四元数误差收敛于零,验证了该算法的有效性。     

三维形状检测中的参数标定研究

应用投影栅线法在现场检测三维物体的形状时，参数标定是影响测量精度最重要的一个因素。本文研究了三维形状检测过程中的参数标定问题，并应用傅里叶位相解调技术处理实验数据。提出了坐标系统及几何参数的标定技术，推导出考虑栅线节距变化的计算公式。给出了部分实验结果，并讨论了测试精度。     

Tomographic particle image velocimetry

This paper describes the principles of a novel 3D PIV system based on the illumination, recording and reconstruction of tracer particles within a 3D measurement volume. The technique makes use of several simultaneous views of the illuminated particles and their 3D reconstruction as a light intensity distribution by means of optical tomography. The technique is therefore referred to as tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomographic-PIV). The reconstruction is performed with the MART algorithm, yielding a 3D array of light intensity discretized over voxels. The reconstructed tomogram pair is then analyzed by means of 3D cross-correlation with an iterative multigrid volume deformation technique, returning the three-component velocity vector distribution over the measurement volume. The principles and details of the tomographic algorithm are discussed and a parametric study is carried out by means of a computer-simulated tomographic-PIV procedure. The study focuses on the accuracy of the light intensity field reconstruction process. The simulation also identifies the most important parameters governing the experimental method and the tomographic algorithm parameters, showing their effect on the reconstruction accuracy. A computer simulated experiment of a 3D particle motion field describing a vortex ring demonstrates the capability and potential of the proposed system with four cameras. The capability of the technique in real experimental conditions is assessed with the measurement of the turbulent flow in the near wake of a circular cylinder at Reynolds 2,700.     

Controlling the Parameters of a Shock Wave by Means of the Mass and Energy Supply

The process of controlling the parameters of a bow shock created by a body flying at supersonic velocity by supplying mass and thermal energy behind the shock is investigated. The mass and thermal energy were supplied by means of fan air jets flowing out from the body and hydrogen combustion in the neighborhood of the model, respectively. The flow parameters were measured in the neighborhood of the model and recalculated for greater distances. For these control methods some features of the variation of the shock intensity and momentum are presented. A generalization of the effect of the thrust of the nozzles forming the jets and their orientation on the shock wave parameters is obtained. The control methods considered are compared with each other.     

The effect of water vapor on the distribution of the parameters of a turbulent wake

In the experimental study of phenomena occurring in the flow of air round models flying along a aeroballistic range with hypersonic velocities, the question arises of the effect of water vapor along the range on the measurements of the gas parameters, for example, on the electron concentration or on the intensity of the radiation. Water vapor is usually present in atmospheric air and, in the absence of special measures to remove it, it may have an influence on the results of measurements. In [1] a theoretical study has been made of the effect of chemical reactions involving the participation of water vapor in the air on the chemiluminescent radiation in the wake alone. In particular, there was no consideration of the effect of water vapor on the electron concentration. In the present study, the results are given of calculations of the distributions of the nonequilibrium parameters in the wake, with allowance for the occurrence of chemical reactions in the air and water vapor under conditions characteristic of aeroballistic experiments [1–3].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 138–142, January–February, 1985.     

考虑磁头表面高度不连续性气膜润滑的数值模拟与有效算法

随着磁头滑块的飞行高度不断降低,给气体润滑方程的数值求解带来了诸如计算时间过长、甚至计算发散等方面的问题。为了获得1Tbit/in2的存储密度,磁头滑块尾部的最小飞行高度接近1.5nm。本文基于作者提出的修正气膜润滑方程的线性流率(LFR)模型,考虑磁头滑块表面高度的不连续性,建立了基于有限体积法的气膜润滑方程离散格式,并把网格自适应技术与多重网格法应用到离散方程的迭代算法中,发展了可模拟最小飞行高度为0.5nm时磁头滑块压力分布的数值模拟方法与有效算法。文中以一个具有复杂表面形状的磁头滑块为例,检验了计算方法与算法的有效性。数值结果表明:在磁头滑块最小飞行高度较低时,必须要考虑滑块表面高度的不连续性,否则就得不到收敛的数值计算结果;与FK-Boltzmann模型相比,LFR模型具有较高的计算效率,采用网格自适应技术与多重网格法能有效地提高求解气膜润滑方程的计算效率。     

Velocity measurements on highly turbulent free surface flow using ADV

The 3D instantaneous velocity recorded with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in a highly turbulent free surface flow is analysed using several filters in order to eliminate the corrupted data from the sample. The filters used include the minimum/maximum threshold, the acceleration threshold, and the phase-space threshold. Following some ideas of the phase-space filter, a new method based on the 3D velocity cross-correlation is proposed and tested. A way of computing the constants of the acceleration threshold method is proposed, so no parameters need to be fixed by the user, which makes the filtering process simpler, more objective and more efficient. All the samples analysed are highly turbulent. Nevertheless, the turbulence intensity and the air entrainment vary widely in the flow under study, which produces data records of different quality depending on the measurement point. The performance of the filtering methods when applied to samples of different quality, and the effects of the filtering process in the mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and frequency spectra are discussed.     

Experimental study on effect of relative humidity on heat transfer of an evaporating water droplet in air flow

Dispersed water droplets are often seen in environmental air flows in rain, cloud, mist, sea spray and so on. It is therefore of great importance to precisely estimate heat transfer between water droplets and atmospheric air in developing a reliable climate model. The purpose of this study is to fabricate the measurement system for the temperature of a small water droplet in air flow under the controlled relative humidity condition and to investigate the effect of relative humidity on heat transfer across the surface of an evaporating water droplet in air flow. The results show that the droplet temperature decreases in the low-relative-humidity condition, whereas it increases in the high-relative-humidity condition. Nusselt number on the droplet surface is not affected by the relative humidity.     

Modelling of solute transport in a mild heterogeneous porous medium using stochastic finite element method: Effects of random source conditions

Randomness in the source condition other than the heterogeneity in the system parameters can also be a major source of uncertainty in the concentration field. Hence, a more general form of the problem formulation is necessary to consider randomness in both source condition and system parameters. When the source varies with time, the unsteady problem, can be solved using the unit response function. In the case of random system parameters, the response function becomes a random function and depends on the randomness in the system parameters. In the present study, the source is modelled as a random discrete process with either a fixed interval or a random interval (the Poisson process). In this study, an attempt is made to assess the relative effects of various types of source uncertainties on the probabilistic behaviour of the concentration in a porous medium while the system parameters are also modelled as random fields. Analytical expressions of mean and covariance of concentration due to random discrete source are derived in terms of mean and covariance of unit response function. The probabilistic behaviour of the random response function is obtained by using a perturbation‐based stochastic finite element method (SFEM), which performs well for mild heterogeneity. The proposed method is applied for analysing both the 1‐D as well as the 3‐D solute transport problems. The results obtained with SFEM are compared with the Monte Carlo simulation for 1‐D problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大视场双目投影条纹方法中的相机参数标定与优化研究

投影条纹法具有高精度、高分辨的特点,且实验设备简单,对实验环境要求低,适宜于不同尺度的三维形貌测量.双目投影条纹法通常采用有标准参照物的相机标定方法获取相机参数,以实现物体表面三维形貌重建.然而,在大型结构的三维形貌测量中参照物的相对尺度较小,传统的基于重投影的相机标定方法在特征检测中引入的误差会被放大,从而影响三维表...     

爆轰驱动异形杆在空气阻力作用下的动力学模拟

针对本文中提出的一种异形杆结构设计方案,建立爆轰驱动异形杆动力学模型,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对爆轰驱动异形杆的运动过程进行了数值模拟,获得了爆炸作用结束后产生塑性变形的异形杆模型及初速度。爆炸作用后异形杆在空气流场中运动只产生弹性变形,将杆视为柔性体,运用ADAMS软件对异形杆在空气阻力作用下的运动过程进行了数值模拟。分析结果表明,将异形杆视为柔性体,考虑爆轰作用引起的杆条塑性变形这一数值算法能更准确地描述爆轰驱动异形杆在空气阻力作用下的运动规律。     

3D Deformation Measurement of Soft Material under Indentation Using Improved Diffraction-Assisted Image Correlation

In inverse finite element-based analysis, complete experimental data collection is critical for multi-parameter identification and physical modeling of all kinds of materials. In this paper, diffraction-assisted image correlation (DAIC) is improved and proposed for the deformation measurement of a soft material under indentation with no blind area. A simple and convenient image-based 3D calibration method was developed, and more accurate formulations for 3D displacement measurement based on a more rigorous imaging model were derived. Using the improved DAIC, a newly developed imaging device with indenter-fixed loading and no blind area is proposed that allows 3D displacements of the whole upper surface of a soft silica gel specimen to be retrieved. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is an accurate, efficient and convenient tool with a simple structure for 3D indentation deformation measurement and illustrate its capabilities to capture deformation in indentation tests with tough testing requirements, such as in situ measurement with limited access (high integration level) and dynamic testing (capturing of synchronously stereo images).