吸收式光纤温度传感器的研究

提出了一种利用半导体光吸收谱随温度变化原理设计的半导体吸收式光纤温度传感器.该传感器用GaAs晶片作为温度敏感元件,以光纤作为传光介质,发光二极管作为光源,光电管作为光电转换器件.利用双光束补偿原理,消除了由于光源不稳定产生的干扰.研制出的光纤传感器具有体积小,结构简单,抗电磁干扰,灵敏度高等优点.实验表明:该传感器在－20℃~85℃温度范围内可以达到0.1℃的准确度,可以实现强电磁干扰下的高空飞行器内环境温度的测量.为进一步实现光传飞控系统中的温度测控奠定了基础.     

Novel optical sensor for simultaneous measurement of liquid concentration and temperature

The paper describes a new optical sensor for simultaneous liquid concentration and temperature measurement. Temperature-dependent semiconductor absorption at the band edge is used as the principle of the temperature measurement, and the sensor exploits beam deviation caused by refraction due to the liquid concentration at the receiving end face of the optical device. The light intensity peak value and its deviation are detected by a charge-coupled device (CCD), and then the measured optical signal is reflected by a reflecting pyramid prism. The sensor probe is composed of an intrinsically pure GaAs single crystal, a reflecting pyramid prism, a partitioned water cell. Theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system.     

Satellite transitions in natural abundance solid-state (33)S MAS NMR of alums--sign change with zero-crossing of C(Q) in a variable temperature study

Experiences obtained from recent improvements in the performance of solid-state (14)N MAS NMR spectroscopy have been used in a natural abundance (33)S MAS NMR investigation of the satellite transitions for this interesting spin I=3/2 isotope. This study reports the first observation of manifolds of spinning sidebands for these transitions in (33)S MAS NMR as observed for the two alums XAl(SO(4))(2) x 12H(2)O with X=NH(4) and K. For the NH(4)-alum a variable temperature (33)S MAS NMR study, employing the satellite transitions, shows that the (33)S quadrupole coupling constant (C(Q)) exhibits a linear temperature dependence (in the range -35 degrees C to 70 degrees C) with a temperature gradient of 3.1 kHz/ degrees C and undergoes a sign change with zero-crossing for C(Q) at 4 degrees C (277 K). For the isostructural K-alum a quite similar increase in the magnitude of C(Q) with increasing temperature is observed, and with a temperature gradient of 2.3 kHz/ degrees C. Finally, for optimization purposes, a study on the effect of the applied pulse widths at constant rf field strength on the intensity and variation in second-order quadrupolar lineshape for the central (1/2<-->-1/2) transition of the K-alum has been performed.     

207Pb chemical shift thermometer at high temperature for magic angle spinning experiments

The temperature dependence of 207Pb chemical shift in magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectrum of Pb(NO3)2 provides a sensitive method to calibrate sample temperatures in MAS NMR. The temperature dependence is uniform in the temperature range between 30 degrees C and 400 degrees C. The NMR sensitivity and the line width are also favorable.     

Absorption edge effects on the temperature dependence of threshold currents in GaAS laser diodes

The loss α, governing the threshold current in GaAs laser diodes is attributed to absorptive transitions involving tail states rather than free carriers.The determination of α from lasing photon energy and absorption edge data for compensated and uncompensated material yield a temperature dependence of α which can account for the temperature dependence of threshold currents observed experimentally.     

谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器

本文提出了一种新颖的半导体谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器系统结构.分析了半导体谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器的原理,推导了其数学模型.该传感器用反射式传感结构,以砷化镓半导体材料作为温度敏感元件,并利用除法器消除了传感器光源的波动及光纤的连接损耗,使传感器具有结构简单、抗环境干扰、高可靠性特点.文中对传感器的整个系统进行了设计和分析,并进行了实验测试,实验结果显示:该传感器在－20～110℃的温度范围内有1℃的测量精确度,并且温度从110℃降到15℃时的时间响应为25s.     

An NMR thermometer for cryogenic magic-angle spinning NMR: the spin-lattice relaxation of (127)I in cesium iodide

The accurate temperature measurement of solid samples under magic-angle spinning (MAS) is difficult in the cryogenic regime. It has been demonstrated by Thurber et al. (J. Magn. Reson., 196 (2009) 84-87) [10] that the temperature dependent spin-lattice relaxation time constant of ⁷⁹Br in KBr powder can be useful for measuring sample temperature under MAS over a wide temperature range (20–296 K). However the value of T₁ exceeds 3 min at temperatures below 20 K, which is inconveniently long. In this communication, we show that the spin-lattice relaxation time constant of ¹²⁷I in CsI powder can be used to accurately measure sample temperature under MAS within a reasonable experimental time down to 10 K.     

Practical aspects involved in the design and set up of a 0.15 T, 6-coil resistive magnet, whole body NMR imaging facility

Many technical and logistical questions must be addressed when planning the installation of an NMR imaging system. These considerations become particularly significant when the facility is being established within an existing medical center complex. This paper presents a report on the practical aspects and experience obtained in siting a 6-coil 0.15 T resistive magnet system. The topics discussed include: floor loading; ferromagnetic environment; the effect of iron on the magnet field strength and homogeneity characteristics; shimming procedures; temperature stability requirements; rf shielding; and effects of the magnetic field on common medical instrumentation and magnetic media. It was found that the field shift as a function of the distance of a steel mass from the center of the magnet exhibited an (1/r)^5.2±0.5 to (1/r)^4.2±0.3 dependence for axial and radial positions respectively which, as expected, is somewhat weaker than the (1/r)⁶ dependence expected by point dipole approximations. Field distortions caused by the presence of ferromagnetic material in radial positions may be essentially fully compensated with first order transverse shim coils (most conveniently, the x and y imaging gradient coils could be used). Axially distributed material requires, in addition to first order z-gradient correction, higher order axial shim compensation. The temperature stability of the magnet system over the scan period must be better than 0.2°C to insure that temperature-induced field fluctuations are less than the intrinsic static inhomogeneity: and, ideally, below 0.01°C to reduce these fluctuations to less than those caused by power supply instability.     

Analysis of temperature dependence for a ratiometric wavelength measurement system using SMS fiber structure based edge filters

Temperature dependence of an edge filter based on singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure is investigated numerically and experimentally. The experimental results and numerical results are in good agreement within an operational temperature range from 10 °C to 40 °C. It is found that the thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) has a more significant effect on the temperature dependence of an SMS edge filter compared to the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC). In the ratiometric wavelength measurement using two SMS edge filters, a small temperature variation can induce the ratio variation and in turn the wavelength measurement error. It is found the SMS edge filter’s response to both wavelength and temperature is linear. It is proposed that self-monitoring of temperature can be carried out using an updated ratiometric scheme. Self-monitoring of the temperature reduces temperature induced wavelength error to ±0.7 pm at 1545 nm, regardless of the ambient temperature variation.     

Determining temperature in a magic-angle spinning probe using the temperature dependence of the isotropic chemical shift of lead nitrate

The calibration of temperature in a magic-angle spinning probe with lead nitrate is discussed. The effects of rotation frequency on temperature are demonstrated.     

On-line coupling of high temperature GPC and 1H NMR for the analysis of polymers

The on-line coupling of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR operating at temperatures up to 130 degrees C is presented. A NMR flow probe with a cell volume of 120 microL and a stop-flow valve are developed for on-flow and stop-flow NMR measurements at high temperatures. To maintain high and constant temperatures through the whole probe, the flow probe contains two separate heating circuits. A modified stop-flow valve is developed as a control device for enabling on-flow and stop-flow experiments at high temperature conditions. Heated transfer lines connect the flow probe with the high temperature GPC system. Due to their semicrystalline nature, polyolefins can be studied by liquid chromatography only at temperatures above 100 degrees C. The novel high temperature GPC-NMR system is used for the separation of complex polyolefins regarding their molar mass and for the analysis of different chemical structures. Blends of polyethylene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers are separated according to the molar masses of the components. The compositions of the components are directly studied by on-line NMR. Moreover, the chemical composition distribution of an ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer sample is analysed. Differences between results of on-flow and stop-flow measurements are discussed.     

Transient electron population and optical properties in a semiconductor quantum well

We investigate the transient behaviors of the dispersion and the absorption in a three-level GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor quantum well system. It is found that the Fano interference and the energy splitting affect the transient behaviors dramatically, which can be used to manipulate efficiently the gain-absorption coefficient and group velocity of the probe field. The dependence of transient electron population on the Fano interference and the energy splitting is also discussed.     

The effect of temperature on sound wave absorption in a sediment layer

The effect of temperature on sound velocity, absorption, and reflection coefficient in the seabed sediment layer is investigated. Experimental measurements of sound speed, absorption, and the reflection coefficient in a sandy sediment layer have been carried out at several temperatures. An absorption reduction of 75 dB/m and a velocity increase of 65 m/s have been measured at a frequency of 1 MHz when the temperature increases from 5 to 25 degrees C. Because of the absorption temperature dependence the amplitude of the reflected wave from the back surface of the sub-bottom layer after going back and forth across the layer increases with the temperature.     

Combined effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on nonlinear properties of an exciton in a spherical quantum dot under the applied electric field

Within the framework of the effective-mass approximation, we have calculated the combined effects of hydrostatic pressure, temperature and applied electric field on an exciton confined in a typical GaAs/Ga_0.7Al_0.3As quantum dot. Several inputs of the confinement potential, hydrostatic pressure, temperature, and applied electric field have been considered. Our findings suggest that (1) the effect of the confinement strength is dominant over the electric field effect, (2) the oscillator strength is an increasing function of the hydrostatic pressure, (3) the absorption coefficients and energy difference depend strongly on the hydrostatic pressure but weakly on the temperature, (4) the absorption coefficients with considering excitonic effects are stronger than those without considering excitonic effects and the absorption peak will move to the right side induced by the electron-hole interaction, (5) the applied electric field may effect either the size or the position of absorption peaks of excitons.     

Cyclotron resonance and screening effects in GaAs-GaAlAs heterojunctions

Cyclotron resonance absorption has been studied in several high quality GaAs-GaAlAs heterojunctions. The dependence of the effective mass upon frequency, electron concentration and temperature has been measured and gives a nonparabolicity that is some 20% smaller than that measured in bulk GaAs. This is contrary to simple theory which predicts an enhanced polaron contribution in two-dimensional systems, and we attribute this difference to strong screening of the electron-phonon interaction. The presence of a small magnetic field component parallel to the interface introduces a coupling at energies corresponding to the electric subband separations. These couplings have been studied as a function of electron concentration and the results interpreted in terms of changes in the depletion charge in the GaAs layer.     

59Co chemical shift anisotropy and quadrupole coupling for K3Co(CN)6 from MQMAS and MAS NMR spectroscopy

59Co triple-quantum (3Q) MAS and single-pulse MAS NMR spectra of K3Co(CN)6 have been obtained at 14.1 T and used in a comparison of these methods for determination of small chemical shift anisotropies for spin I = 7/2 nuclei. From the 3QMAS NMR spectrum a spinning sideband manifold in the isotropic dimension with high resolution is reconstructed from the intensities of all spinning sidebands in the 3QMAS spectrum. The chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) parameters determined from this spectrum are compared with those obtained from MAS NMR spectra of (i) the complete manifold of spinning sidebands for the central and satellite transitions and of (ii) the second-order quadrupolar lineshapes for the centerband and spinning sidebands from the central transition. A good agreement between the three data sets, all of high precision, is obtained for the shift anisotropy (delta(sigma) = delta(iso) - delta(zz)) whereas minor deviations are observed for the CSA asymmetry parameter (eta(sigma)). The temperature dependence of the isotropic 59Co chemical shift has been studied over a temperature range from -28 to +76 degrees C. A linear and positive temperature dependence of 0.97 ppm/degree C is observed.     

Temperature effect on the threshold frequency of absorption in a quantum pseudodot

The threshold frequency of absorption in a quantum pseudodot under the influence of temperature and applied magnetic field is calculated. The threshold frequency of absorption is computed as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The linear and nonlinear dependence of the absorption threshold frequency on magnetic field and temperature has been showed. According to the results obtained from the present work, we find that the linear and nonlinear dependence of the absorption threshold frequency depends on used range of the temperatures and magnetic fields.     

GaAs中电子g因子的温度和能量依赖性的飞秒激光吸收量子拍研究

采用时间分辨椭圆偏振光抽运-探测光谱研究磁场作用下本征GaAs中电子自旋弛豫动力学，观察到吸收量子拍现象.这种吸收量子拍起源于电子自旋的拉莫尔进动，因而其拍频成为高精度测量电子g因子的一种新方法.利用这种新方法研究了本征GaAs中电子g因子的温度和能量依赖特性，发现g因子随电子的温度和能量增加而增加，但与k·p理论预测相差甚大.基于实验结果拟合，我们给出了一个g因子的温度和能量依赖的经验公式. 关键词： 椭圆偏振光抽运-探测光谱 自旋量子拍 g因子 GaAs     

Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the refractive index of Al(x)Ga(1-x)As

We derived a temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for Al(x)Ga(1-x)As material by measuring the refractive index of GaAs and AlAs with temperature dependence in a resonant cavity enhanced structure. The equation is applicable in the range of 1460-1580 nm and 26-86 degrees C and can be extrapolated to the other wavelengths and temperature ranges as well.     

Temperature dependence of a macrobending edge filter based on a high-bend loss fiber

The temperature dependence of a macrobending bare-fiber-based edge filter is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The fiber used is a high-bend loss fiber, type 1060XP. The experimental results show a good agreement with the proposed theoretical model over a temperature range from 0 degrees C to 80 degrees C. It is shown that the strong temperature dependence of a high-bend loss fiber has a significant influence on the performance of a fiber edge filter used in a wavelength measurement application. However, it is also concluded that such a temperature-dependent performance can be beneficially utilized in a fiber temperature sensing application.