高气压Ar气对激光诱导Cu等离子体电子温度的影响

用高能量钕玻璃激光器产生的脉冲激光(0～25 J)烧蚀Ar气氛中的Cu靶,观测了激光诱导Cu等离子体的发射光谱强度随环境气压(0.1～0.5 MPa)的增强规律。为了探讨辐射增强的机理,在局部热平衡(LTE)近似条件下,测量了等离子体的电子温度随环境气压的变化。实验结果表明,等离子体的电子温度随着环境气压的升高而正比增加。为了进一步了解等离子体的空间行为,测量了Ar气气压分别为0.1,0.3,0.5 MPa时,等离子体电子温度的空间分布。     

高能量激光诱导铝等离子体的发射光谱研究

用钕玻璃激光器 (～ 2 5J)烧蚀铝靶获得等离子体 ,以氩气作为保护气体 ,分析了环境气压、等离子体的观测高度、工作电压、激光功率密度对谱线强度的影响 ,并进行了简短的讨论。实验结果表明 ,环境气压为 88kPa时谱线强度最大 ;相同气压下随着观测高度的增大 ,谱线强度明显减弱 ,在气压为 88kPa观测位置距样品表面 1 5～ 2mm时谱线强度较强 ;并且随着激光工作电压、功率密度的增大 ,谱线强度逐渐提高。     

狭缝微等离子体的光谱线形研究

在狭缝微等离子体中,研究了Ar Ⅰ(2P2→1S5)光谱线的展宽和频移随放电参数的变化.为了测量谱线频移,采用低气压(10 Pa左右)氩气放电发射的Ar Ⅰ光谱线作为参考线.实验在氩气含量为99.92%的氩气/空气放电中,测量了气压从1×104Pa增大到6×104 Pa时Ar Ⅰ谱线的频移和展宽.结果表明随着气压的升高...     

Ar环境气压对纳米Si晶粒成核区范围的影响

为了研究不同环境气压条件下纳米Si晶粒成核区的范围,采用波长为308 nm的 XeCl脉冲准分子激光器,分别在1-200 Pa的Ar气环境下, 烧蚀高阻抗单晶Si靶,在距离烧蚀点正下方2.0 cm处水平放置一系列单晶Si 或玻璃衬底,沉积制备了纳米Si薄膜. Raman谱和X射线衍射谱测量证实了薄膜中纳米Si晶粒已经形成. 扫描电子显微镜的测量结果表明,环境气压的变化影响了衬底上纳米Si晶粒的平均尺寸及其分布范围. 根据成核区位置的确定方法,计算得出随着环境气压的增加纳米Si晶粒成核区的范围先变宽后变窄的规律. 从烧蚀动力学的角度对实验结果进行了分析.     

激光脉冲能量对激光烧蚀保护气体电离的影响

用Ar气作保护气体 ,气压保持在一个标准大气压 ,用Nd :YAG脉冲激光烧蚀Al靶获得等离子体。利用时空分辨技术 ,采集了激光脉冲能量在 5 2 ,92 ,115和 14 5mJ情况下等离子体辐射的时空分辨谱。详细描述了 115mJ时等离子体的辐射特征 ,简要分析了其他脉冲能量下Ar的特征辐射规律。根据这些脉冲能量下Ar 特征谱线的分布规律 ,简要论述了Ar气体电离与激光脉冲能量的关系。讨论了环境气体电离机制 ,并对结果进行了简单解释。结果发现 ,在本实验采用的能量范围内 ,较高的脉冲能量更容易使环境气体电离 ,产生较强的Ar 离子辐射 ,且Ar 辐射持续时间较长。     

透镜与样品之间距离对激光等离子体辐射特性的影响

采用高能量钕玻璃激光器产生的激光(～25J)在减压氩气环境下诱导钢和土壤样品等离子体,研究了激光束聚焦透镜(f=130 mm)与样品之间距离对等离子体辐射特性的影响。实验结果表明,当聚焦透镜的焦点围绕样品表面上下移动时,对于合金钢样品,激光束焦斑位于样品表面以下0.4 mm左右,则激光等离子体的辐射强度、激发温度和物质烧蚀质量均出现最大值;而对于土壤样品,当激光束聚焦位置在样品表面以下0.2 mm左右,等离子体辐射强度和物质烧蚀质量具有最大值。为了比较透镜与样品之间距离对等离子体形状的影响,也拍摄了氩气和空气环境下产生的激光等离子体象。所得结果证明,激光等离子体特性明显依赖于透镜与样品之间距离。     

Ar环境气压对脉冲激光烧蚀制备纳米Si晶粒平均尺寸的影响

采用XeCl脉冲准分子激光器，烧蚀高阻抗单晶Si靶，在1—500 Pa的Ar气环境下沉积制备了纳米Si薄膜. x射线衍射谱测量证实，纳米Si晶粒已经形成.利用扫描电子显微镜观测了所形成纳米Si薄膜的表面形貌，结果表明，随着环境气压的增加，所形成的纳米Si晶粒的平均尺寸增大，气压为100 Pa时达到最大值20 nm，而后开始减小. 从晶粒形成动力学角度，对实验结果进行了定性分析. 关键词： 纳米Si晶粒 脉冲激光烧蚀 表面形貌     

环境气体对激光诱导Al等离子体光谱的影响

调QNd:YAG脉冲激光(波长1.06μm,脉冲宽度10ns,能量42mj/pulse)烧蚀平面Al靶,在垂直靶面方向,利用光学多道分析系统(OMA),测量了激光诱导产生的等离子体发射光谱分别在环境气体为Air,N2和Ar,气压范围分别在10-2Torr,152Torr,304Torr,532Torr和760Torr下的空间分布。实验表明,随着环境气体压强的增大,光谱的空间分布被压缩,且谱线强度的峰值向靶面方向移动;在相同的气压下,Ar环境下产生的光谱强度明显大于在Air和N2环境下产生的光谱强度;在气压为152Torr的不同环境气体下,均发现光谱在离靶面很近的地方(约0.5mm～1.0mm)减小,甚至消失;在Ar环境气体下,谱线396.1nmAlⅠ的空间分布随着与靶面距离的增大,谱线位置向短波方向有约0.03nm(对应OMA探头的一个二极管阵列)的移动,而谱线394.4nmAlⅠ的移动不太明显。     

脉冲Nd∶YAG激光烧蚀Al产生等离子体特征辐射的机理研究

采用时间与空间分辨光谱测量技术,研究了在Ar气为缓冲气体下,用脉冲Nd∶YAG激光烧蚀Al产生等离子体的发射光谱及其随气压的变化规律,对粒子的激发机理进行了讨论,认为特征谱线是由复合辐射为主要机理,并用此结论在一定程度上解释了实验结果。     

气压对激光诱导Al等离子体特征的影响

使用Nd :YAG激光器烧蚀金属Al靶获得等离子体 ,利用光谱时 -空分辨技术 ,在 10 0～ 1× 10 5Pa气压范围内 ,关于环境气体压强对激光诱导的等离子体辐射特征的影响进行了研究。使用的气体是Ar气 ,单脉冲激光能量 145mJ。结果发现 ,气压升高 ,特征谱线强度增加 ,连续谱强度也增加 ;但气压过高 ,在接近大气压时 ,特征谱和连续谱都下降 ;最大特征辐射强度在 10kPa、靶前 0 .1mm处、延时 180ns获得 ;同一条件下获得最强背景连续谱 ,而信号 -背景比是在10 0 0Pa、靶前 1.0mm处、延时 2 50 0ns达到最大值。基于Al等离子体不同气压下的时间 -空间分辨谱 ,对结果进行了简单的讨论。并分别确定了获得最大特征辐射和信号 -背景比的条件 ;以及最佳信号采集区。     

On the influence of the mass ablated by a laser pulse on thin film morphology and optical properties

To know and to control experimental parameters that play a role in laser ablation is vital to define film properties. Among the others, laser fluence is commonly used. Yet, when plasma expansion dynamics takes place through an ambient gas, the relation between the ablated mass per pulse and gas mass is critical and till now it was poorly investigated. While the gas mass is fixed by the pressure in the deposition chamber, the ablated mass is not unequivocally determined by the laser fluence. For a given fluence value the ablated mass changes as a function of the irradiated target area. Here, we show that nanostructured silver thin films deposited keeping unaltered the laser fluence, while changing in a controlled way the irradiated area and hence the ablated mass per pulse, display markedly differentiated morphological and optical properties, as evidenced by electron microscopy and UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopies.     

Processes and properties of electric arc stabilized by water vortex

Experimental investigation of an electric arc stabilized by a water vortex was carried out in a DC arc plasma torch for the power range 90-200 kW. Volt-ampere characteristics of the arc as well as the power balance were determined separately for the part of the arc column stabilized by water and for the remaining part between the nozzle exit and the external anode. The temperature of arc plasma close to the nozzle exit was determined by emission spectroscopy. Negatively biased electric probes in the ion collecting regime were used for determination of the plasma flow velocity. The measured temperatures up to 27000 K, and velocities up to 7 km/s are higher than the values commonly reported for plasma torches with DC arcs stabilized by a gas flow. Mass and energy balances within the arc chamber were determined from the experimental results. The radial transport of the energy by radiation was identified as a decisive process controlling the arc and plasma properties. The balance of radial energy transport was studied. The ratio of energy spent for evaporation of the water to the energy absorbed in the evaporated mass is very low in the water stabilized arc. This is the principal cause of high plasma temperatures and velocities found by the measurements     

高Z等离子体辐射的非平衡特性

 对激光直接加热和X光辐射加热Au等离子体的非平衡特性进行了实验研究，探讨了它们的物理机制。为此，提出了一种新型的锥盘靶结构，并在神光 II装置上进行了实验，结果表明：锥盘靶很好地避免了激光加热区的等离子体喷射和散射光对X光加热区的影响，改善了辐射加热场的干净性。对锥盘靶激光和辐射加热进行了模拟计算，所得结果与实验的结果符合较好。     

Shock-wave velocity of a femtosecond-laser-produced plasma

Fluorescence measurements have been used to characterize the velocity of atoms in a femtosecond-laser-produced plasma. Nanogram amounts of a copper sample were ablated by the focused radiation (λ=775 nm) of an all-solid-state laser. The laser was operated at a pulse rate of 10 Hz with an energy of 200μJ per pulse. The microplasma expanded into a defined argon atmosphere of pressures between 0.02 and 850 mbar. Atomic fluorescence was excited in the laser plume by a dye-laser pulse with the wavelength set to the line Cu I 282.4 nm. The narrowed beam of the dye-laser was directed into the plasma at different heights above the sample surface. The fluorescence radiation was measured with an échelle-spectrometer, equipped with an intensified-charge-coupled device as the detector. The velocity depends strongly on the pressure of the ambient atmosphere and the distance from the sample surface. The highest velocity found at an argon pressure of 0.02 mbar was 1.0×10⁶ cm s⁻¹.     

Simulations of a Plasma Flow Switch

In a portion of the experimental program using the SHIVA Star capacitor bank at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL), a cylindrical foil load is imploded using an inductive store and a plasma flow switch. We have performed a number of two-dimensional simulations of the switch and load using the MHD code MACH2. In addition to explaining the data from the first series of experiments, the simulations led to design modifications of the basic plasma flow switch that resulted in improved current delivery and in enhanced radiation yield. The experimental results are reported in a companion paper by Degnan et al. The key modification was closing portions of the vane structure. The switch must be sealed shut or else substantial current will flow in the diffuse gas that is ablated from the walls of the switch barrel.     

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结合火箭模型和雪耙模型,建立了完整自洽的丝阵Z箍缩消融-内爆模型,分析了消融等离子体对丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学的影响,得到了比零维薄壳模型合理的内爆轨迹。在考虑消融等离子体向轴运动的情况下,计算了丝阵Z箍缩的内爆时间、内爆速度和动能,并且与零维薄壳模型进行了对比。结果表明,考虑消融等离子体运动得到的内爆动能低于零维薄壳模型计算结果,其内爆动能最大值所对应的负载线质量也低于薄壳模型。     

On the orientation independence of inverse pulsed laser deposition

Carbon nitride films have been deposited in the inverse pulsed laser deposition (IPLD) geometry by ablating a graphite target in nitrogen atmosphere while the spatial orientation of the target (and substrate) normal was varied. Two different orientations were tested, in one of which the axis of the plasma plume was made to point downwards, imposing the maximum gravitational barrier on the ablated species and make them move against the gravitational field while growing the film in order to verify the extent of a possible orientational effect. The thickness distribution of films obtained in different orientations was sampled along their axes of symmetry by stylus profilometry. The results indirectly proved that the kinetic energy of the species responsible for building the IPLD films surpassed the effect of gravitational field, even in the outer regions of the films, where the ablated species were believed to be thermalised. Evidences are also provided that utmost care should be taken to keep experimental conditions, like process pressure, spot size, etc., constant in order to get reproducible results.     

Energy efficiency of femtosecond laser ablation of refractory metals

We present the results of an experimental study of the ablation energy thresholds and ablated mass for a number of refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo) by femtosecond (τ _0.5 = 45–70 fs) exposed to laser pulses in the ultraviolet — near infrared range (λ = 266, 400, 800 nm) under atmospheric conditions and under vacuum (p ~ 10^–2 Pa). We have analyzed the ablation efficiency (mass yield per unit energy of the acting coherent radiation) and ablation energy thresholds vs. the laser pulse duration and photon energy.     

Z箍缩动态黑腔形成过程和关键影响因素数值模拟研究

在Z箍缩动态黑腔研究中, 认识黑腔形成物理过程及主要特征, 明确优化黑腔辐射的关键参数, 是实验物理设计的重要基础. 本文针对W丝阵填充CH泡沫转换体的负载构型, 利用一维辐射磁流体程序, 在8 MA驱动电流条件下开展了动态黑腔形成过程和关键影响因素的数值模拟研究. 结果表明, 丝阵等离子体与泡沫转换体相互作用产生局部高压力区是驱动冲击波传播和形成动态黑腔的关键物理过程. 由于辐射超声速传播及其与冲击波波阵面的空间分离, 产生了辐射温度较高而物质未受明显压缩的动态黑腔区域. 丝阵等离子体碰撞泡沫转换体前的状态分布决定了动态黑腔辐射场的主要特征, 可以通过改变负载参数调整并优化黑腔辐射波形. 综合考虑黑腔峰值辐射温度和有效维持时间两个参数, 选择匹配质量的丝阵和泡沫, 使丝阵质量略小于泡沫, 可以获得相对优化的动态黑腔辐射波形. 同时, 合适的丝阵/泡沫初始半径比也是优化动态黑腔辐射的重要影响因素.