非线性声场中的参量激发

本文基于求解单频声波方程近似解的方法,得到了非线性声场中谐波的声压与介质性质、初始声压幅值及频率之间的定量关系.并对两列相对声压幅值和相对频率不同情况下的声场分布进行了研究.通过分析单、双频声源辐射场中的谐波分布和传播规律发现:在非线性声场中会不断地出现新的谐波,激发的各阶谐波随着声波传播距离的增大逐渐增强而后减弱.在声源的附近,谐波的声压随基波声压振幅的增大而增大;但在基波的频率增大时反而会减小.在输入总声能相同的情况下,与单频声场相比双频声源辐射场的声能量分布较均匀,声的传播距离较大,远场中的谐波含量较大.结果表明,基波的频率越高,衰减得越快,谐波的积累越缓慢;声压的极值越大,基波声能量转移得越多,产生的谐波越多,基波的衰减越快,声压对远场声能的负效应增大;如果改用多频声源,并适当地控制输入声波的组成成分,可以达到改善声场分布均匀性、增大声辐射距离的效果.     

一维非线性声波传播特性

针对一维非线性声波的传播问题进行了有限元仿真和实验研究. 首先推导了一维非线性声波方程的有限元形式, 含有高阶矩阵的非线性项导致声波具有波形畸变、谐波滋生、基频信号能量向高次谐波传递等非线性特性. 编制有限元程序对一维非线性声波进行了计算并对仿真得到的畸变非线性声波信号进行处理, 分析其传播性质和物理意义. 为验证有限元计算结果, 开展了水中的非线性声波传播的实验研究, 得到了不同输入信号幅度激励下和不同传播距离的畸变非线性声波信号. 然后对基波和二次谐波的传播性质进行详细讨论, 分析了二次谐波幅度与传播距离和输入信号幅度的变化关系及其意义, 拟合出二次谐波幅度随传播距离变化的方程并阐述了拟合方程的物理意义. 结果表明, 数值仿真信号及其频谱均与实验结果有较好的一致性, 证实计算方法和结果的正确性, 并提出了具有一定物理意义的二次谐波随传播距离变化的简单数学关系. 最后还对固体中的非线性声波传播性质进行了初步探讨. 本研究工作可为流体介质中的非线性声传播问题提供理论和实验依据.     

基于反相位脉冲技术的生物组织谐波成像研究

理论及实验研究了反相位脉冲技术在生物组织二次谐波成像中的应用。结合有限振幅声波的非线性传播理论,从理论上证明了反相位脉冲技术可有效抑制基波信号,同时二次谐波信号增强两倍,轴向及径向声场的实验测量结果基波被抑制30～50dB,二次谐波提高6dB,与理论相符。建立了相应的成像系统,对若干生物离体组织进行了基于反相位脉冲相位技术的二次谐波成像,并与常规的基波及二次谐波图像对比,进一步证明了该技术能有效提高图像的对比度和清晰度。     

兰姆波非线性效应的实验观察(Ⅱ)

基于Ritec-SNAP系统对固体板中传播的兰姆波的非线性效应进行了实验观察。根据导波的模式展开分析方法和兰姆波的频散曲线,简述了兰姆波的积累二次谐波发生条件。采用一定倾角的斜劈换能器在固体板表面激发和接收兰姆波的基波和二次谐波时域信号,阐述了兰姆波的基波、二次谐波时域脉冲包络的积分振幅的物理意义,在固体板表面分别测量了不同传播距离的兰姆波的基波、二次谐波的幅频曲线。在兰姆波具有非线性效应的频率值附近,分析了兰姆波的二次谐波振幅随传播距离的变化关系。实验结果进一步证明了兰姆波在一定条件下具有强烈的非线性效应,其二次谐波表现出随传播距离积累增长的性质。     

聚焦超声波在层状生物媒质中的二次谐波声场的理论与实验研究

基于Khokhlov-Zabolotkaya-Kuznetsov(KZK)方程，在频域提出了聚焦超声波在层状生物媒质中传播的理论模型，该模型计及生物媒质的吸收、非线性和边界，同时考虑声源的衍射对声传播的影响.数值研究了聚焦超声波的基波和二次谐波在层状生物媒质中的声传播，并与实验结果相比较.研究结果表明，此方法可以有效地描述聚焦超声波在层状生物媒质中的二次谐波声场. 关键词： 聚焦超声波 层状生物媒质 二次谐波     

锥形声源的二次谐波声场分布

本文推导了锥形声源的非线性二次谐波声场分布。理论表明锥形源二次谐波声场沿径向呈Bessel函数分布，且与传播距离无关。另一个重要结论是这种声场的二次谐波束宽刚好为基波的1／2，而非一般情况下的1／倍，此外，我们指出了这种声束在非线性参量B/A成象或测量中潜在的应用价值．     

生物组织成像中用反相位脉冲技术提高二次谐波信噪比的研究

本文基于有限振幅声波在介质中的非线性传播理论,分析了反相位脉冲技术对生物组织中二次谐波增强的原理.实验中利用反相位脉冲激发超声换能器,对生物组织中传播的非线性信号相加分析.结果表明反相位脉冲技术可有效抑制基波及奇次谐波信号,而可增强偶次谐波信号6dB.与滤波器滤波法相比,反相位脉冲技术在抑制基波信号的同时,可有效地提高二次谐波的信噪比,因而在生物组织的二次谐波成像中具有广阔的应用前景.     

圆锥面PVDF聚焦换能器的非线性声场理论及实验研究

圆锥面聚焦换能器可在超声成像中获得较好径向分辨率的同时提高探测深度.利用高斯声源函数叠加法来近似表示圆锥面聚焦声源的分布函数，结合近轴近似的KZK方程，得到了圆锥面聚焦换能器在损耗媒质中产生的基波、二次谐波声场的解析解.在实验上制作了PVDF圆锥面聚焦换能器，测量了圆锥面聚焦换能器的基波及二次谐波声场，实验结果和理论计算相符.     

二维矩形波导管中的非线性声传播

本文采用部分波和二阶微扰理论对二维矩形波导管内声波的非线性传播问题进行了研究。由二次谐波的边界条件和初始条件，可得到物理图象清晰、便于计算的二次谐波声场解析式。结果表明，不同基波传播模式间的相互作用不存在二阶非线性，管内任意振幅分布的稳态激发源产生的二次谐波为各个模式二次谐波之和，且二次谐波声场分布具有对称性。     

谐波回旋速调管的效率优化

推导出了由两个无量纲量群聚系数与相位系数构成的非线性运动方程,并对其进行了数值计算分析。数值计算结果表明:通过优化设计参数,当谐波回旋速调管工作在放大区时,其基波、二次谐波、三次谐波、四次谐波的纵向互作用效率分别可达到55%,40%,30%,15%;当其工作在振荡区时,其基波、二次谐波、三次谐波、四次谐波的纵向互作用效率最高分别可达到93.9%, 88.2%, 81.8%, 62.7%。     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.     

Spin and Statistics and First Principles

It was shown in the early seventies that, in Local Quantum Theory (that is the most general formulation of Quantum Field Theory, if we leave out only the unknown scenario of Quantum Gravity) the notion of Statistics can be grounded solely on the local observable quantities (without assuming neither the commutation relations nor even the existence of unobservable charged field operators); one finds that only the well known (para)statistics of Bose/Fermi type are allowed by the key principle of local commutativity of observables. In this frame it was possible to formulate and prove the Spin and Statistics Theorem purely on the basis of First Principles.