气相中二氯苯的双电荷离子[C6H4CI2]^2+和[C6H3CI]^2+的动能谱研究

本文利用质量分析离子动能(MIKES)和碰撞诱导解离(CID)技术, 研究了邻、间、对二氯苯分子在电子轰击质谱(EIMS)中产生的[C6H4CI2]^2+和[C6H4CI]^2+双电荷离子的单分子电荷分离(CS)反应。根据测定和CS反应的动能释放值T和由此估算的反应过渡态的电荷间距的最小值R, 推测过渡态的结构。有趣的是, 可以利用双电荷离子[C6H4CI2]^2+的分解反应区分二氯苯的位置异构体。     

气相中二氯苯的双电荷离子[C_6H_4Cl_2]~(2+)和[C_6H_3Cl]~(2+)的动能谱研究

本文利用质量分析离子动能谱(MIKES)和碰撞诱导解离(CID)技术,研究了邻、间、对二氯苯分子在电子轰击质谱(EIMS)中产生的[C_6H_4Cl_2]~(2+)和[C_6H_3Cl]~(2+)双电荷离子的单分子电荷分离(CS)反应.根据测定的CS反应的动能释放值T和由此估算的反应过渡态的电荷间距的最小值R,推测过渡态的结构.有趣的是,可以利用双电荷离子[C_6H_4Cl_2]~(2+)的分解反应区分二氯苯的位置异构体.     

苯二酚异构体双电荷离子和单电荷离子的动能谱研究

本文利用质量分析离子动能谱(MIKES)、碰撞诱导解离(CID)技术和电子捕获诱导解离(ECID)技术, 研究了邻、间、对苯二酚分子在电子轰击质谱(EIMS)中产生的双电荷离子[C6H6O2]^2^+, [C6H4O]^2^+和单电荷离子[C6H6O2]^+。根据测定的电荷分离反应动能释放值T和由此计算出的两电荷间距R, 推测出过渡态的结构。有趣的是, 可利用单电荷离子[C6H6O2]^+的MIKES/CID谱区分苯二酚异构体。     

二甲苯异构体双电荷离子和单电荷离子的动能谱研究

利用质量分析离子动能谱和碰撞诱导解离技采研究了邻、间、对二甲苯分子在电子轰击质谱中产生的双电荷离子[C8H10]2+、[C8H9]2+和单电荷离子[C8H10]+。根据测定的电荷分离反应的释放动能T和由此估算的双电荷离子电荷分离反应过渡态两电荷间距R,推测出过渡态的结构,利用单电荷离子[C8H10]+的MIKES/CID谱可区分邻二甲苯与间、对二甲苯异构体.     

联苯取代物的双电荷离子质谱(2E谱)研究

本文研究了联苯取代物双电荷离子2E谱及其取代基效应和靶气压力影响。离子源中产生的双电荷离子的解离反应主要有丢失H原子、C~2H~2、C~2H~4、HR(R为取代基)等反应通道。产物离子中[C~1~2H~8]^2^+、[C~1~2H~6]^2^+、[C~1~0H~6]^2^+等具有相当的稳定性。取代基对不同的反应有不同的影响, 主要取决于产物离子的相对稳定性。取代基对分子离子的稳定性的贡献有以下顺序: NH~2>OH>Ph>F>H>Br>NO~2。升高靶气压力, 2E谱的总离子流迅速升高, 而样品离子流的百分数却直线降低。靶气压力影响样品的检测灵敏度, 但不影响离子的碎裂途径。     

氯代甲苯双电荷离子的单分子解离反应研究

研究了在70 eV电子轰击电离条件下，氯代甲苯及氯化苄产生的双电荷离子[C_7H_7Cl]~(2＋)、[C_7H_6Cl]~(2＋·)和[C_7H_5Cl]~(2＋)为母体的两种类型单分子解离反应．主要讨论了亚稳双电荷离子的异构化反应、失H解高的“偶电子规则”以及单分子电荷分离过渡态的结构．     

C60与环己烷及环己烯离子体系的气相反应

在气相条件下研究了C60与环己烷及环己烯的离子-分子反应。C60可与上述体系中多种离子发生反应, 生成相应的加合离子, 表现出C60化学性质的活泼性和多样性。C60与C4H7^+和C5H7^+离子反应可能生成[2+4]环加成的加合离子。     

青蒿素生物合成的研究II. 前体[15-^2H]-和[15-^3H]-青蒿酸的 化学合成

青蒿酸甲酯(5)用NBS溴化产生的溴化物,经NaBD~3CN或NaBD~4氘解,生成[15-^2H]-青蒿酸甲酯(6),其结构由MS,^1H,^2H和^1^3C的NMR确定。(6)经水解生成[15-^2H]-青蒿酸(4),用同样方法以NaB^3H~4为氘化试剂与溴化物反应,合成了[15-^3H]-青蒿酸(1)。     

青蒿素生物合成的研究II. 前体[15-^2H]-和[15-^3H]-青蒿酸的 化学合成

青蒿酸甲酯(5)用NBS溴化产生的溴化物,经NaBD~3CN或NaBD~4氘解,生成[15-^2H]-青蒿酸甲酯(6),其结构由MS,^1H,^2H和^1^3C的NMR确定。(6)经水解生成[15-^2H]-青蒿酸(4),用同样方法以NaB^3H~4为氘化试剂与溴化物反应,合成了[15-^3H]-青蒿酸(1)。     

BH2+与H2O反应机理的量子拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p)和耦合簇方法CCSD/6-311+G(d, p)研究了BH2+与H2O的气相离子-分子反应机理. 优化得到了反应途径中各驻点的几何构型, 并采用内禀反应坐标法进行追踪. 从量子拓扑学的角度, 讨论了在反应过程中各化学键的变化. 反应(I)经历了一个四元环过渡态, 找到了这个反应的能量过渡态和两个结构过渡态.     

Theoretical study of the C6H3 potential energy surface and rate constants and product branching ratios of the C2H(2Sigma+) + C4H2(1Sigma(g)+) and C4H(2Sigma+) + C2H2(1Sigma(g)+) reactions

Ab initio CCSD(T)cc-pVTZ//B3LYP6-311G(**) and CCSD(T)/complete basis set (CBS) calculations of stationary points on the C(6)H(3) potential energy surface have been performed to investigate the reaction mechanism of C(2)H with diacetylene and C(4)H with acetylene. Totally, 25 different C(6)H(3) isomers and 40 transition states are located and all possible bimolecular decomposition products are also characterized. 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-tridehydrobenzene and H(2)CCCCCCH isomers are found to be the most stable thermodynamically residing 77.2, 75.1, and 75.7 kcal/mol lower in energy than C(2)H + C(4)H(2), respectively, at the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory. The results show that the most favorable C(2)H + C(4)H(2) entrance channel is C(2)H addition to a terminal carbon of C(4)H(2) producing HCCCHCCCH, 70.2 kcal/mol below the reactants. This adduct loses a hydrogen atom from the nonterminal position to give the HCCCCCCH (triacetylene) product exothermic by 29.7 kcal/mol via an exit barrier of 5.3 kcal/mol. Based on Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus calculations under single-collision conditions, triacetylene+H are concluded to be the only reaction products, with more than 98% of them formed directly from HCCCHCCCH. The C(2)H + C(4)H(2) reaction rate constants calculated by employing canonical variational transition state theory are found to be similar to those for the related C(2)H + C(2)H(2) reaction in the order of magnitude of 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for T = 298-63 K, and to show a negative temperature dependence at low T. A general mechanism for the growth of polyyne chains involving C(2)H + H(C[triple bond]C)(n)H --> H(C[triple bond]C)(n+1)H + H reactions has been suggested based on a comparison of the reactions of ethynyl radical with acetylene and diacetylene. The C(4)H + C(2)H(2) reaction is also predicted to readily produce triacetylene + H via barrierless C(4)H addition to acetylene, followed by H elimination.     

Dissociation of benzene dication [C6H6]2+: exploring the potential energy surface

The singlet potential energy surface for the dissociation of benzene dication has been explored, and its three major dissociation channels have been studied: C6H6(2+) --> C3H3(+) + C3H3(+), C4H3(+) + C2H3(+), and C5H3(+) + CH3(+). The calculated energetics suggest that the products will be formed with considerable translational energy because of the Coulomb repulsion between the charged fragments. The calculated energy release in the three channels shows a qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed kinetic energy release. The formation of certain intermediates is found to be common to the three dissociation channels.     

Polymeric anionic networks using dibromine as a crosslinker; the preparation and crystal structure of [(C4H9)4N]2[Pt2Br10].(Br2)7 and [(C4H9)4N]2[PtBr4Cl2].(Br2)6

The reaction of M[PtX3(CO)] (M+ = [(C4H9)4N]+, X = Br, Cl) with an excess of Br2 gives the new platinum(IV) salts, [(C4H9)4N]2[Pt2Br10].(Br2)7, 1, and [(C4H9)4N]2[PtBr4Cl2].(Br2)6, 2, which, in the solid state, contain strong Br Br interactions resulting in the formation of polymeric networks; they could provide useful solid storage reservoirs for elemental bromine.     

[C6H6, C3H7 +]and [C6H7 +, C3H6] ion-neutral complexes intermediate in the reactions of protonated propylbenzenes

From the mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectra of labelled ions, kinetic energy releases and thermodynamic data, it is proved that protonated n-propylbenzene (1) isomerizes into protonated isopropyl benzene (2). It is also shown that the dissociation of the less energetic metastable ions of (2), leading to [iso-C₃H₇]⁺ and [C₆H₇]⁺ product ions, is preceded by H exchange. This H exchange involves two interconverting ion-neutral complexes [C₆H₆, iso-C₃H₇⁺] (2π) and [C₆H₇⁺, C₃H₆] (2α).     

Mass spectral characterization of tetracyclines by electrospray ionization,H/D exchange,and multiple stage mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization (ESI) and collisionally induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were obtained for five tetracyclines and the corresponding compounds in which the labile hydrogens were replaced by deuterium by either gas phase or liquid phase exchange. The number of labile hydrogens, x, could easily be determined from a comparison of ESI spectra obtained with N2 and with ND3 as the nebulizer gas. CID mass spectra were obtained for [M + H]+ and [M - H]- ions and the exchanged analogs, [M(Dx) + D]+ and [M(Dx) - D]- , and produced by ESI using a Sciex API-III(plus) and a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer. Compositions of product ions and mechanisms of decomposition were determined by comparison of the MS(N) spectra of the un-deuterated and deuterated species. Protonated tetracyclines dissociate initially by loss of H2O (D2O) and NH3 (ND3) if there is a tertiary OH at C-6. The loss of H2O (D2O) is the lower energy process. Tetracyclines without the tertiary OH at C-6 lose only NH3 (ND3) initially. MSN experiments showed easily understandable losses of HDO, HN(CH3)2, CH3 - N=CH2, and CO from fragment ions. The major fragment ions do not come from cleavage reactions of the species protonated at the most basic site. Deprotonated tetracyclines had similar CID spectra, with less fragmentation than those observed for the protonated tetracyclines. The lowest energy decomposition paths for the deprotonated tetracyclines are the competitive loss of NH3 (ND3) or HNCO (DNCO). Product ions appear to be formed by charge remote decompositions of species de-protonated at the C-10 phenol.     

A structural investigation of [C6H6]2+ and [C6H6]+˙ ions involved in charge exchange reactions

Mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectra for collisional activation (CA) of [C₆H₆]⁺˙ formed via electron capture by [C₆H₆]²⁺ ions in collision with neutral benzene molecules have been compared for the C₆H₆ isomers benzene, 1,5-hexadiyne and 2,4-hexadiyne. Comparisons of fragment abundance and total CA fragment yields were also made for [C₆H₆]⁺˙ ions generated by electron ionization (EI). CA conditions of ion velocity and collision gas pressure were identical in these comparisons. In general the fragment abundance patterns for the ions formed by charge exchange were very similar to those for singly charged benzene ions generated by EI. However, significant variations in CA fragment yield (the ratio of the total CA fragment ion abundance to the abundance of the incident unfragmented ions) were observed. It is not clear from the results whether these variations reflect structurally different ions or ions of different internal energies. The CA spectra of [C₆H₆]⁺˙ ions derived from charge exchange reactions between the benzene dication and the target gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe have also been recorded and, once again, very similar fragment abundance patterns were observed along with large variations in total CA fragment yields. Charge exchange efficiency measurements are reported for reactions between the benzene dication and the targets He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and C₆H₆ (benzene) and also for the doubly charged ions derived from the linear C₆H₆ isomers. In the latter case Xe and benzene targets were used. The energetics and efficiency measurements for the former reactions suggest that for targets such as He and Ne the processes probably involve excited states of the doubly charged ions. The efficiencies measured for the latter reactions were distinctly different for the three C₆H₆ isomers and may indicate a strong dependence of charge exchange cross-section on doubly charged ion structure.     

Effects of cysteic acid groups on the gas-phase reactivity and dissociation of [M + 4H]4+ ions from insulin chain B

Gas-phase ion/molecule reactions and collision-induced dissociation (CID) were conducted on [M + 4H]4+ of insulin chain B. This Fourier transform mass spectrometry work involved ions from the oxidized peptide (with two cysteic acid residues) and its reduced form (with two cysteine residues). Kinetic behavior during deprotonation and hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions indicates that insulin B (ox) ions have two distinct structural types. In contrast, insulin B (red) ions have only one major reacting population, which has a more compact structure than the oxidized ions. No significant differences in fragmentation patterns for the two insulin B (ox) populations were observed when CID was performed as a function of deprotonating reaction time. However, markedly different fragmentation was found between [M + 4H]4+ of insulin B (ox) and (red). Therefore, the presence of cysteic acid groups in insulin B (ox) significantly impacts dissociation and presumably structure. This suggests that some insulin B (ox) ions are zwitterionic, with the five basic sites protonated and one cysteic acid group deprotonated. Molecular dynamics calculations revealed several viable structures that are consistent with the experimental results. For example, the most stable form of the reduced ion, which is unprotonated at the His10, is very compact and has lost the alpha-helix of native insulin. Low energy structures for the oxidized ions include a zwitterion with an intraionic interaction between anionic Cyx7 and cationic His10, as well as a nonzwitterionic conformer that lacks a proton at Phe1; both structures retain the alpha-helix. These structures may account for the two experimentally observed isomers, although others are possible. In addition, experiments on oxidized insulin B were conducted from methanolic solution, which may denature the conformation, and pure aqueous solution, which may leave a native conformation. These differences in solvent composition had no effect on the gas-phase results.     

Preparation and substitution chemistry of [Bu4N]2[W6Cl8(p-OSO2C6H4CH3)6]. A useful precursor for pseudohalide, acetate, and organometallic complexes containing the [W6Cl8](4+) core

The tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate) cluster [Bu4N]2[W6Cl8(p-OSO2C6H4CH3)6] (1) has been prepared and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and an X-ray crystal structure. This cluster complex is shown to be a useful starting material for the preparation of pseudohalide clusters, [Bu4N]2[W6Cl8(NCQ)6] (Q = O (2), S (3), and Se (4)), in high yields. Cluster 1 also serves as a precursor to the new cluster compounds: [Bu4N]2[W6Cl8(O2CCH3)6] (5), [Bu4N]2[W6Cl8((mu-NC)Mn(CO)2(C5H5))6] (6), [W6Cl8((mu-NC)Ru(PPh3)2(C5H5))6][ p-OSO2C6H4CH3]4 (7), and [W6Cl8((mu-NC)Os(PPh3)2(C5H5))6][ p-OSO2C6H4CH3]4 (8). X-ray crystal structures are reported for 1, 4, and 5.     

Syntheses, solution multi-NMR characterization, and reactivities of [C6F5Xe]+ salts of weakly coordinating borate anions, [BY4]- (Y = CF3, C6F5, CN, or OTeF5)

New examples of [C6F5Xe]+ salts of the weakly coordinating anions [B(CF3)4]-, [B(C6F5)4]-, [B(CN)4]-, and [B(OTeF5)4]- have been synthesized by metathesis reactions of [C6F5Xe][BF4] with the corresponding MI[BY4] salts (MI = K or Cs; Y = CF3, C6F5, CN, or OTeF5). The salts were characterized in solution by multi-NMR spectroscopy. Their stabilities in prototypic solvents (CH3CN and CH2Cl2) and decomposition products are reported. The influence of the coordinating nature of [BY4]- on the decomposition rate of [C6F5Xe]+ as well as the presence of the weakly nucleophilic [BF4]- ion has been studied. The electrophilic pentafluorophenylation of C6H5F by [C6F5Xe][BY4] in solvents of different coordinating abilities (CH3CN and CH2Cl2) and the effects of stronger nucleophiles (fluoride and water) on the pentafluorophenylation process have been investigated. Simulations of the 19F and 129Xe NMR spectra of [C6F5Xe]+ have provided the complete set of aryl 19F-19F and 129Xe-19F coupling constants and their relative signs. The 19F NMR parameters of the [C6F5Xe]+ cation in the present series of salts are shown to reflect the relative degrees of cation-solvent interactions.