金属的溶剂萃取热力学研究 2:In~2(SO~4)~3+Na~2SO~4+D~2EHMTPA+n-C~8H~18+H~2O体系

在温度278.15—303.15K和离子强度为0.1—2.0mol/kg范围内,在萃取体系In_2(SO_4)_3+Na_2SO_4+D_2EHMTPA+n-C_8H_(18)+H_2O体系中,本文测定了萃取平衡的In_(3+)的平衡浓度和水相pH值,其中Na_2SO_4为支持电解质.根据Pitzer电解质溶液理论,估算了平衡水相中的真实离子强度值,并用直线外推法和多项式拟合法确定了萃取过程的热力学平衡常数K(?),进而计算了这个萃取过程的各个热力学量.     

五元体系Li^+, Na^+, K^+, Mg^2^+/SO~4^2^- - H~2O 25℃相关 系的研究

用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元体系Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2^+/SO~4^2^--H~2O25℃溶解度,测得了平衡溶液的密度,获得了该五元体系25℃溶解度相图的十个无变量点和十种平衡固相。十个单盐结晶区分别对应于原始组分K~2SO~4,Li~SO~4.H~2O,MgSO~4.7H~2O,水合物Na~2SO~4.10H~2O,复盐3K~2SO~4.Na~2SO~4,Na~2SO~4.MgSO~4.4H~2O,Li~2SO~4.3Na~2SO~4.12H~2O,2Li~2SO~4.Na~2SO~4.K~2SO~4,Li~2SO~4.K~2SO~4和K~2SO~4.MgSO~4.6H~2O,此外没有产生新的复盐或固溶体。用现代电解质溶液理论---Pitzer模型校验该体系的溶解度测定值,结果令人满意。     

100℃Na^+, NH~4^+/Cl^-, SO~4^2-, H~2O 体系相图-天然盐碱卤加氨碳酸化制碱母液利用的相图研究

我国天然碱矿大都是Na~2CO~3, NaHCO~3, NaCl和Na~2SO~4的混合物, 其卤水加氨碳酸化可沉淀出NaHCO~3, 母液脱氨和二氧化碳后成为Na^+, NH~4^+/Cl^-,SO~4^2-, H~2O四元体系。为从中提取Na~2SO~4和NH~4Cl, 特研究了该体系的100℃相图。发现其内部有NaNH~4SO~4.2H~2O结晶区, 这就否定了前人在59.3℃以上不存在这种复盐的结论。     

四元体系Li^+,K^+,Mg^2^+/SO~4^2^——H~2O25℃相关系和溶液物化性质的研究

用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Li^+,K^+,Mg^2^+/SO~4^2^--H~2O 25℃溶解度,测定了饱和溶液的密度,粘度,折光率,pH和电导率等物化性质. 四元体系相图由六条溶解度分枝线和五个结晶区构成,分别对应于原始组分和复盐Li~2SO~4·K~2SO~4,K~2SO~4·MgSO~4·6H~2O,没有发现新的复盐或固溶体, 也没有发生原始组分的脱水作用,用现代电解质溶液理论-Pitzer模型校验该体系的溶解度测定值, 结果令人满意     

NH4+-Mg2+-pO3-4-H+-H2O体系的优势区相图

通过优势区相图的构建对NH4+-Mg2+-PO43-H+-H2O体系的热力学平衡关系进行了研究.在不同镁、磷物质的量比和离子强度的条件下绘制了lgCT,Mg-lgC,T,P和lgCT,p-pH相图,确定了MgNH4PO4·6H2O、Mg3(PO4)2· 8H2O、MgHPO4· 3H2O和Mg(OH)2的热力学稳定区.结果表明,在相当广的pH范围内,MgNH4PO4·6H2O和Mg3(PO4)2·8H2O都是主要存在的固相;在较低pH和较高磷浓度的条件下,MgNH4PO4·6H2O和MgHPO4· 3H2O可以共存;而MgNH4PO4·6H2O和Mg(OH)2在碱性条件下更为稳定.当MgNH4PO4·6H2O、Mg3(PO4)2· 8H2O与液相共存、pH=9.08～9.52时,溶液总氮浓度达到最低值.lgCT,Mg-lgCT,P和lgCT,P-pH相图可以用于指导磷酸铵镁的沉淀-溶解平衡过程,有利于废水中氨氮的脱除和回收.     

电动势法对LiCl-Li~2SO~4-H~2O体系25℃热力学性质研究

用自制的锂离子选择电极和经典Ag-AgCl电极,测定25℃时LiCl-Li~2SO~4-H~2O三元体系中离子强度0.01～6.0mol.kg^-1的LiCl平均活度系数.,由实验数据,用多元线性回归法求取Pitzer方程、Harned方程的离子作用参数和系数,并用上述方程计算LiCl在混合溶液中的平均活度系数,分别以Inγ~±LiCl和logγ~±LiCl的形式与实验值进行比较,标准偏差均小于0.008.本工作测得的LiCl平均活度系数的自然对数与等压法测定的渗透系数拟合的Pitzer方程参数计算值比较,标准偏差为0.0097.同时计算了Li~2SO~4在该体系中的平均活度系数和混合溶液的渗透系数以及混合超额自由能.     

Fe3+/Ba2+/Co2+/Zn2+/Cu2+在NH4HCO3-NH3·H2O和NaOH-Na2CO3体系中的热力学分析

通过对Fe3+/Ba2+/Co2+/Zn2+/Cu2+在NH4HCO3-NH3·H2O和NaOH-Na2CO3体系中的热力学分析,得到各金属离子总浓度(cMe)与pH值的关系,确定了2种体系中5种离子完全共沉淀的pH值范围.结果表明:在NH4HCO3-NH3·H2O体系中,Co2+、Zn2+、Cu2+3种离子和氨的配位能力很强,其中Cu2+与氨的配位能力最强,在相同的pH值条件下,Cu2+沉淀困难,5种金属离子的完全共沉淀区域由Cu2+决定.在NaOH-Na2CO3体系中,随总碳浓度(cc)的增加,Ba、Co、Zn、Cu的溶解度都随之减小,当cc=1.0 mol·L-1时,各金属离子完全共沉淀的pH值范围为7.5～11.在两种体系中,Fe的溶解度都是随pH值的增大而减小,最终达到平衡.以NaOH-Na2CO3 为沉淀剂.在pH=10.0的条件下,采用化学共沉淀法合成出了晶粒细小、粒度均匀的Y型纯相结构的平面六角铁氧体微粉.     

硼酸盐水溶液热力学研究: 4.离子对[CaB(OH)~4]^+标准缔合 常数的确定

在温度为278.15-318.15K范围内测定了含有不同Li~2B~4O~7和CaCl~2浓度测试液的无液接电池:Pt,H~2(101.325kPa)|Li~2B~4O~7(m~1),CaCl~2(m~2)|AgCl-Ag的电动势E(V)。在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上,用线性外推法确定离子对[CaB(OH)~4]^+的标准缔合常数K~d,并得到K~d随温度T变化的经验公式:pK~d=0.6857-359.72/T-4.632×10^-^3T。同时计算得到了离子对缔合过程的热力学函数,指出形成该离子对的推动力是缔合熵。     

NH4+-Mg2+-PO43--H+-H2O体系的优势区相图（英文）

通过优势区相图的构建对NH4+-Mg2+-PO43--H+-H2O体系的热力学平衡关系进行了研究。在不同镁、磷物质的量比和离子强度的条件下绘制了lgCT,Mg-lgCT,P和lgCT,P-pH相图,确定了MgNH4PO4.6H2O、Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O、MgHPO4.3H2O和Mg(OH)2的热力学稳定区。结果表明,在相当广的pH范围内,MgNH4PO4.6H2O和Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O都是主要存在的固相;在较低pH和较高磷浓度的条件下,MgNH4PO4.6H2O和MgHPO4.3H2O可以共存;而MgNH4PO4.6H2O和Mg(OH)2在碱性条件下更为稳定。当MgNH4PO4.6H2O、Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O与液相共存、pH=9.08~9.52时,溶液总氮浓度达到最低值。lgCT,Mg-lgCT,P和lgCT,P-pH相图可以用于指导磷酸铵镁的沉淀-溶解平衡过程,有利于废水中氨氮的脱除和回收。     

Li~2SO~4-MgSO~4、LiSO~4-Li~4SiO~4体系的研究

本文用X射线衍射(高温、室温)和热分析(DTA、DSC、TGA)等方法测定了Li~2SO~4-MgSO~4和Li~2SO~4-Li~4SO~4体系相图,并研究了化合物的性能和晶体结构。Mg~4Li~2(SO~4)~5在840℃由包晶反应形成,它在105℃分解为Li~2SO~4为基的固溶体和MgSO~4.在105℃反应时,形成每摩尔的Mg~4Li~2(SO~4)~5吸热2.57kJ,反应激活能为173.5kJ/mol. Mg~4Li~2(SO~4)~5属正交晶系,在180℃的点阵常数α=8.577A,b=8.741A, c=11.918A, 可能的空间群为P222或Pmmm,Z=2。Li~8-2x(SiO~4)~2-x(SO~4)~x是在953℃由包晶反应形成的新相.随着温度的降低,相区扩大,在室湿x=0.96-0.58.该相属正交晶系,空间群为Pmmn,Z=2.晶体的点阵常数在x=0.8时有一定最大值,a=5.002A,b=6.173A, c=10.608A.Li~g-2x(SiO~4)~2-x(SO~4)~x在空气中能吸收7.6wt%的水蒸汽和其他气体,脱水温度高于350℃,水份的吸脱不改变晶体结构,与沸石分子筛具有相似性质,脱水激活能为171.5kJ/mol.熔化后的Li~2SO~4-MgSO~4和Li~2SO~4-Li~4SiO~4试样以10℃/min速率降温,分别形成亚稳态共晶体系。     

Li2SO4-K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O体系及次级体系298.15K时的热化学研究

用连续滴定量热法研究Li2SO4-K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O体系及次级体系Li2SO4-K2SO40H2O、Li2SO4-MgSO4-H2O和K2SO4-MgSO4-H2O 298.15K时在离子强度为15-0.1范围内的比热容和稀释热, 并结合Debye-Huckel焓极限公式研究离子强度在15-0.0001范围内的表观摩尔焓。     

Na+，K+//Br-，SO42--H2O四元体系323 K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O在323 K的相平衡关系,测定了该体系323 K的溶解度及平衡液相的密度,绘制了该体系的相图。研究发现：平衡体系存在复盐钾芒硝Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄的结晶区。其相图由3个共饱和点,7条单变量曲线和5个结晶区组成。相区分别对应NaBr·2H₂O、Na₂SO₄、K₂SO₄、KBr和Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄结晶区。其中复盐钾芒硝Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄,Na₂SO₄和K₂SO₄有较大结晶区,而NaBr·2H₂O和KBr有较小结晶区。对比了等温条件下四元体系Na⁺,K⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--H₂O相平衡结果。实验结果表明溴化物对硫酸盐有较强盐析作用。     

273 K下Na2CO3-Na2SO4-Na2B4O7-H2O四元体系介稳相平衡的实验研究

采用等温蒸发法研究了四元体系Na2CO3-Na2SO4-Na2B4O7-H2O在273 K时的介稳相平衡及平衡液相的密度. 利用溶解度数据绘制了该四元体系273 K下的相图. 研究结果表明, 该四元体系有异成分复盐2Na2SO4·Na2CO3形成. 相图中有2个共饱点、5条单变量曲线和4个结晶相区. 4个结晶相区分别为盐Na2CO3·10H2O, Na2SO4·10H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O和2Na2SO4·Na2CO3的结晶区. 复盐2Na2SO4·Na2CO3同时存在于包含Na2CO3-Na2SO4-H2O三元体系的其它四元体系或高元体系中. 在273 K介稳平衡相图中, 碳酸钠以Na2CO3·10H2O形式析出; 硫酸钠以Na2SO4·10H2O的形式析出; 硼酸钠的完整分子式为Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O. Na2CO3对Na2B4O7有盐析作用.     

298.16 K时Na+, Mg2+//Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, H2O体系中NaCl饱和区域相平衡

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元体系Na+, Mg2+//Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, H2O在298.16 K下氯化钠饱和平衡体系的溶解度, 获得了相应的投影干盐图、氯图和水图. 研究结果表明, 在298.16 K下氯化钠饱和时, 该五元体系投影干盐图由8个二盐共饱和的双变面、13条三盐共饱的单变线和6个四盐共饱的零变点构成, 存在两种复盐, 8个二盐共饱双变面分别对应于NaCl+NaNO3, NaCl+Na2SO4, NaCl+MgCl2·6H2O, NaCl+MgSO4·Na2SO4·4H2O, NaCl+Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, NaCl+NaNO3·Na2SO4·2H2O, NaCl+MgSO4·7H2O 和NaCl+MgSO4·(1—6)H2O. 讨论了该相图在新疆硝酸盐矿开发利用过程中的应用.     

电解质-非电解质混合溶液活度系数的关联及溶解的推算 II:NH3-NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O体系的液固平衡热力学

由于在研究的体系中, Na2SO4是非对称电解质, 且能生成水合盐, 故推导了由非对称型电解质与非电解质所构成的混合溶液的各组分的活度系数关联通式, 并在此基础上讨论了水合盐液固平衡的计算方法.     

Ab initio investigation on ion-associated species and association process in aqueous Na2SO4 and Na2SO4/MgSO4 solutions

In the present paper, the possible ion associated species in pure Na(2)SO(4) and mixed Na(2)SO(4)/MgSO(4) aqueous solutions are investigated via the ab initio method at the HF/6-31+G? level. The vibrational v(1)-SO(4)(2-) band is analyzed. For the unhydrated species, when the number of metal ions around the SO(4)(2-) ion is less than 3, the dominating effect to the v(1)-SO(4)(2-) band is the polarization of the cations, while the M-O bonding will be dominating as the number is equal to or more than 3. For the hydrated species, the coordinated structures of the Na(+) ion in all ion pairs are not stable due to the strong effect of the SO(4)(2-) ion but relatively stable in the triple ion (TI) clusters since there are fewer vacant hydration sites around the SO(4)(2-). The v(1)-SO(4)(2-) frequencies are close to that of the hydrated SO(4)(2-) ion in the ion pairs and larger in both Na(2)SO(4) and Na(2)SO(4)/MgSO(4) TI clusters. On the basis of our calculated results, the evolvement of Raman spectra in the Na(2)SO(4)/MgSO(4) droplet with the molar ratio of 1:1 is explained.     

Raman spectroscopic study of crystallization from solutions containing MgSO4 and Na2SO4: Raman spectra of double salts

Mg(2+), Na(+), and SO(4)(2-) are common ions in natural systems, and they are usually found in water bodies. Precipitation processes have great importance in environmental studies because they may be part of complex natural cycles; natural formation of atmospheric particulate matter is just one case. In this work, Na(2)Mg(SO(4))(2)·5H(2)O (konyaite), Na(6)Mg(SO(4))(4) (vanthoffite), and Na(12)Mg(7)(SO(4))(13)·15H(2)O (loeweite) were synthesized and their Raman spectra reported. By slow vaporization (at 20 °C and relative humidity of 60-70%), crystallization experiments were performed within small droplets (diameter ≤ 1-2 mm) of solutions containing MgSO(4) and Na(2)SO(4), and crystal formations were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Crystallization of Na(2)Mg(SO(4))(2)·4H(2)O (bloedite) was observed, and the formation of salt mixtures was confirmed by Raman spectra. Bloedite, konyaite, and loeweite, as well as Na(2)SO(4) and MgSO(4)·6H(2)O, were the components found to occur in different proportions. No crystallization of Na(6)Mg(SO(4))(4) (vanthoffite) was observed under the crystallization condition used in this study.     

Luminescence emission spectra in the temperature range of the structural phase transitions of Na2SO4

The spectral properties of Na2SO4 have been studied by means of infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), thermoluminescence (TL) and radioluminescence (RL) in the range of 200-800 nm. The observed changes in the RL emission spectra after an annealing treatment (400 degrees C for 1 h) could be linked to thermal phase transformations and alkali self-diffusion through the lattice of this salt. Despite the complexity of the luminescence spectra structure, five emission bands peaked at 330, 345, 385, 460 and 630 nm could be distinguished. The UV-blue TL emission of this material exhibits a maximum peaked at 230 degrees C which is well correlated with the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and can be associated with the thermal transformation of the orthorhombic sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) V (thenardite) phase into Na2SO4 III, II and I phases. Taking into account the observed changes on the structural phase transition by X-ray diffraction (XRD) from 16 degrees C onwards, this material does not show satisfactory features for radiation dosimetry, but could be employed for temperature calibration of TL readers.     

Analysis of phase transition pathways in X3H(SO4)2 (X=Rb, NH4, K, Na): variable temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies

Evaluation of phase transitions in a series of hydrogen sulfates (Rb3H(SO4)2, (NH4)3H(SO4)2, K3 H(SO4)2, and Na3H(SO4)2) based on the single-crystal structure analysis has revealed the exact nature of such transitions and has sorted out the various ambiguities involved in earlier literature. Rb3H(SO4)2 at 293 K is C2/c. It is isostructural to its ammonium analogue, (NH4)3H(SO4)2, at room temperature. However, the variable temperature single-crystal diffraction studies indicate that the phase transition mechanism is different. When cooled to 100 K, the structure of Rb3H(SO4)2 remains C2/c. When heated to 350 K, it transforms to C2/m (with double the volume at room temperature), which changes to C2/c (with 4 times the volume at room temperature) at 425 K. The high-temperature (420 K) structural phase transition in (NH4)3H(SO4)2 is shown to be Rm. The structure of Na3H(SO4)2 remains invariant (P21/c) throughout the range of 100-500 K except for the usual contraction of the unit cell at 100 K and expansion at 500 K. The structural phase transitions with temperature for the compound K3H(SO4)2 are very different from those claimed in earlier literature. The hydrogen atom participating in the crucial hydrogen bond joining the two sulfate tetrahedra controls the structural phase transitions at low temperatures in all four compounds. The distortion of the SO4 tetrahedra and the coordination around the metal atom sites control the phase evolution in the Rb compound, while the Na and K analogues show no phase transitions at high temperature, and the NH4 system transforms to a higher symmetry space group resulting in a disorder of the sulfate moiety.