Speckle reduction of synthetic aperture imaging ladar based on wavelength characteristics

We propose a speckle-reduction method based on wavelength characteristics of speckle effect in synthetic aperture imaging ladar （SAIL）. The return signal, which is the back scattering field with speckle effect from the rough surface of target, can be integrated over N chirp periods and heterodyne detected with a local-oscillator signal. After performing image processing respectively, the final image can be regarded as the incoherent superposition of the N sub-images. Numerical simulations indicate the effectiveness of this method. Our research may facilitate practical applications of SAIL.     

Nonparaxial diffraction of vectorial plane waves at a small aperture

By using the vectorial Rayleigh diffraction integrals, a nonparaxial propagation equation of vectorial plane waves diffracted at a small rectangular aperture is derived analytically and some special cases are discussed. Numerical calculation results are given to illustrate the applicability and validity of our theoretical formulae. It is shown that for the apertured case the ratio of the aperture width and wavelength affects the beam nonparaxiality. The nonparaxial approach presented in this paper has to be used for diffracted plane waves if the aperture width is comparable with or less than the wavelength.     

Multiplexing in optical encryption by using an aperture system and a rotating sandwich random phase diffuser in the Fourier plane

In the present paper, we describe multiplexing in optical encryption of two-dimensional images, by using apertures and rotation of one of the constituent phase diffusers of a sandwich phase diffuser in the Fourier plane. The sandwich phase diffuser is made with two random constituent phase-diffusing surfaces sandwiched together. The apertures of different sizes and shapes are made with the help of ‘paint brush’ software. Simulation results are presented showing the effects of size, shape, and orientation of the apertures on the decrypted images obtained via multiplexing techniques. In addition to the results of using aperture systems in encryption and decryption, the results of rotation of one of the constituent phase diffusers in decryption are analyzed and used in multiplexing. Due to the use of aperture systems and the rotation of the constituent phase diffuser, the multiplexing capability of the system in encryption is enhanced along with the enhanced security due to using a sandwich diffuser. To evaluate the reliability of the technique, mean square error between the decrypted and the original image has been calculated.     

Speckle reduction algorithm for laser underwater image based on curvelet transform

Based on the analysis on the statistical model of speckle noise in laser underwater image, a novel speckle reduction algorithm using curvelet transform is proposed. Logarithmic transform is performed to transform the original multiplicative speckle noise into additive noise. An improved hard thresholding algorithm is applied in curvelet transform domain. The classical Monte-Carlo method is adopted to estimate the statistics of contourlet coefficients for speckle noise, thus determining the optimal threshold set. To further improve the visual quality of despeckling laser image, the cycle spinning technique is also utilized. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance than classical wavelet method and maintain more detail information.     

Speckle reduction by energy time-frequency filtering

Structural noise is a very important limitation to the visibility of flaw echoes in ultrasonic testing and evaluation of highly scattering materials. In order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, different algorithms have been developed. One of these techniques is based on filtering the spectrum low band of the received echo to obtain a significant improvement of the defect visibility. Based on this idea, in this work a new time-frequency technique is presented. In this method, block-processing autoregressive techniques are used to estimate the instantaneous center frequency of the traveling wave. From this information, a time-frequency filter is designed tuned at half the estimated instantaneous center frequency. Experimental results and the comparison with the non-time-frequency filtering technique are also included, showing that the proposed method has an excellent performance on SNR enhancement.     

Rotational control within optical tweezers by use of a rotating aperture

We demonstrate a simplified method of rotational control of objects trapped within optical tweezers that does not require high-order modes, interferometric precision, or computer-controlled optical modulators. Inserting a rectangular aperture into the optical beam results in a focused spot that also has rectangular symmetry. We show that an asymmetric object trapped in the beam has its angular orientation fixed such that rotation of the aperture results in a direct rotation of the particle.     

Pulsed field of a rectangular plane aperture

We describe a method for calculating the pulsed field of a rectangular plane aperture in the near zone. Features of the pulsed field of a rectangular plane aperture in the near zone are analyzed. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 12, pp. 1081–1088, December 2008.     

合成孔径雷达图像的Contourlet域空间选择滤波降斑算法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的相干斑噪声降低了影像分割和分类的效果,会导致影像判识困难。结合Con-tourlet系数的结构特点和SAR图像相干斑乘性噪声模型,提出了一种新的基于Contourlet变换的降斑算法。该算法利用信号与噪声在Contourlet域尺度间相关性的不同,通过空间选择滤波对系数进行分类,采用混合分布模型,实现了SAR图像的降斑处理。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能有效地抑制相干斑,而且还能有效地保护图像的细节特征。     

基于图像熵的各向异性扩散相干斑噪声抑制

本文提出了一种基于图像熵的各向异性扩散滤波方法. 该方法使用图像熵作为边缘检测算子, 避免了由于均值和方差等统计量的估计带来的误差, 提高了边缘检测能力. 试验结果表明该方法能够获得比传统方法更好的相干斑噪声抑制效果. 关键词： 相干斑抑制 各向异性扩散 图像熵 合成孔径雷达     

Edge-enhancement fourier transform X-ray microscopy using a Laguerre-Gaussian zoneplate

Efficient techniques to achieve isotropic edge enhancement in optics involve applying a radial Hilbert, Laguerre-Gaussian, or differentiating filter on the object spectrum. We demonstrate a simple setup for isotropic edge-enhancement in soft-X-ray microscopy, using a single Laguerre-Gaussian zone plate (LGZP). Since the LGZP acts as a beam-splitter, diffraction efficiency problems usually associated with X-ray microscopy optics are not present in this system. As numerically demonstrated, the setup can detect optical path differences as small as λ/50 with high contrast.     

Speckle noise reduction by division and digital processing of a hologram

One of the common problems in classical and digital holography is presence of speckle in reconstructed images. Some methods have been predicted for speckle reduction. Speckle has a statistical distribution in size and intensity. Thus complete elimination of them is impossible. But, one can use this statistical characters to reduce its effects.In this paper a method is proposed for reduction of speckle effect by recording a hologram and then dividing it to several sub-holograms. Each sub-hologram is used to produce an image. Final image is constructed by superposition of these images. The final image has a smaller amount of speckle noise. Experimental results verify effectiveness of this technique.     

Dynamics of the Chaplygin ball on a rotating plane

This paper addresses the problem of the Chaplygin ball rolling on a horizontal plane which rotates with constant angular velocity. In this case, the equations of motion admit area integrals, an integral of squared angular momentum and the Jacobi integral, which is a generalization of the energy integral, and possess an invariant measure. After reduction the problem reduces to investigating a three-dimensional Poincaré map that preserves phase volume (with density defined by the invariant measure). We show that in the general case the system’s dynamics is chaotic.     

Speckle noise reduction by the composition of diffused Fraunhofer holograms

The image reconstructed from a composite hologram is compared with that obtained by multiple-exposure of images independently reconstructed from a single element and also with that from a synthetic-aperture hologram. The experimental results show the difference in the principle of speckle noise reduction with these three methods and prove that the composite hologram arranged only in a row is sufficient for reducing the speckle noise.     

Influence of viscosity on the diffraction of sound by a circular aperture in a plane screen

The linearized equations of viscous fluid flow are used to analyze the diffraction of a time-harmonic acoustic plane wave by a circular aperture in a rigid plane screen. Arbitrary aperture size and arbitrary angle of incidence are considered. Sets of dual integral equations are derived for the diffracted velocity and pressure fields, and are solved by analytic reduction to sets of linear algebraic equations. In the case of normal incidence, numerical results are presented for the fluid velocity in the aperture and the power absorption due to viscous dissipation. The theoretical results for power absorption are compared to previously obtained results from high amplitude acoustic experiments in air. The conditions under which the dissipation predicted by linear theory becomes significantare quantified in terms of the fluid viscosity and sound speed, the acoustic frequency, and the aperture radius.     

Far-field divergence of a vectorial plane wave diffracted by a circular aperture from the vectorial structure

Based on the vectorial structure of an electromagnetic wave, the analytical and concise expressions for the TE and TM terms of a vectorial plane wave diffracted by a circular aperture are derived in the far-field. The expressions of the energy flux distributions of the TE term, the TM term and the diffracted plane wave are also presented. The ratios of the power of the TE and TM terms to that of the diffracted plane wave are examined in the far-field. In addition, the far-field divergence angles of the TE term, the TM term and the diffracted plane wave, which are related to the energy flux distribution, are investigated. The different energy flux distributions of the TE and TM terms result in the discrepancy of their divergence angles. The influences of the linearly polarized angle and the radius of the circular aperture on the far-field divergence angles of the TE term, the TM term and the diffracted plane wave are discussed in detail. This research may promote the recognition of the optical propagation through a circular aperture.vspace1mm     

Many-body interactions in semiconductors probed by optical two-dimensional fourier transform spectroscopy

We study many-body interactions between excitons in semiconductors by applying the powerful technique of optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy. A two-dimensional spectrum correlates the phase (frequency) evolution of the nonlinear polarization field during the initial evolution and the final detection period. A single two-dimensional spectrum can identify couplings between resonances, separate quantum mechanical pathways, and distinguish among microscopic many-body interactions.     

Speckle reduction by selective spatial-domain mask in digital holography

An improved method of using a selective spatial-domain mask to reduce speckle noise in digital holography is proposed.The sub-holograms are obtained from the original hologram filtered by the binary masks including a shifting aperture for being reconstructed. Normally, the speckle patterns of these sub-reconstructed images are different. The speckle intensity of the final reconstructed image is suppressed by averaging the favorable sub-reconstructed images which are selected based on the most optimal pixel intensity sub-range in the sub-holograms. Compared with the conventional spatial-domain mask method, the proposed method not only reduces the speckle noise more effectively with fewer sub-reconstructed images,but also reduces the redundant information used in the reconstruction process.