专辑主编寄语

喜逢中国科学院长春应用化学研究所建所70周年华诞之际,真诚感谢安立佳院士作为客座编辑邀请国内化学相关领域著名院士和专家出版这一期纪念刊专辑。《应用化学》创刊于1983年,为中国科学院长春应用化学研究所的发展和国内相关化学领域提供了一个学术交流的平台,始终秉持“应用化学,追求卓越”的办刊理念,面向科研单位、大专院校和化学化工领域的科研及技术人员,着重报道化学及交叉学科有应用前景的创新性基础科学研究和创造性科研技术成果,介绍该领域中的新发现、新理论、新方法、新技术、新产品及相关科技信息,为推动应用化学学科的发展、加强国内国际间的学术交流、人才培养和现代化建设服务。该专辑的出版必将对该领域的发展起到重要的促进作用。     

Modern analytical chemistry education in Europe at university level

Stimulated by the rapid growth of analytical chemistry in research and development, a discussion on the past, present and future role of analytical chemistry as part of the chemistry curricula at European universities is presented in this article. The present status of analytical chemistry curricula is described, based on a recent investigation of the Working Party on Analytical Chemistry (WPAC) of the Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS) at 229 European universities. The evaluation of the questionnaires has been done for all institutions together, as well as for the 119 institutions with a separate chair or department of analytical chemistry and the 110 institutions without such a separate chair. The distribution of teaching hours between the classical and modern fields is generally significantly better and more flexible to new developments (like chemometrics, environmental and material sciences) at institutions with an own chair of analytical chemistry. This survey is also a key to earlier reviews on education in analytical chemistry stimulated and published by WPAC-members.     

The scientific legacy of Howard Vincent Malmstadt

Howard Malmstadt was a true giant of Analytical Chemistry and clearly one of the most influential analytical chemists of the last 50 years. Howard, through his own work and that of his students (first generation) and their students (second generation) and their students' students (third generation) changed the course of Analytical Chemistry. His research interests were broad and ranged from analytical solution chemistry (titrimetry and reaction rates) and electrochemistry to atomic and molecular spectroscopy, chemical instrumentation, clinical chemistry and automation. Howard was also one of the most innovative and influential educators of our time. He changed forever the analytical curriculum through his many books on Electronics for Scientists, most written in conjunction with Chris Enke and Stan Crouch. Their texts and short courses went from pioneering the application of tube-based analog electronics (servo systems and operational amplifiers) in scientific measurements to the impact that integrated circuits and digital electronics would have on laboratory measurements. He strongly believed in the importance of “hands-on” in education. To this end, he expended considerable personal effort and time to see not only the development and commercialization of an effective laboratory infrastructure to support education in analog and digital electronics, but also oversaw the development of modular instrumentation for spectroscopy. Over the years he received many awards from the Analytical Chemistry community for his outstanding efforts and contributions to teaching and research. Many of Howard's students went on into academia. They and their students now represent the ongoing legacy for analytical chemistry that evolved from Howard's laboratory at Illinois. A remarkable diversity of research programs are underway in their laboratories. Topics range from atomic, laser, mass, and Raman spectroscopy to detection technology, analytical education, micro-fabricated instrumentation, and intercellular analytical measurements.     

Dielectric barrier discharges in analytical chemistry

The present review reflects the importance of dielectric barrier discharges in analytical chemistry. Special about this discharge is-and in contrast to usual discharges with direct current-that the plasma is separated from one or two electrodes by a dielectric barrier. This gives rise to two main features of the dielectric barrier discharges; it can serve as dissociation and excitation device and as ionization mechanism, respectively. The article portrays the various application fields for dielectric barrier discharges in analytical chemistry, for example the use for elemental detection with optical spectrometry or as ionization source for mass spectrometry. Besides the introduction of different kinds of dielectric barrier discharges used for analytical chemistry from the literature, a clear and concise classification of dielectric barrier discharges into capacitively coupled discharges is provided followed by an overview about the characteristics of a dielectric barrier discharge concerning discharge properties and the ignition mechanism.     

Learning from the past: a personal view on the perspectives of quantum computational chemistry

A short exposition of activities in theoretical chemistry performed in Pisa in the past years is given here. The exposition is based on summaries of critical evaluations I did in the years. These summaries intend to show the influence Salvetti has had on my scientific formation and also testimony on the evolution of quantum and computational chemistry in Pisa and in parallel in the whole discipline. This series of evaluations have always interested Salvetti (perhaps with some influence on his activity as national coordinator of CNR research in Chemistry) and can be used now to define new research fields.     

Liquid-phase microextraction preconcentration of impurities

The miniaturization of the preconcentration methods is one of the fields of contemporary analytical chemistry. A new method of liquid-liquid microextraction preconcentration has been developed for the last 10–15 years; it is highly efficient, rapid, simple in implementation, and ecologically safe. The methodology and principles of the implementation of microextraction preconcentration are considered in the review. The accomplishments of the new preconcentration method in different fields of analytical chemistry are presented.     

CPAC: An industry—university cooperative research center for process analytical chemistry

The Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) is one of about 20 industry—university partnerships across the U.S.A. founded with support from the National Science Foundation to stimulate some aspect of industrial innovation and productivity. Because industry is looking toward increased automation and in order to improve productivity, new sensors and strategies need to be developed for real-time process monitoring and control. Research at CPAC is aimed at the discovery and development of analytical methods that can be integrated directly into the process and that are coupled with chemometrics techniques. CPAC is advancing a systems approach by combining (1) theoretical research on new and existing transduction principles, (2) rational sensor design and multivariate techniques for calibration, resolution and interpretation of data, (3) sensor fabrication and engineering research, and (4) process optimization and control using analytical data in real-time. Process applications are seen as one element of a broader trend, termed distributed analytical chemistry, which is bringing analytical methods out of the laboratory into the system being analyzed. The trend will provide a natural and fertile field for industry—university cooperative endeavors. In this article, the effects of the CPAC partnership on analytical research and education at the University of Washington are assessed.     

The current state of analytical control in Lithuania

In Lithuania research and development in chemical analysis are concentrated in scientific institutes and universities. The main fields of interest focus on biosensors, electrochemical sensors, sampling techniques and methods, study of atomization processes in spectrochemical analysis and noise evaluation in analytical measurements. Some laboratories also take part in international environmental monitoring programmes. There are about 50 researchers at the Ph.D. level engaged in analytical chemistry and several hundred technicians specialized in the field of analytical control. About one hundred chemical laboratories are active in scientific institutes, universities and factories. Specialized laboratories of chemical analysis are at the disposal of Environmental Control and Health Protection Departments and forensic investigation organizations. So far no laboratories are accredited according to the ISO 9000 norms. Special courses on analytical chemistry are offered at a few schools of higher education in the country. Only at the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Vilnius specialized programmes are available to postgraduate students working towards a Ph.D. to improve their skills in current techniques of analytical chemistry. Recently the Technical Committee TC-16 for Chemical Analysis was formed within the standardization system of Lithuania. Its main activities are centered on issues such as national terminology, certified reference materials (CRMs), analytical methods and analytical quality assurance. There are numerous problems related to national terminology, the preparation of special documents in the field of analytical control and the production of regional environmental CRMs. Problems, also arise in obtaining and using CRMs for analytical instrument calibration and validation.     

The Recent Status of Analytical Chemistry in Greece

The aim of this review is to present a very concise report of the research activities in the area of Analytical Chemistry performed in Greece during the last decade. Since, research in chemical analysis conducted by Greek scientific institutions covers a very large variety of analytical methodologies and techniques, it is found preferable to organize this review based on a separate presentation of the scientific activities of each Greek University or Scientific Institution, operating analytical laboratories or other divisions involved in analytical chemistry research.     

物理有机化学的现状和在我国的进展

本文评述了当前物理有机化学各个主要领域的研究工作,指出物理有机化学是甚为重要的基础学科,数十年来在深度和广度两方面皆有很大的发展。回顾了我国第一届和第二届物理有机讨论会情况,扼要地介绍了物理有机化学在我国的主要进展。     

模式识别及其在分析化学中的应用

本文较系统地回顾了化学模式识别在分析化学领域近年来的发展，并涉及到与分析化学相关的生物、医学、环境科学、电子、食品科学中的应用，对分析化学模式识别相结合的发展趋势做了评述。     

计算化学实验的课程建设

With the fast development of theoretical chemistry methodologies and computer hardware and software technologies, computational chemistry has become more and more imperative in chemical science. Accordingly, we have initiated "Computational Chemistry Experiments" course based on "Introductory Computational Chemistry" course developed in the Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University since 2013, to provide basic training and computational chemistry practices for undergraduate students. The popular quantum chemistry software Gaussian is used as the major tool in the course. We focus on the exploratory feature of computational chemistry, creating initial structures and optimizing geometries, to provide fundamental training for students to comprehend the difference of traditional experimental chemistry and modern computational chemistry. Systematic research training is offered to develop the creative thinking capacity of students in using computational chemistry methods in chemistry education and research.     

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography – or solvent-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography?

An overview of the microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography technique and its fields of applications in analytical chemistry are given. The separation mechanisms involved are discussed and the technique is compared to solvent-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.     

Research on Analytical Chemistry in Brazil

Abstract

An overview of the present situation of analytical research in Brazil is presented.     

Analytical Chemistry in Poland

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the main achievements of analytical chemistry in Poland on the basis of papers published mainly in the last decade. The selection is somewhat arbitrary but should show the most important directions of research. The citations generally refer to papers published in regular journals. The following topics were discussed: general aspects, chemical methods and reagents, spectrophotometry, speciation studies, atomic spectrometry, electrochemical methods, chemo- and biosensors, chromatography and related techniques.

Short reviews on the history and present status of analytical chemistry have been published elsewhere^{1, 2} and this review is intended to present the more detailed overview of the recent fields of interest, based on some selected publications from the nineties. Such selection is obviously to some extent arbitrary and this is mainly based on information sent by colleagues from various centres. It seemed, however, necessary to indicate where appropriate, the roots and earlier achievements.