Application of phenolic compounds in plants for green chemical materials

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Determination of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family

A procedure for the determination of Phenolic compounds in extracts from the medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family—garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.), creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.), and common balm (Melissa officinalis L.)—obtained under different extraction conditions was developed. The identification of the extracted compounds was performed and their qualitative and quantitative composition was established by HPLC with diode array and mass-spectrometric detection with consideration for the obtained characteristics of the standard samples of individual components. The test samples of medicinal herbs contained caffeic acid (0.19–0.62 mg/g) and rosmaric acid (4–23 mg/g); the highest rosmaric acid content (23 mg/g) was found in wild marjoram, and the lowest content (4 mg/g), in creeping thyme. The extracts of wild marjoram contained the greatest amounts of Phenolic compounds; rosmaric acid and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide were major components, whereas protocatechuic, 3-O-caffeoylquinic, and caffeic acids were minor components.     

Antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in some medicinal plants of India

In this study, total phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C content vis-a-vis antioxidant activities were assayed in leaves and stem bark of Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging method. The DPPH radical scavenging activity positively correlated with the total phenolic content in both stem bark and leaf. Superoxide radical scavenging activity increased with increasing flavonoid contents. However, the vitamin C content could not be correlated with DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging capacity.     

Thin-layer chromatography of phenolic compounds

Summary Seventeen phenolic compounds, including phenol and the isomers of cresol, have been completely separated by thin-layer chromatography with a series of solvent/support systems.

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Zusammenfassung 17 Phenolverbindungen, darunter Phenol und die isomeren Kresole, werden dünnschichtchromatographisch mit einer Reihe von Lösungsmittel-systemen vollständig getrennt.

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Résumé On a réalisé la séparation complète de 17 composés phénoliques, y compris le phénol et les isomères du crésol, par chromatographie en couche mince, grâce à l'emploi de différents systèmes solvant/support.

     

Analysis of phenolic compounds in Epimedium plants using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A new method based on HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) has been established for the analysis of phenolic compounds in Epimedium plants. The characteristic fragmentation pathways of 29 phenolic compounds were studied, and 126 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized based on their mass spectra from fourteen samples including the aerial samples and the underground parts of the seven species. Furthermore, the differences in phenolic compound profiles between different Epimedium plants and two parts of the seven species were reported for the first time. Due to their significant chemical differences, these Epimedium species should be used separately in clinical practice.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of simple phenolic compounds in waste waters from olive oil production plants.

A method was developed for the determination of simple phenolic compounds (PCs) in waste waters from olive oil production plants by liquid chromatography (LC). The sample under examination was acidified to pH 2 to precipitate proteins, acetone was added to eliminate the colloidal fraction, and hexane was used for extraction to eliminate lipidic substances. The solution obtained was filtered and injected into the LC system; the wavelength selected for the spectrophotometric detection was specific for PCs, so that carbohydrates, organic acids, and short-chain free fatty acids did not interfere. Recoveries of 9 PCs spiked to a real sample were 90-100% for concentrations ranging from 20 to 2000 mg/L for each analyte.     

Reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography of phenolic compounds

On a chemically-bonded C₁₈ stationary phase, the possibilities were studied of affecting the retention behavior of selected phenolic compounds (dianes, biphenyl and its hydroxy derivatives, naphthalene and its hydroxy derivatives and nitrophenols) by adding tensides to the mobile phase of water with methanol. The data obtained have been Interpreted from the point of view of interactions in the given separation system.     

Antioxidant phenolic compounds of Dracaena cambodiana

The antioxidant activities of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-BuOH and water extract fractions from Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep were evaluated in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids, and showed the greatest DPPH˙, ABTS+ and Superoxide anion radical-scavenging capacities. The DPPH˙, ABTS+ and Superoxide anion radical-scavenging capacities of nine compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction were also evaluated. The results indicated that these compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of D. cambodiana. Therefore, D. cambodiana and these compounds might be used as natural antioxidants.     

Competitive methylation of some phenolic compounds

The competitive methylation of a mixture of 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and also of other compounds of phenolic nature has been studied. It had ben shown that in the presence of 1 mole of alkali, methylation of the more acidic hydroxyl takes place at the oxygen atom, and with 2 moles of alkali, the stronger conjugated base reacts.     

Antioxidant activities, total phenolics and HPLC analyses of the phenolic compounds of extracts from common Mediterranean plants

In this study, the total phenolic amounts and antioxidant activities of plant extracts obtained from some common Mediterranean plant species collected from different places in Jordan were determined. The phenolic constituents of these extracts were also determined using HPLC. The total phenolic amounts ranged from 52.8 to 876.9 mg GAE per 100 g dry material. The antioxidant activities were evaluated according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenger method. Sage (Salvia officinalis) showed the highest antioxidant activity (91%), while the lowest (11.3%) was seen in parsley (Petroselinum crispum). A strong correlation (r = 0.85) between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content was found. The phenolic compounds identified by HPLC were gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin and benzoic acid. All the investigated plants contain gallic acid, whose phenolic content ranged from 0.4 to 37.8 mg per 100 g, catechin (0.3-339.9 mg per 100 g), protocatechuic acid (0.3-41.9 mg per 100 g) and gentisic acid (0.3-35.8 mg per 100 g), while caffeic acid (0.3-2.6 mg per 100 g) was detected in six species only. These natural plant phenolics could thus be a good source of antioxidants for applications in food.     

Formation of phenolic compounds in cotton sprouts

Summary The simplest component of the catechin complex, (+)-catechin, is formed in the cotyledons and rootlets from the very first days of the development of cotton seed. This component accumulates both in the light and in the dark. As the plant grows, catechins gradually disappear from the leaves of the cotton plant and flavonols remain. Catechins and gallocatechins are formed in the boll carpels and the bark of the roots and stems.Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 350–353, 1965     

Two new phenolic compounds from Artemisia sphaerocephala

Two new phenolic compounds were isolated from whole plant of Artemisia sphaerocephala. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods as 4-(1-hydroxylethyl)-phenol-1-O-b-D-glucopyranoside and 4-O-acetophenone-b-D-gluco- pyranosyl-(1-3)-b-D-glucopyranoside.     

Some applications of ligand-exchange-II Separation of phenolic compounds

The separation of phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol by ligand-exchange chromatography was studied with Chelex 100 resin in the Fe(3+) form as stationary phase and sodium hydroxide solution (pH 7.5, 11.5, 12) as the mobile phase.