T Violation and the Unidirectionality of Time

An increasing number of experiments at the Belle, BNL, CERN, DAΦNE and SLAC accelerators are confirming the violation of time reversal invariance (T). The violation signifies a fundamental asymmetry between the past and future and calls for a major shift in the way we think about time. Here we show that processes which violate T symmetry induce destructive interference between different paths that the universe can take through time. The interference eliminates all paths except for two that represent continuously forwards and continuously backwards time evolution. Evidence from the accelerator experiments indicates which path the universe is effectively following. This work may provide fresh insight into the long-standing problem of modeling the dynamics of T violation processes. It suggests that T violation has previously unknown, large-scale physical effects and that these effects underlie the origin of the unidirectionality of time. It may have implications for the Wheeler-DeWitt equation of canonical quantum gravity. Finally it provides a view of the quantum nature of time itself.     

θ Statistics and P,T Violation in Ground State

By means of the concepts in differential geometry and braid group, the general theory of θ statistics is presented. We discuss the relation between the single-valued cross-section and multi-valued wave function, the derivation of statistical potential from Kohno connection, and the violation of reflection symmetry with respect to space (P) or time (T) in the ground state.     

Further Results on the Smoothability of Cauchy Hypersurfaces and Cauchy Time Functions

Recently, folk questions on the smoothability of Cauchy hypersurfaces and time functions of a globally hyperbolic spacetime M, have been solved. Here we give further results, applicable to several problems:

基于光束干涉的高功率激光鬼像分析

在原有鬼像焦斑空间分布研究的基础上,进一步考虑入射激光脉冲与透镜的鬼像之间发生的干涉叠加现象.参考神光Ⅱ系统,分别推导并计算了3～10 ns的入射脉冲引起最小像差型双凸透镜产生鬼像干涉的最大焦距范围,然后以单位矩形脉冲平面波作为入射光,讨论存在干涉的几种情况.结果表明,由于干涉叠加效应,鬼像焦平面存在较大的调制,焦平面...     

The Etch-Induction Time T i and Etch-Critical Time T c in CR-39 Plastic Nuclear Track Detector

The etch-induction time, T_c, is measured for α-particles in CR-39 plastic track detector and the etch-critical time, T_c, is calculated for α-particles in CR-39 detector as a function of α-energy, E, and incident angle, 0. The etch-induction time was found to be independent of dip angle and directly proportional to the α-particle energy in the range from 1–6.1 MeV. The etch-critical time was found to be zero for angles greater than the critical angle, 0_c, whereas at angles less than 0_c, the etch-induction time, T_i, was increased by the value of T_c.

Die Induktionsätzzeit T_i wurde für Alpha-Teilchen in einem CR-39 Plast-Kernspurdetektor gemessen und die kritische Ätzzeit T_c wurde für die Alpha-Teilchen als Funktion der Energie und des Einfallswinkels berechnet. Es wurde gefunden, daβ die Induktionsätzzeit unabhängig vom Eintauchwinkel und direkt abhängig von der Teilchenenergie im Bereich von 1 … 6.1 MeV ist. Die kritische Ätzzeit war Null für Winkel, die gröβer als der kritische Winkel 0_c waren, während für Winkel, die kleiner als 0_c waren, die Induktionsätzzeit T_i zunahm bis zum Wert von T_c.     

Philosophy of Physics: Space and Time,by T. Maudlin

Semiconductors Contacts: An Approach to Ideas and Models. By H. K. Henisch. (Oxford University Press, 1984.) [Pp. xxi + 377.] £48.00.

Nuclear Analytical Chemistry. By D. Brune, B. Forkman and B. Persson. (Chartwell-Bratt, 1984.) [Pp. 560.] £24.60. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Interstellar Chemistry. By W. W. Duley and D. A. Williams. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp.viii + 251.] $45.00 £29.00. Level: Undergraduate/Graduate student.

Spacelab Research in Earth Orbit. By D. Shapland and M. Rycroft. (Cambridge University Press, 1984.) [Pp. 192.] £11. 95. Scope: Survey. Level: General Physics Readership.

Glass: Science and Technology, Volume 2. Edited by D. R. Uhlmann and N. J. Kreidl. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp.xi + 360.] $47.50; £56.00. Scope: Specialist technology. Level: Postgraduate.

Symmetry in Physics: Volume 1, Principles and Simple Applications; Volume 2, Further Applications. By J. P. Elliot and P. G. Dawber. (Macmillan Press, 1985.) [Pp. xix + 286; xviii + 560.] £15.00 per volume. Level: Undergraduate/Postgraudate.

Molecular Liquids. Edited by A. J. Barnes, W. J. Orville-Thomas and J. Yarwood. (D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984.) [Pp. viii + 590.] Dft.200,-; $79.50; £50.95. Scope: Specialised. Level: Research.

Risks and Benefits of Energy Systems. (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1984.) [Pp. 680.] 1300 Austrian Schillings. Level: Postgraduate and professional.

Electromagnetic Properties of High-spin Nuclear Levels. Edited by G. Goldring and M. Hass. (Adam Hilger Ltd., 1984.) [Pp. xi + 347.] £35.00. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: For specialist only: Specialist postgraduate.

Supermanifolds. By B. De Witt. (Cambridge University Press, 1984.) [Pp.xiv + 316.] £35.00; $59.50. Scope: Specialist Postgraduate.

Theory of NMR Parameters. By I. Ando and G. A. Webb. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. xi + 217.] $52.00; £30.00.

Electron Spectroscopy: Theory, Techniques and Applications Volume 5. Edited by C. R. Bundle and A. D. Baker. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp.xii + 378.] £50.00; $75.00.

Nuclear Power and Public Responsibility. By L. E. J. Roberts. (Cambridge University Press, 1984.) [Pp.viii+142.] Level: General Reader.

Non-Invasive Physiological Measurements. Volume 2. By P. Rolfe. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. xiv + 383.] $67.50; £39.50. Scope: Review articles. Level: Specialist/Research student.

Laser Dyes: Properties of Organic Compounds for Dye Lasers. By M. Maeda. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. x + 335.] $46.50.

Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control: A Guidebook. Technical Reports Series No. 239. (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1984.) [Pp. 390.] Austrian Schillings 780.

Nuclear Heat Application. Proceedings of a Technical Committee Meeting and Workshop: Cracow, 5–9 December 1983. (International Atomic Energy Agency, 1984.) [Pp. 419.] Austrian Schillings 820.

Gas Phase Ion Chemistry. Volume 3: Ions and Light. Edited by M. T. Bowers. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. xiv + 453.] £58.00; $75.00. Scope: Survey Articles. Level: Specialist.

Physics and Chemistry of Electrons and Ions in Condensed Matter. Edited by J. V. Acrivos, N. F. Mott and A. D. Yoffe. (D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984.) [Pp. xviii + 732.] Dfl. 245,—; $99.00; £62.25. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: For specialists only.

Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics. By D. Mihalas and B. W. Mihalas. (Oxford University Press, 1985.) [Pp. xv + 718.] £55.00. Scope: Postgraduate Research. Level: Advanced.

Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena Vol. 9. Edited by D. DomE and J. L. Lebowitz. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. xiv + 318.] £38.50; $60.00.

Microcircuit Engineering 83. Edited by H. Ahmed, J. R. A. Cleaver and G. A. C. Jones. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. xvi + 533.] $29.50 £18.00.

Electron Correlation in Molecules. By. S. Wilson. (Oxford University Press, 1984.) [Pp. x + 281.] £40.00. Level: Specialist and Specialist post-graduate.

Electronic Properties of Doped Semiconductors. By B. I. Shklovskii and A. L. Efros. (Springer-Verlag, 1984.) [Pp. 386.] $50.20.

Physical Acoustics, Volume XVII. Edited by P. Mason and R. N. Thurston. (Academic Press Inc., 1984.) [Pp. x + 326.] £62.50; $89.00. Level: Specialist.

Lecture Notes in Physics: Mathematical and Computational Methods in Nuclear Physics, Vol. 209. Edited by J. S. Dehesa, J. M. G. Gomez and A. Polls. (Springer-Verlag, 1984.) [Pp. 280.] DM 38,-; US $13.40. Scope: Theoretical nuclear spectroscopy. Level: Specialist.

Dynamics of First-Order Phase Transitions in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems. By S. W. Koch. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984.) [Pp. 148.] US$7.00; DM19,-. Level: Postgraduate/Research.

Principles of Plasma Electrodynamics. By A. F. Alexandrov, L. S. Bogdankevich and A. A. Rukhadze. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984.) [Pp. xvi + 488.] DM135,-.

The Fundamental Physical Constants and Physical Measurement. By B. W. Petley. (Bristol: Adam Hilger Ltd., 1985.) [Pp. 346.] £28.50.

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy 1984: Institute of Physics Conference Series. Edited by G. S. Hurst and M. G. Payne. (Bristol: Adam Hilger Ltd., 1984.) [Pp. ix + 362.] £32.00; $49.00. Scope: Postgraduate, Research worker. Level: Advanced.     

Tree-Level Violation of the Equivalence Principle

Massive particles of spin 0 and 1 violate the equivalence principle (EP) at the tree level. On the other hand, if these particles are massless, they agree with the EP, which leads us to conjecture that from a semiclassical viewpoint massless particles, no matter what their spin, obey the EP. General relativity predicts a deflection angle of 2.63 for a nonrelativistic spinless massive boson passing close to the Sun, while for a massive vectorial boson of spin 1 the corresponding deflection is 2.62.     

Further Study of A-Related Quantum Interference of H-State Diatomic on Collision-Induced Rotational Energy Transfer

In our previous theoretical studies [Meng-Tao Sun, Yong-Qing Lee, and Feng-Cai Ma, Chem. Phys.Left. 371 （2003） 342], we have reported the quantum interference on collision-induced rotational energy transfer on CO （A ^1 Π,v = 3） with inert gases, which originates from the difference between the two A-related collision potential energy surfaces. The interference angle, which measures the degree of coherence, is presented in this paper. Based on the time-dependent first order Born approximation, taking into account the anisotropic Lennard-Jones interaction potentials, the relation of the interference angle with the factors, including experimental temperature, partner, and rotational quantum number, are obtained. The changing tendencies with them are discussed. This theoretical model is important to understanding and performing this kind of experiment.     

中性top介子与轻子味破坏衰变过程

在顶色辅助的人工色(TC2)模型框架下, 研究了中性top介子π0t对轻子味破坏(LFV)过程li→ljγ,li→ljlkll和t→clilj的贡献. 考虑到当前μ→eγ过程的实验上限对TC2模型中自由参数的一些限制, 进一步计算了top介子对过程li→ljlkll和t→clilj分支比的量子修正.数值结果表明,在大部分参数空间内分支比的值可提高几个量级. top介子对某些过程的修正效应也许可被将来的实验观测到.     

基于偏振延时干涉的瞬时频率测量系统的分析与优化

提出了一种基于偏振延时干涉的瞬时频率测量(IFM)系统.通过检测两路正交偏振信号的光功率,建立了振幅比较函数(ACF).计算结果表明,ACF仅与待测微波信号频率以及利用保偏光纤(PMF)双折射效应引入的时延差有关,并且调节时延差可实现ACF测量范围及精度的可调谐.仿真结果表明,频率范围为0～25 GHz的IFM系统的绝...     

Lorentz Invariance Violation: Modification of the Compton Scattering and the GZK Cutoff and Other Effects

This paper deals with the violation of Lorentz symmetry. The approach is based on Compton scattering which becomes modified due to a modified dispersion relation arising from a minimum spacetime cut off as in modern Quantum Gravity approaches. With this amendment, we find that two high-energy rays of different energies develop a time-lag. This time separation becomes prominent when the energies of the considered photons is ≥ 1GeV. Extending our approach to gamma rays of cosmic origin we predict that they undergo innumerable such scattering processes before reaching us. Therefore, it accounts for the time-lag phenomena of gamma ray bursts (GRB)’s which have been claimed to be observed. Also, we find that resorting to the modified Snyder-Sidharth Hamiltonian it is possible to extend the GZK cut off beyond its normal limit, 10²⁰ eV. Some observations of ultra high energy cosmic rays support this. This extends the limits of special theory of relativity.     

Violation of the feynman scaling hypothesis and the cosmic-muon charge ratio: a model-dependent analysis

Summary We have attempted here to study the nature of the sea-level cosmicmuon charge ratio at very high energies on the basis of one particular model of multiple production of hadrons in which the violation of the Feynman scaling is one of the very gross features. It is found that extreme emphasis on this feature alone would cause drastic departures from the experimental values of the charge ratio; but when this is combined with some other recently observed and/or proposed characteristics of high-energy interactions the model-based calculations agree quite well up to several TeV energy regime with the data. The model, in the final analysis, supports a very feebly rising nature of the muon charge ratio at ultrahigh energy.     

Violation of Equivalence Principle and Solar Neutrinos

We have updated the analysis for the solution to the solar neutrino problem by the long-wavelength neutrino oscillations induced by a tiny breakdown of the weak equivalence principle of general relativity, and obtained a very good fit to all the solar neutrino data.     

Violation of scaling in annihilation and electroproduction

It is speculated that there may be large violation of scaling in electroproduction, in the kinematic region of large ω. It reflects the large violation of scaling in e⁺e^?-annihilation.     

Charged-Lepton-Flavour Violation in the light of the Super-Kamiokande data

Motivated by the data from Super-Kamiokande and elsewhere indicating oscillations of atmospheric and solar neutrinos, we study charged-lepton-flavour violation, in particular the radiative decays and , but also commenting on and decays, as well as conversion on nuclei. We first show how the renormalization group may be used to calculate flavour-violating soft supersymmetry-breaking masses for charged sleptons and sneutrinos in models with universal input parameters. Subsequently, we classify possible patterns of lepton-flavour violation in the context of phenomenological neutrino mass textures that accommodate the Super-Kamiokande data, giving examples based on Abelian flavour symmetries. Then we calculate in these examples rates for and , which may be close to the present experimental upper limits, and show how they may distinguish between the different generic mixing patterns. The rates are promisingly large when the soft supersymmetry-breaking mass parameters are chosen to be consistent with the cosmological relic-density constraints. In addition, we discuss conversion on Titanium, which may also be accessible to future experiments. Received: 18 December 1999 / Published online: 6 March 2000     

Violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in the macroscopic regime

We have observed a violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in the macroscopic regime by more than 8 standard deviations. The violation has been obtained while filtering out only the low-frequency noise of the quantum-correlated beams that results from the technical noise of the laser used to generate them. We use bright intensity-difference squeezed beams produced by four-wave mixing as the source of the correlated fields. We also demonstrate that squeezing does not necessarily imply a violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.     

About the Mixing and CP Violation in Neutrino System

Suppose that the geometrical explanation to the weak CP phase in quark sector is also valid for neutrinos, the mixing and CP violation in neutrino system are discussed. We find that a J_Cp larger than 3 × 10^-3 implies the large-mixing solution for solar neutrino problem. In the case of bi-maximal mixing, we predict relative large CP violation with J_Cp larger than 10^-3 in neutrino system, except the third mixing angle approaching to 0 or π/2 very closely.     

Violation of the entropic area law for fermions

We investigate the scaling of the entanglement entropy in an infinite translational invariant fermionic system of any spatial dimension. The states under consideration are ground states and excitations of tight-binding Hamiltonians with arbitrary interactions. We show that the entropy of a finite region typically scales with the area of the surface times a logarithmic correction. Thus, in contrast with analogous bosonic systems, the entropic area law is violated for fermions. The relation between the entanglement entropy and the structure of the Fermi surface is discussed, and it is proven that the presented scaling law holds whenever the Fermi surface is finite. This is, in particular, true for all ground states of Hamiltonians with finite range interactions.