Gravity and large black holes in Randall-Sundrum II braneworlds

We show how to construct low energy solutions to the Randall-Sundrum II (RSII) model by using an associated five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS(5)) and/or four-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT(4)) problem. The RSII solution is given as a perturbation of the AdS(5)-CFT(4) solution, with the perturbation parameter being the radius of curvature of the brane metric compared to the AdS length ?. The brane metric is then a specific perturbation of the AdS(5)-CFT(4) boundary metric. For low curvatures the RSII solution reproduces 4D general relativity on the brane. Recently, AdS(5)-CFT(4) solutions with a 4D Schwarzschild boundary metric were numerically constructed. We modify the boundary conditions to numerically construct large RSII static black holes with radius up to ~20?. For a large radius, the RSII solutions are indeed close to the associated AdS(5)-CFT(4) solution.     

The simplest black holes

A relativistic gravitational theory in (1 + 1) dimensions is presented which exhibits many of the qualitative features of (3 + 1)-dimensional general relativity. The field equations are simple enough for undergraduates to solve yet rich enough in structure to form a useful pedagogical example for exploring the qualitative features of relativistic gravitation. Black hole solutions to the field equations of the theory are derived and its relationship to Newtonian gravity is discussed in detail.     

The motion of black holes

The motion of axisymmetric non rotating black holes is discussed using the properties of Weyl solutions. It is shown that there are no such solutions representing more than one black hole or black holes and ordinary massive bodies apart from the exceptional case of a massive body which surrounds or partially surrounds a black hole. A new exact solution is obtained representing a black hole chased by a negative mass particle, both objects being uniformly accelerated and all solutions representing a single black hole tidally distorted by an external static, axisymmetric gravitational field are obtained.     

The symmetries of Kerr black holes

The Kerr solution describes, in Einstein's theory, the gravitational field of a rotating black hole. The axial symmetry and stationarity of the solution are shown here to arise in a simple way from properties of the curvature tensor.A portion of this work was completed, in part, during the summer of 1972 at the University of Texas at Dallas, Division of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, and at the Black Hole session of the Ecole d'été de Physique Théorique in Les Houches; supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation, Grants GP-8868, GP-3463 9X, GP-20023, and GU-1598; the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Grant 903-67; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Grant 44-004-001; the Westinghouse Corparation; the Clark Foundation; and the Rhodes Trust at Oxford.     

The irreversible thermodynamics of black holes

The action of quantum fluctuations of the gravitational field may be regarded as the origin of the dissipative processes associated with Hawking radiation. In this picture the black hole possesses internal coherence by virtue of the localization of its mass. The cumulative effect of the quantum fluctuations in the geometry is that this coherence is corrupted and the mass is sapped away.This essay was awarded the fourth prize for 1977 by the Gravity Research Foundation.     

The trace anomaly in coloured black holes

The influence of the trace anomaly of the energy-momentum tensor of gauge theories is discussed in a spherically symmetric space-time. It is found that for pure electric and magnetic fields, the point β(g) = ?g represents a phase transition from any asymptotically flat metric to an asymptotically non-flat metric which turns out to be confining in the electric case.     

Weighing black holes in the universe

The determination of the mass of black holes in our universe is crucial to understand their physics nature but is a great challenge to scientists. In this paper I briefly review some methods that are currently used to estimate the mass of black holes, especially those in X-ray binary systems and in galactic nuclei. Our recent progress in improving the mass estimates of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei by involving some empirical relations is presented. Finally I point out the similarities and common physics in Galactic black hole X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei, and demonstrate that the black hole mass estimation is very much helpful to understand the accretion physics around black holes.     

首次测到引力波

100年前爱因斯坦广义相对论预言引力波。它可形象地看作弯曲时空中的涟漪;天体物理过程越激烈,引力波辐射越强。当引力波传播时,时空将在垂直于传播方向挤压和拉伸。一般要发现这种极其微小的变化是非常困难的。LIGO 干涉仪臂长4 km;2015年升级改造后非常灵敏,能够检测到比原子核尺寸小得多的臂长变化。通过分析LIGO记录到的数据,美国和欧洲的科学家们推断：已经成功探测到两个黑洞合并产生的引力波。这一对黑洞距地球约13 亿光年;并合前约为太阳质量的36和29倍,并合后形成一个约62倍太阳质量黑洞。     

Fragile black holes

The AdS/CFT correspondence may give a new way of understanding field theories in extreme conditions, as in the quark–gluon plasma phase of quark matter. The correspondence normally involves asymptotically AdS black holes with dual field theories which are defined on locally flat boundary spacetimes; the implicit assumption is that the distortions of spacetime which occur under extreme conditions do not affect the field theory in any unexpected way. However, AdS black holes are [to varying degrees] fragile, in the sense that they become unstable to stringy effects when their event horizons are sufficiently distorted. This implies that field theories on curved backgrounds may likewise be unstable in a suitable sense. We investigate this phenomenon, focussing on the “fragility” of AdS₅ black holes with flat event horizons. We find that, when they are distorted, these black holes are always unstable in string theory. This may have consequences for the detailed structure of the quark matter phase diagram at extreme values of the spacetime curvature.     

The horizons of two Schwarzschild black holes

The problem investigated is that of two Schwarzschild black holes of massesm ₁ andm ₂m ₁, which are initially at rest on a time-symmetric spacelike hypersurface. An asymptotic formula asm ₂0 is found for the maximum separation betweenm ₁ andm ₂ such that a connected component of the apparent horizon encloses bothm ₁ andm ₂. The problem is solved numerically.     

The fate of magnetically charged black holes

The magnetically charged Reissner-Nordström black hole solutions of Maxwell-Einstein theory cannot evaporate completely, because their Hawking temperature tends to zero as their mass to charge ratio approaches unity. This situation changes when these solutions are considered in the context of a non-Abelian gauge theory containing nonsingular magnetic monopoles. If the horizon is sufficiently small, the Reissner-Nordström solution develops a classical instability and evolves into a new type of magnetically charged black hole solution. The temperature of these new solutions increases monotonically as the horizon contracts, so that there is no obstacle to the complete evaporation of a magnetically charged black hole.