Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上萘加氢生成十氢萘的催化反应研究

采用Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂,在高压固定床反应器中考察了反应温度、压力、空速和氢油体积比比等因素对萘饱和加氢反应行为的影响,尤其是反应条件对反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘选择性的影响。研究表明,反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘的选择性与反应操作条件密切相关;反式十氢萘与顺式十氢萘的比例随着氢油比和温度的升高而增加,而随着压力和空速的增加而减小。在反应温度260-290℃、反应压力为5-7 MPa、空速为1-1.5 h^-1及氢油体积比大于250时,十氢萘的选择性最高可达99%以上,萘的转化率接近100%,产物中反式和顺式十氢萘的比例最高,可达4.0左右。对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂稳定性进行了考察,初步发现催化活性组分的烧结或流失是催化剂失活和影响产物中反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘比例的主要原因。     

基于碳数分布和族组成分析的脱沥青油加氢异构反应产物分析及优化利用

在连续固定床小试装置中氢压9.0MPa、380℃和体积空速0.8h－1考察了脱沥青油(DAO)的加氢异构性能，采用高温GC-MS方法对DAO加氢异构实沸点蒸馏产物的碳数分布和族组成分布进行了表征。结果表明，轻组分随切割温度的上升黏度和收率增加，单环环烷烃含量急剧下降。重组分随切割温度的上升产品的碳数分布变宽变平，异构直链烷烃质量分数基本保持不变，单环环烷烃质量分数的变化对产品的黏度指数(VI)值和倾点产生显著影响。380℃以上重组分产物的VI和低温性质可满足生产不同牌号的API II类高档润滑油基础油标准。     

SAPO-11的制备及十八烷异构性能研究

采用水热法合成出不同硅铝比的SAPO-11分子筛,负载Pt后的催化剂在固定床反应器上对正十八烷进行临氢异构化反应。采用XRD、BET、SEM、TEM和NH3-TPD对载体及催化剂进行表征。考察了Si含量的变化对正十八烷临氢异构性能的影响。通过改变温度、压力、空速以及氢油比等反应参数,考察了硅铝比为0.3的0.5%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的异构化性能。确定最佳反应条件：在温度为340 ℃、压力为3 MPa、空速为1 h-1和氢油比为1000：1时,正十八烷转化率可达73.1%,煤气比为1.44,异构率为64.2%。     

糠酸一步催化法制备四氢糠酸甲酯

以糠酸、甲醇、氢气为原料,采用连续流动固定床微反应器,Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,使糠酸一步加氢甲酯化生成α-四氢糠酸甲酯.研究了反应的温度,压力,气、液体流速,进料流量等因素对催化反应的影响.结果表明:在1.5MPa,250℃,氢气空速3300 h-1,液体空速3.0 h-1(氢油比为50)时,糠酸转化率为96.6%,四氢糠酸甲酯的选择性97.2.0%,产率94.0%.催化剂稳定性较好,连续运转280小时后未见活性下降.该反应体系活性高,选择性好,反应压力低,催化剂性能稳定,操作简单,产物易分离.     

1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯制备的研究

采用贵金属钯系催化剂，以对苯二甲酸二甲酯为原料，低压加氢生成1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯。考察了温度、压力、液体空速、氢油比等对反应活性的影响，进行了200?h的催化剂寿命评价，并对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明，随着温度和氢油比的升高，转化率明显提高，选择性变化较小；液体空速增大，转化率和选择性均降低，压力对转化率和选择性影响较小。在220 ℃,4.0 MPa的条件下，对苯二甲酸二甲酯的转化率大于95%，1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯的选择性大于94%，金属钯是该催化剂的主要活性中心。     

高表面积复合氧化物Co-O-Si的制备及其催化1-己烯骨架异构和噻吩加氢脱硫活性

通过硝酸钴与硅酸钠共沉淀、辅以正丁醇干燥技术制备了具有原子分散度的Co-O-Si复合氧化物（Co/Si原子比 ≈ 0.65）,该催化剂具有较大的比表面积（562 m²/g）和较强表面酸性. 在硫化处理后,能够形成高度分散的硫化物活性组分,在模型汽油加氢处理反应中显示了较高的催化活性,在573 K时,噻吩的加氢脱硫活性可达99.4%,同时,1-己烯的骨架异构收率达到了35%. 该催化剂虽然不含Mo,其加氢脱硫活性可与工业催化剂Co-Mo/γ-Al₂O₃相当. 而在汽油深度加氢脱硫过程中,直链烯烃往往被加氢饱和,造成辛烷值损失. 该催化剂则可使部分直链烯烃发生骨架异构而生成异构烷烃,可减少深度加氢脱硫过程中的辛烷值损失.     

SAPO-11的制备及正十八烷异构性能研究

采用水热法合成出不同硅铝比的SAPO-11分子筛,负载Pt后在固定床反应器上对正十八烷进行临氢异构化.采用XRD、BET、SEM、TEM和NH_3-TPD对分子筛及催化剂进行表征.考察了不同Si含量对正十八烷临氢异构性能的影响,确定硅铝比为0.3最适宜;改变反应温度、压力、空速以及氢油比等参数,考察了0.5%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的异构化性能.结果表明:340℃、3 MPa、空速为1 h-1和氢油体积比为1 000∶1时,正十八烷转化率达到73.1%,煤汽油比1.44,异构收率64.2%.     

HZSM-5分子筛上C_(6～8)混合链烃和邻二甲苯的加氢裂化

在连续流动固定床装置上,探讨了不同酸性HZSM-5上C6~8混合链烃(以下简称混合烃)和邻二甲苯加氢裂化的变化规律,并在稳定条件下考察了反应温度、质量空速以及氢烃体积比等反应参数的影响。混合烃的加氢裂化伴随着芳构化反应,酸性较弱的HZSM-5主要发生加氢裂化反应,裂化产物以正构烷烃为主,甲烷和异构烷烃较少。酸性强的HZSM-5上,起初以芳构化反应为主,稳定之后产物分布与弱酸催化剂接近。混合烃的加氢裂化反应表现出明显的温度效应,而质量空速和氢烃体积比的影响较小。在380℃、3.0 MPa、质量空速1.02 h-1、氢烃体积比1 000的条件下,100 h内混合烃的转化率均在99%以上,稳定的裂化反应选择性在95%以上。邻二甲苯发生加氢裂化及异构、歧化反应,酸性强的HZSM-5裂化产物收率高,裂化产物分布与混合烃的基本相同。稳定的邻二甲苯裂化反应选择性小于10%。     

烷烃加氢异构化反应

综述了烷烃加氢异构化反应中的正碳离子异构和裂化机理、孔口与钥匙锁催化、择形催化及双分子机理,详细论述了分子筛基双功能催化剂酸性、金属、金属酸位比、孔道、晶粒尺寸和催化剂改性对烷烃加氢异构反应活性、异构选择性等的影响。论述了近期烷烃加氢异构催化剂改性的新方法。提出针对不同催化剂体系,根据反应机理提高异构催化剂活性和选择性的途径。     

Ni2P/HZSM5上噻吩加氢脱硫性能研究

采用程序升温还原方法制备了Ni2P/HZSM5催化剂。用X射线衍射 (XRD)、低温N2吸附（BET）、扫描电镜(SEM)等技术对催化剂样品的物相、比表面积、形貌等性质进行了表征。在连续微反系统中测定了Ni2P/HZSM5催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫催化活性；研究了Ni2P负载量、前驱体中Ni/P摩尔比对催化剂的物相及性能的影响，考察了空速、反应温度、反应压力等操作条件对催化剂上噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响。实验结果表明，Ni2P/HZSM5催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫反应具有较高的活性和稳定性。随着Ni2P负载量、前驱体中Ni/P摩尔比的增加，催化剂的活性和稳定性先升高后降低。反应温度和体积空速对Ni2P/HZSM5催化剂的噻吩加氢脱硫性能有较明显的影响，反应压力和进料氢油比的影响相对较小。     

Catalytic properties of CoMo/Al2O3 sulfide catalysts in the hydrorefining of straight-run diesel fraction mixed with rapeseed oil

CoMo/Al₂O₃ sulfide catalysts varying in preparation method and Co/Mo ratio have been tested in the hydrorefining of a mixture of straight-run diesel fraction and rapeseed oil in a flow reactor at a temperature of 340–360°C, a hydrogen pressure of 4.0–7.0 MPa, and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1–2 h^?1. A comparison between catalysts prepared using citric acid (CoMo/Al₂O₃-1.5) and both citric and orthophosphoric acids (CoMoP/Al₂O₃-1.5) as promoters, with Co/Mo = 0.3 and 0.5, has demonstrated that the most active catalyst in hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation is the phosphorus-containing Co/Mo ≈ 0.5 sample. The addition of rapeseed oil to straight-run diesel fraction lowers the hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation activities of the CoMo sulfide catalysts, irrespective of the method by which they were prepared. The fatty acid triglyceride conversion selectivity of these catalysts depends on the Co/Mo ratio and on reaction conditions: decreasing the Co/Mo ratio from 0.46 to 0.26, lowering the reaction temperature, and raising the hydrogen pressure and hydrogen-to-feedstock ratio increase the C¹⁸/C¹⁷ hydrocarbon ratio in the hydrogenated product. The addition of rapeseed oil improves the quality of the product; however, for attaining the preset residual sulfur level in this case, the process needs to be conducted at a higher temperature than the hydrorefining of straight-run diesel fraction containing no admixture.     

工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂上二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫动力学

以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为含硫模型化合物, 在高压滴流床反应装置中,考察了工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂（RN-10）的加氢脱硫(HDS)动力学规律,研究了氢分压（1.5 MPa～4.5 MPa）、氢油体积比（150~700）、液体质量空速(15 h-1~60 h-1）、反应温度（280 ℃~380 ℃）等对DBT的HDS反应结果的影响。结果表明,当氢分压和氢油体积比较大时,两者变化对DBT的转化率基本无影响;温度对DBT的转化率影响较大,提高温度可有效提高DBT的转化率,随着温度的升高,DBT转化率的增加逐渐变缓。采用2级平推流反应动力学模型对不同温度实验数据进行了拟合,求得了不同温度的表观反应速率常数,模型的相关系数>0.989。活化能计算结果表明,RN-10催化剂在高反应温度区(>330 ℃)的DBT的HDS活化能明显低于较低温度时的活化能,分别为13.4 kJ/mol和121.4 kJ/mol。对于RN-10催化剂,不可单纯地通过提高反应温度来大幅度提高HDS转化率。     

全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上环烷环开环反应的研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置上考察了Y与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及Y分子筛催化剂上温度、剂油比对全氢菲裂化环烷环开环反应的影响。结果表明,全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成环己烷、十氢萘等单环或双环环烷烃;单环或双环环烷烃进一步侧链断裂生成2-甲基戊烷、甲基己烷等异构烷烃等,异构化生成二甲基环戊烷、甲乙基环戊烷等烷基环戊烷,氢转移生成苯、甲苯、二甲苯等烷基苯,进行深度氢转移反应生成萘、烷基萘等双环芳烃;另外,全氢菲也会通过脱氢缩合生成菲、芘等三环以上芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,其裂化开环反应的选择性在Y分子筛催化剂上比在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上高。因此,全氢菲环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(s(NRO)/s(DHC))在Y分子筛催化剂上较高;在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为475~550 ℃、剂油比为3.0~9.0,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,导致环烷环开环反应产物选择性降低。     

Methanol steam reforming in a dense Pd–Ag membrane reactor: The pressure and WHSV effects on CO-free H2 production

In this experimental work, a dense tubular Pd–Ag membrane reactor is used for carrying out the methanol steam reforming reaction for producing a CO-free hydrogen stream. A non-commercial Cu/Zn/Mg-based catalyst is used in the lumen side of the membrane reactor and the experimental tests are performed at a reaction temperature of 300 °C and H₂O/CH₃OH feed molar ratio of 3/1. In both co-current and counter-current flow configurations, the effect of the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) as well as the reaction pressure on the membrane reactor performances in terms of CO-free hydrogen recovery, hydrogen yield and hydrogen selectivity are proposed and discussed.     

Steam-reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production

Production of hydrogen by steam-reforming of ethanol has been performed using different catalytic systems. The present review focuses on various catalyst systems used for this purpose. The activity of catalysts depends on several factors such as the nature of the active metal catalyst and the catalyst support, the precursor used, the method adopted for catalyst preparation, and the presence of promoters as well as reaction conditions like the water-to-ethanol molar ratio, temperature, and space velocity. Among the active metals used to date for hydrogen production from ethanol, promoted-Ni is found to be a suitable choice in terms of the activity of the resulting catalyst. Cu is the most commonly used promoter with nickel-based catalysts to overcome the inactivity of nickel in the water-gas shift reaction. γ-Al₂O₃ support has been preferred by many researchers because of its ability to withstand reaction conditions. However, γ-Al₂O₃, being acidic, possesses the disadvantage of favouring ethanol dehydration to ethylene which is considered to be a source of carbon deposit found on the catalyst. To overcome this difficulty and to obtain the long-term catalyst stability, basic oxide supports such as CeO₂, MgO, La₂O₃, etc. are mixed with alumina which neutralises the acidic sites. Most of the catalysts which can provide higher ethanol conversion and hydrogen selectivity were prepared by a combination of impregnation method and sol-gel method. High temperature and high water-to-ethanol molar ratio are two important factors in increasing the ethanol conversion and hydrogen selectivity, whereas an increase in pressure can adversely affect hydrogen production.     

Computational Study on Thermodynamic Properties of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Process

Using the highly accurate G4 method, we computed the thermodynamic data of 1287 possible reaction products under a wide range of reaction conditions in the Fischer-Tropcsh synthesis (FTS) process. These accurate thermodynamic data provide basic thermodynamic quantities for the actual chemical engineering process and are useful in analyzing product distribution because FTS demonstrates many features of an equilibrium-controlled system. Our results show that the number of thermodynamically allowed products to increase when lowering temperature, raising pressure, and raising H₂/CO ratio. At low temperature, high pressure and high H₂/CO ratio, many products are thermodynamically allowed and the selectivity of product has to be controlled by kinetic factors. On the other hand, high selectivity of lighter products can be realized in thermodynamics by raising temperature and lowering pressure. We found that the equilibrium product yield will reach a maximum and remain unchanged when lowering temperature, raising pressure, and raising H₂/CO ratio to some limits, implying that optimizing reaction conditions has no effect on equilibrium product yields beyond these limits. The thermodynamic analysis is also useful in designing and evaluating FTS reaction mechanisms. We found that reaction pathways through formaldehyde should be discarded because of its extremely low equilibrium yield. Recently, in the FTS process using metal-oxide-zeolite catalysts for the highly selective production of C₂-C₄ olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons, there are several guesses on the possible reaction intermediates entering the zeolite channel. Our results show that ketene, methanol, and dimethyl ether are three possible reaction intermediates.     

Ni/Al2O3改性催化剂催化重整生物油模拟物制氢研究

制备了Ni/Al₂O₃、Ni-Cu/Al₂O₃、Ni-Co/Al₂O₃和Ni-Co-Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂,研究了Co和Cu对生物油水蒸气催化重整的影响。实验表明,Co 能促进水汽变换(WGS)反应,提高氢气的产率,Cu能抑制反应中焦炭的形成,提高催化剂的稳定性。对催化剂Ni-Co-Cu/Al₂O₃进行工艺条件考察,当900 ℃、水油比为6 g/g、质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1时,碳选择性达到87.5%,氢气产率达到84.2%,潜在氢气产率达到92.4%。     

正庚烷在β沸石负载碳化钼催化剂上的异构化研究

利用程序升温还原法制备了β沸石负载碳化钼催化剂。XRD表征显示,利用正戊烷作为碳源得到了对异构化具有活性的βMo2C。以正庚烷为模型反应物,在连续流动固定床反应装置上考察了温度、压力、空速和氢烃比对βMo2C/β沸石催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。获得了β沸石负载碳化钼催化剂上正庚烷异构化的最佳反应条件温度270℃～275℃,压力1.0MPa～1.5MPa,体积空速1.0h－1,氢烃体积比200∶1。在最佳条件下反应物转化率为82%,选择性和异构产物收率分别达到71%和58%。     

十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上的开环反应研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中研究了Y分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的十氢萘裂化开环反应性能,考察了温度和剂油比对Y分子筛开环反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃以及苯、C_1~4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃,并通过脱氢缩合反应生成四氢萘、萘、甲基萘和菲、芘等多环芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的裂化开环反应选择性比Y分子筛催化剂的高,因此,十氢萘环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(NRO/DHC)在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上较高。在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为450~550 ℃、剂油比为3~9,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。