Cr2O3-Rh/Ga2O3光催化分解水的时间分辨红外光谱研究

研究半导体光催化分解水反应中光生电荷动力学和助催化剂的作用对理解其反应机理至关重要.一般来说,助催化剂不仅可以促进半导体/助催化剂界面处的光生电荷高效分离,而且可以作为反应活性中心来直接催化表面氧化或还原反应.Cr2O3-Rh是一种重要的产氢助催化剂,通过担载Cr2O3-Rh助催化剂来提高光催化分解水的策略被应用到许多...     

SrTiO3的合成及其光催化还原CO2的性能

本文采用水热合成法制备钙钛矿型半导体光催化剂钛酸锶,紫外光激发下,在甲醇溶液中还原CO2制得甲酸甲酯,并通过负载Ag降低了电子与空穴的复合几率,有效地提高了光催化活性。同时,发现了Ag的负载量、负载方法以及表面活性剂对光催化活性的影响规律。借助XRD分析了催化剂的晶型并计算出颗粒的粒径,SEM、TEM、HRTEM观测了催化剂颗粒的形貌,UV-vis吸收光谱检测了其光激发特性。最终,获得了一步水热法制备Ag含量为5wt%的Ag/SrTiO3具有较高催化活性的优化实验结果。     

时间分辨光谱方法用于Eu^3^＋络合物发光动力学的研究

稀土有机络合物是一类重要的发光物质,它在生物化学等领域已得到广泛应用。络合物中有机配位体的单重态S_1吸收的光能可能通过三重态T_1传递到稀土离子,使稀土离子内壳层4f电子受到激发,进而发出稀土离子的特征荧光。其能量传递过程见图1。稀土有机络合物的能量传递和发光动力学过程的研究愈来愈引起人们的重视,而激光瞬态光谱技术的发展使这种研究更加深入。本工作采用激光时间分辨光谱的方法,研究了在Eu(TTA)_3和Eu(DB)_3中Eu~(3+)的激发态~5D_1和~5D_0上粒子数布居的途径及发光动力学过程。     

原位红外光谱法研究Gd3+掺杂TiO2光催化降解乙烯性能

随着环境污染的日益严重,寻求环境友好、节能、高效的污染治理技术已成为各国科学研究者致力的目标。以TiO2半导体为主的多相光催化氧化技术因与传统污染处理技术相比具有许多优点而倍受青睐,但是,目前以TiO2为基础的光催化技术还存在量子效率低、太阳能利用率低等技术难题[1,2     

Gd-N共掺杂SrTiO3/TiO2复合纳米纤维制备及光催化性能

以静电纺丝技术制备的TiO_2纳米纤维为基质和反应物,结合一步水热法制得Gd-N共掺杂SrTiO_3/TiO_2复合纳米纤维光催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)和荧光光谱(PL)等方法对其微观结构、形貌和光学性能进行表征。结果表明:SrTiO_3和TiO_2形成异质结能够使光生电子和空穴得到很好的分离,而Gd-N共掺杂产生新带隙,可以拓宽光谱响应范围至可见光区,并引起晶格缺陷,成为光生电子-空穴对的浅势捕获阱。Gd-N共掺杂与异质结的协同作用有效提高了SrTiO_3/TiO_2复合纳米纤维的可见光催化活性。     

La掺杂在BiOBr光催化剂氧化和还原性能调控中的不同作用

同时使用有机溴源十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）和无机溴源NaBr,通过溶剂热法合成了具有层状类囊体结构的La掺杂BiOBr光催化剂。通过第一性原理（DFT）计算了La掺杂对BiOBr能带结构的影响。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱及荧光光谱对催化剂进行了表征。在可见光照射下,以光催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ和氨氮废水测试了La-BiOBr的氧化性能;以亚甲基蓝为还原指示剂,测试了La-BiOBr的还原性能。研究表明,La的掺杂可以促进晶粒的堆积。而且BiOBr的氧化性能和还原性能分别被促进和抑制,即La的掺杂促进了BiOBr光催化剂的氧化性能,抑制了其还原性能。     

La掺杂在BiOBr光催化剂氧化和还原性能调控中的不同作用

同时使用有机溴源十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）和无机溴源NaBr，通过溶剂热法合成了具有层状类囊体结构的La掺杂BiOBr光催化剂。通过第一性原理（DFT）计算了La掺杂对BiOBr能带结构的影响。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱及荧光光谱对催化剂进行了表征。在可见光照射下，以光催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ和氨氮废水测试了La-BiOBr的氧化性能；以亚甲基蓝为还原指示剂，测试了La-BiOBr的还原性能。研究表明，La的掺杂可以促进晶粒的堆积。而且BiOBr的氧化性能和还原性能分别被促进和抑制，即La的掺杂促进了BiOBr光催化剂的氧化性能，抑制了其还原性能。     

一步热聚合法制备K、Mn共掺杂g-C3N4复合光催化剂应用于CO2还原

以尿素和KMnO₄为原料,采用一步热聚合法制备了K、 Mn共掺杂g-C₃N₄复合催化剂,并将其应用于光催化CO₂还原. XRD、 FT-IR、 TEM-EDS、 XPS表征结果表明, K和Mn元素成功地共掺杂到g-C₃N₄骨架构成n-π*共轭形式,部分Mn元素以MnO₂的形式存在.通过色谱对产物进行检测,所有样品的主要产物为CO和CH₄,其中K、Mn共掺杂g-C₃N₄样品较纯的g-C₃N₄样品表现出更高的CO和CH₄产率,最高分别是纯g-C₃N₄的1.82倍和2.18倍.表征发现, K、 Mn共掺杂g-C₃N₄复合催化剂的CO₂还原性能的提升得益于扩展的可见光利用率和光致载流子的加速分离和转移.     

锡掺杂Bi2O3可见光响应光催化剂的制备及性能

以硝酸铋和四氯化锡为原料,采用浸渍法制备了纯Bi2O3和Sn掺杂Bi2O3光催化剂。利用X射线光电子能谱、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱和光致发光光谱对样品进行了表征。在可见光下,利用2,4-二氯苯酚水溶液的光催化降解作为探针反应,考察了样品的可见光催化活性。结果表明,浸渍法能较好地实现Sn的掺杂,催化剂中掺杂剂Sn的价态为+4价,以锡的氧化物形式存在于Bi2O3晶格间隙或晶粒表面。并且掺杂适量的Sn,可有效抑制Bi2O3晶相由四方相向单斜相的转变,拓宽了Bi2O3的可见光响应范围,有效阻止了光生电子和空穴的复合,从而提高了Bi2O3的可见光催化活性。当Sn的掺杂量为2%时(物质的量的分数),Bi2O3具有最好的可见光催化活性。     

时间分辨红外发射光谱法对自由基反应的研究

In the past fifteen years,free radical reactions in the gaseous phase have been widely studied by timeresolved fourier transform spectroscopy. Sloan et al. first investigated O（1D）reactions and then Leone and Hancock groups studied O（3P）reactions. Later,Kong,Zhu et al. investigated small radical,including CH,CH2,CH3,C2H3,C2H5,C2H,C3H3 and C3H5,reacting with the molecules of O2,NO,N2O,NO2 . For each reaction,nascent products and primary channels are observed in the IR spectrum. Combining with ab initio theoretical investigations,the reaction mechanisms are almost understood.     

Synthesis and electrophoretic deposition of high-dielectric-constant SrTiO3 nanoparticles

We have investigated on the synthesis of SrTiO₃ nanoparticles whose bulk exhibits dielectric constant of 300, and their colloidal dispersion. As a result, we successfully synthesized SrTiO₃ nanoparticles with an average diameter of 134–485 nm measured by a scanning electron microscopic observation. The SrTiO₃ nanoparticles with a negative charge (ζ = −25 to −31 mV) can be dispersed as colloidal nanoparticles in water, and the average diameter in the dispersion were 138–356 nm measured by a dynamic light scattering technique. The colloidal dispersion of SrTiO₃ nanoparticles is promising for fabrication of low-voltage organic field-effect transistors (FETs) by a wet-processing fabrication. We have also successfully prepared SrTiO₃ films with a thickness of 1–10 μm on n-doped silicon substrates by an electrophoretic deposition technique. The SrTiO₃ films on the silicon substrates are likely used as dielectric gate insulator to low-voltage organic FETs after a sintering treatment.     

基于镧和铬共掺杂钛酸锶产氢光催化剂构建Z机制全分解水体系（英文）

光催化剂的晶体结构、电子结构、表面结构等都会对自身性质产生决定性的作用,因此认识和理解光催化材料自身结构和光催化性能之间的内在联系有助于设计合成更高效的光催化剂以及光催化复合体系.本文通过聚合络合法和溶胶凝胶水热法分别制备了镧和铬共掺杂的光催化剂,标记为和在碘化钠或甲醇作为牺牲试剂的产氢反应中,担载Pt的样品显示了光催化活性,而担载Pt的样品活性很低,甚至无活性.我们将这两种材料分别作为产氢光催化剂与三氧化钨耦合构建Z机制全分解水体系.研究发现,只有体系观察到了氢气和氧气的产生.在第一个10 h的循环反应中,产生的摩尔比为3.7,明显高于水分解为2的化学计量比.这是因为在反应起始时加入的是Na I,质子还原产氢反应占据了主导.随着氢气的不断产生,部分I-被氧化成了IO_3-,而IO_3-的存在就可以驱动氧气的产生,由于溶液中氧化还原电的共存就可以持续驱动氢气和氧气的同时生成.为了测试体系的稳定性,我们将前面产生的气体完全抽空后又进行第二次10 h的循环反应,总共进行三次循环反应.在第一次循环过程中氢气、氧气生成速率分别为9.1和2.4mmol h~(–1),第二次循环其速率分别为9.9和3.7mmol h~(–1),第三次循环速率分别达到10.4和4.9mmol h~(–1).此外,通过三次循环后摩尔比为2.1,接近水分解的化学计量比.结合紫外可见漫反射光谱和Mott-Schottky曲线可以确定两种样品的能带位置.从能带位置示意图可知,两种样品都具有足够负的导带电势还原质子产氢以及足够正的价带电势氧化水产氧.需要指出的是样品的导带电势比样品的导带电势更负,这意味着前者的导带电势更有利于还原质子产氢.霍尔效应测试的结果表明,两种样品均显示出n型半导体的特征,此外样品显示出比样品更快的载流子迁移率以及更高的载流子浓度.因此,两种样品不同的导带位置以及不同的载流子迁移率和载流子浓度很可能是造成两者光催化性能具有显著差异的主要原因.     

Matrix isolation infrared spectroscopic investigation of the coordination chemistry and reactivity of OVF3

The matrix isolation technique has been combined with infrared spectroscopy to identify and characterize the product of the codeposition of OVF₃ with NH₃ and with a series of nitrogen and oxygen donor bases into argon matrices at 14 K. This codeposition led to the formation of the isolated 1:1 complexes between OVF₃ and these bases. Each complex was characterized spectroscopically, including strong shifts to the V–F stretching modes, and a lesser shift to the V=O stretching mode. Numerous perturbed vibrational modes of the base subunits were noted, including a strong, 230 cm⁻¹ blue shift to the symmetric bending mode of NH₃. The magnitudes of these shifts indicate that OVF₃ is a moderate strength Lewis acid. However, in contrast to analogous reactions with OVCl₃, no further thermal or photochemical transformations of the complex occurred. Theoretical calculations were also carried out in support of the experimental work.     

Optical spectroscopy of chromium doped (CH3)2NH2X(SO4)2·6H2O (X=Al, Ga) single crystals

Chromium doped (CH₃)₂NH₂Al(SO₄)₂·6H₂O (DMAAlS) and (CH₃)₂NH₂Ga(SO₄)₂·6H₂O (DMAGaS) single crystals were grown and investigated using the methods of optical spectroscopy. It was found that the Cr³⁺ ions in the two crystals are situated in a strong crystal field in which the ²E state is the lowest. The single narrow R-line associated with the ²E–⁴A₂ phosphorescence of Cr³⁺ in DMAAlS in a ferroelectric phase indicates an undistorted octahedral site, whereas important distortion of O_h symmetry and structural disorder was inferred from spectral data obtained with DMAGaS:Cr³⁺ in a low temperature phase. Results of optical investigation are discussed taking into account the structural data.     

微乳液中球形及棒状SrTiO3纳米粒子的控制合成

以氢氧化锶和钛酸四丁酯为原料, 在水溶液/Triton X-100/环己烷/正己醇反相微乳液体系中制备了直径约为20～80 nm的钛酸锶球形纳米粒子和长约300～1200 nm、直径约为30～150 nm的钛酸锶纳米棒. 用XRD, ICP, TEM, SAED和SEM对样品的结构、成分和形貌进行了表征; 用DLS分析了样品的粒度分布. 结果显示, 水与表面活性剂的物质的量比(ω₀)、反应物浓度、陈化时间等因素都能影响钛酸锶纳米粒子的形貌和尺寸. 所得钛酸锶的锶钛物质的量比约为1.0, 粒度分布较窄, 为立方相单晶结构.     

Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Mn-Doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3-MgTiO3 Composite Ceramics

Barium strontium titanate (Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃, BST) nano-powders were prepared using Ba(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, oxalic acid dehydrate, and tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC4H9)4) as precursors by the chemical co-precipitation method. The product was characterized by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicated that the resulting Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ nano-powders were homogeneous with agglomerated nature. The Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃-MgTiO₃ (BST-MT) bulk composite ceramics doped by Mn were obtained by the traditional solid phase method. The XRD patterns demonstrated that Mn-doped BST was unable to change the perovskite crystalline structure of BST materials. SEM photographs revealed that the crystalline grains became larger with increasing the content of doping Mn (<1.5% (x, molar fraction)) and then the size of grains decreased after the Mn content exceeded 1.5% in the BST ceramics, suggesting the effect of Mn doping on the morphologies of BST-MT composites. The dielectric properties of BST-MT composite ceramics doped with 0.1%-2.0% (x) Mn were investigated systematically. Two effects of Mn doping on the dielectric properties of the BST-MT composite ceramics were observed. At low Mn doping concentrations (<1.5%), Mn mainly acted as an acceptor dopant to replace Ti at the B site of ABO3 perovskite structure, leading to a diffused phase transition. It was also observed that the grain size increased drastically as the Mn content increased and thus caused the decrease of dielectric loss. At higher Mn doping concentrations (>1.5%), the grain size decreased and the suppression of permittivity and the drastic increase of the dielectric losses were observed, which indicated a “composite” mixing effect.     

Electronic structure and visible light photocatalysis water splitting property of chromium-doped SrTiO3

Cr-doped SrTi_1−xCr_xO₃ (x=0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10) powders, prepared by solvothermal method, were further characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy. The UV-vis spectra indicate that the SrTi_1−xCr_xO₃ powders can absorb not only UV light like pure SrTiO₃ powder but also the visible-light spectrum (λ>420 nm). The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculation illuminate that the visible-light absorption bands in the SrTi_1−xCr_xO₃ catalyst are attributed to the band transition from the Cr 3d to the Cr 3d+Ti 3d hybrid orbital. The photocatalytic activities of chromium-doped SrTiO₃ both under UV and visible light are increased with the increase in the amounts of chromium.     

Time-resolved optical emission spectroscopic measurements of He plasma induced by a high-power CO2 pulsed laser

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of helium plasma, initially at room temperature and pressures ranging from 12 to 101 kPa was investigated using a transverse excitation atmospheric CO₂ pulsed laser (λ = 9.621 and 10.591 μm, a full width at half maximum of 64 ns, and an intensity from 1.5 to 5.36 GW cm⁻²). The helium breakdown spectrum is mainly due to electronic relaxation of excited He, He⁺ and H. Plasma characteristics were examined in detail on the emission lines of He and He⁺ by the time-integrated and time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy technique. Optical breakdown threshold intensities, ionization degree and plasma temperatures were obtained. An auxiliary metal mesh target was used to analyze the temporal evolution of the species in the plasma. The results show a faster decay of the continuum emission and He⁺ species than in the case of neutral He atoms. The velocity and kinetic energy distributions for He and He⁺ species were obtained from time-of-flight measurements. Electron density in the laser-induced plasma was estimated from the analysis of spectral data at various times from the laser pulse incidence. Temporal evolution of electron density has been used for the estimation of the three-body electron-ion recombination rate constant.     

Electrochemical reactions of La(Ni,Cr)O3 and La(Ni,Fe)O3 in acidic aqueous solutions

Voltammetry of immobilised microcrystalline perovskites La(Ni,Cr)O₃ and La(Ni,Fe)O₃ revealed that these oxides yield three types of reactions in acidic aqueous solutions (0.1 M HClO₄): irreversible oxidative dissolution of Cr-rich oxides, irreversible reductive dissolution of Fe-rich oxides, and a quasi-reversible reaction most likely related to alteration of the valencies of Cr, Fe and/or Ni in the solid state. The samples of La(Cr_{1− x} Ni _x )O₃ with x = 0.3 and 0.5 especially showed limited cycling stability that is particularly surprising in the very strongly acidic solution. Received: 4 January 1999 / Accepted: 16 February 1999