加强消防安全教育提高紧急应对能力

加强中学生的消防安全教育,提高学生的紧急应对能力,是学校素质教育的内容,也是中学化学教师的责任.介绍了火灾的分类、灭火的方法、灭火剂的性能与应用以及紧急逃生技巧等消防安全常识,旨在充实消防安全教育的内容.     

阻燃剂及材料的阻燃处理

阻燃剂是能够保护材料不着火或使火焰难以蔓延的化学物质。介绍了常见阻燃剂的种类、阻燃机理、材料的阻燃处理及新型阻燃剂的发展,以增强人们对阻燃技术领域的认识和了解。     

Thermal stability and fire reaction of poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites using natural clays and FR additives

Thermal stability and fire retardancy of poly(1,4‐butanediol succinate) (PBS) nanocomposites with sepiolite and 2 halloysites was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Despite detrimental influence on thermal stability, confirmed by the use of isoconversional methods, nanoclays improve PBS fire behavior, studied using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and cone calorimeter. Combinations of nanoclays with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum diethyl phosphinate at 20 wt% global loading were tested using cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m². It was noticed that the formation of protective structures of metallic phosphates with APP improves fire performance. The influence of ternary compositions combining sepiolite, APP, and lignin on fire performance was investigated. The composition having equimassic loading of each component leads to strong reductions in peak of heat release rate and Maximum of Average Heat Release Evolved (MAHRE) through the formation of a cohesive protective residue, containing new types of metallic phosphates and reinforced by sepiolite particles. This composition also allows smoke release rate to be minimized.     

K金饰品中金含量的检测方法比对

目前实验室对金首饰金含量的主要检测方法为火试金法、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）法和电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法.当测试结果出现争议时,国家标准GB 11887-2012中以火试金法作为仲裁方法.采用上述3种不同的金含量测试方法分别对14K、18K和22K饰品的金含量进行测定,并对3种方法检测结果进行比对.结果发现,在3种方法均可满足样品分析对准确度的要求时,以火试金法为基准,XRF法与ICP-AES法对同纯度的金首饰检测结果的相对误差差异较大,XRF法的结果可满足检测要求,而ICP-AES法的结果无法满足检测要求.其中,XRF法的相对误差为0.05%~0.77%,ICP-AES法的相对误差为1.24%~3.89%.从结果来看,低纯度的K金饰品使用XRF法的检测结果要更接近于火试金法.     

Fire properties of silylated α‐zirconium phosphate composites based on polystyrene

α‐zirconium phosphate (ZrP) (prepared by both reflux and hydrothermal methods) is silylated with chlorotrimethylsilane and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Polystyrene/silylated‐ZrP composites show higher thermal stability as the ZrP content increases. Cone calorimetry suggests that the reduction of the peak heat release rate of polystyrene (PS)/ZrP composites does not increase as the ZrP loading increases; the aspect ratio of ZrP has little effect in fire performance of PS/ZrP composites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relation between forest fuels composition and energy emitted during their thermal degradation

In this work, calorimetric experiments were performed in order to study the thermal oxidative degradation of rockrose, heather, strawberry tree and pine. Firstly, lignin, holocellulose and cellulose were extracted from the fuels and their contents were calculated according to normalized chemical methods. Then, Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used under air sweeping with dynamic mode on the temperature range [400–900 K] in order to obtain reaction enthalpy. Finally, a simple enthalpy model was developed based on the enthalpy of the thermal degradation of each biopolymer with their respective proportions in the fuels. The results showed that the model agreed satisfactorily to experimental data.     

煤炭自燃防火及灭火技术研究进展

综述了近年来煤炭自燃防火及灭火技术和方法的研究现状;简单概括了煤炭自燃机理、过程、基本规律及必备条件,分析了各种煤炭自燃防火及灭火技术的优缺点,进而总结了其存在的问题,并就其发展趋势和后续研究方向提出了建议.     

A study of fire retardant blooming in HIPS by molecular modeling

The blooming process of two fire retardants: FR 1808 (by DSBG) and FR 8010 (by Albemarle) in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) was studied using experimental and computational methods. The degree of blooming was determined by accelerated aging followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. Several levels of computational tools were used. On the molecular level, forced diffusion, calculations showed that the relative diffusion coefficient of FR 1808 in pure polystyrene (PS) is significantly higher than that of FR 8010. It was shown that this diffusion coefficient could be reduced by the addition of chloroprene and polychloroprene. Cohesive energy density (CED) solubility parameter and heat of mixing calculations showed that FR 1808 was compatible in PS, with an even higher compatibility in the interface of PS and butadiene in HIPS. TEM micrographs were in agreement with these findings. A three‐stage blooming mechanism was suggested: FR 1808 accumulates in the PS butadiene interface and diffuses to the surface, through the butadiene inclusions, due to FR 1808 concentration gradient. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火场助燃剂检验鉴定的干扰研究进展

火灾是影响公共安全最为常见的灾害之一,而放火更是严重威胁人民群众生命财产安全,属于典型的暴力犯罪.犯罪嫌疑人为了达到有效快速放火的目的,往往使用助燃剂实施放火,因而助燃剂的检验鉴定对于认定火灾性质起着至关重要的作用.然而火场情况复杂,容易对助燃剂物证检验鉴定产生较大干扰.在火灾发生发展的过程中,火场高温热环境会作用于已...     

The Effect of Magnesium Chloride Hydrate on the Fire Retardation of Cellulosic Fibers

Thermal analysis was used to investigate the effect of the addition of magnesium chloride hexahydrate as a fire retardant to cellulosic fibers. The kinetics of the decomposition of the cellulosic material were first studied. The decomposition of the dry salt was also investigated and three steps disclosed. Then, the fabrics were impregnated into salt solutions of different concentrations and the loss in mass was followed by thermal analysis. The percent loss in mass was compared to that of pure cellulosic fabric at different temperatures. It was found that there is an appreciable improvement in fire retardation at a minimum percent add-on of the salt of 35%. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

森林泥炭的热解特性及热解动力学

泥炭阴燃是森林地下火的主要燃烧形式之一, 研究泥炭的热解规律对认识其阴燃机理及地下火蔓延机理有重要意义. 本文使用荧光光谱分析技术测定了我国东北林区一种典型泥炭样品的主要元素组成, 并使用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)技术研究了泥炭样品在惰性气氛中的热解规律. 实验结果表明, 泥炭样品主要由45种元素构成. 从常温到1073 K高温的升温过程中, 泥炭样品的质量损失过程可以分为三个阶段, 依次为水分损失阶段、有机质热解阶段和矿物质分解阶段. 对于泥炭阴燃密切相关的有机质热解阶段, 结合热分析动力学理论和优化计算方法, 建立了描述泥炭有机质热解动力学规律的三组分叠加反应模型.     

火试金-重量法测定阳极铜中的金和银

阳极铜是铜电解过程的重要产品,其中含有一定量的金、银等贵金属,快速准确地测定阳极铜中的贵金属含量,具有重要的现实意义。采用火试金重量法可以同时且快速地测定出样品中的金量和银量,试样与适量的熔剂经高温熔融,铅将金、银富集起来形成铅扣,灰吹得到金、银合粒,用硝酸分金,重量法测得金量;用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定分金液中的杂质量和金量,合粒质量减去金量及杂质量即为银量。此方法精密度好,准确度高。金、银的加标回收率在97.6%~102%,可以很好地满足阳极铜中金、银含量的测定。     

Correlating Sensory Assessment of Smoke-Tainted Wines with Inter-Laboratory Study Consensus Values for Volatile Phenols

Vineyard exposure to wildfire smoke can taint grapes and wine. To understand the impact of this taint, it is imperative that the analytical methods used are accurate and precise. This study compared the variance across nine commercial and research laboratories following quantitative analysis of the same set of smoke-tainted wines. In parallel, correlations between the interlaboratory consensus values for smoke-taint markers and sensory analyses of the same smoke-tainted wines were evaluated. For free guaiacol, the mean accuracy was 94 ± 11% in model wine, while the free cresols and 4-methylguaiacol showed a negative bias and/or decreased precision relative to guaiacol. Similar trends were observed in smoke-tainted wines, with the cresols and glycosidically bound markers demonstrating high variance. Collectively, the interlaboratory results show that data from a single laboratory can be used quantitatively to understand smoke-taint. Results from different laboratories, however, should not be directly compared due to the high variance between study participants. Correlations between consensus compositional data and sensory evaluations suggest the risk of perceivable smoke-taint can be predicted from free cresol concentrations, overcoming limitations associated with the occurrence of some volatile phenols, guaiacol in particular, as natural constituents of some grape cultivars and of the oak used for barrel maturation.     

Etude de la Degradation Thermique du Polystyrene Choc Ignifuge

The authors studied the ignifugation and the kinetic of thermal degradation of the Styrene-Butadiene copolymer with an intumescent system Ammonium polyphosphate-Pentaerythrinol-Melamine. For that, they used the thermogravimetric and oxygen index techniques. The best formulation of intumescent system which can give the optimum results is proposed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Layered silicate epoxy nanocomposites: formation of the inorganic‐carbonaceous fire protection layer

The layered silicate (LS) modification and processing parameters applied control the morphology of the LS/polymer composites. Here, increasing the surface area of the LS particles by using alternative drying processes increases dispersion towards a more typical nanocomposite morphology, which is a basic requirement for promising flame retardancy. Nevertheless, the morphology at room temperature does not act itself with respect to flame retardancy, but serves as a prerequisite for the formation of an efficient surface protection layer during pyrolysis. The formation of this residue layer was addressed experimentally for the actual pyrolysis region of a burning nanocomposite and thus our results are valid without any assumptions or compromises on the time period, dimension, surrounding atmosphere or temperature. The formation of the inorganic‐carbonaceous residue is influenced by bubbling, migration, reorientation, agglomeration, ablation, and perhaps also delamination induced thermally and by decomposition, whereas true sintering of the inorganic particles was ruled out as an important mechanism. Multiple, quite different mechanisms are relevant during the formation of the residue, and the importance of each mechanism probably differs from one nanocomposite system to another. The main fire protection effect of the surface layer in polymer nanocomposites based on non‐charring or nearly non‐charring polymers is the increase in surface temperature, resulting in a substantial increase in reradiated heat flux (heat shielding). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚氨酯树脂及其应用

聚氨酯树脂作为一种具有高强度、抗撕裂、耐磨等特性的高分子材料，在日常生活、工农业生产、医学等领域广泛应用。本文简述了聚氨酯树脂的历史，综述了其应用，介绍了几种新型聚氨酯树脂及废旧聚氨酯的回收方法。     

阻燃剂对5Ah锂离子软包电池倍率性能和安全性能的影响研究

在电解液中加入不同含量(5 %,10 %,20 %)的阻燃剂,研究了其对LiNi _0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4 O₂三元材料作为正极材料组装的5 Ah锂离子软包电池的倍率性能、过充性能和短路性能的影响. 实验结果表明,电解液中5 %体积含量的阻燃剂使软包电池在1C和2C放电时,具有最好的倍率性能;当阻燃剂的体积含量提升到20 %,在过充时,电池表面温度升高的最少;在短路实验时,电池不起火、不爆炸.     

阻燃聚丙烯酸酯胶的合成

通过溶液聚合法制得了阻燃性丙烯酸酯胶。研究了甲基丙烯酸2,4,6-三溴苯酯及引发剂用量,交联单体及反应温度、反应时间等对剥离强度的影响。研究了多元共聚丙烯酸酯胶的单体组成、合成工艺及其产品性能。结果表明,制得的胶粘剂在室温下剥离强度为19．5N／cm。     

Numerical model of a large-scale oxygen consumption fire calorimeter

The present study introduces a volumetric heat and mass source model to investigate the flow field inside the hood and duct system and optimize the sampling technique in a large scale fire calorimeter. The model was validated using experimental measurements of the oxygen depletion factor, gas temperature and heat release rate. The calculated heat release rates determined using the CFD model were in good agreement with the experiments with the maximum discrepancy between the simulations and experiments being less than 5%. A series of CFD simulations were performed to examine the effects of sampling location, and the number of sampling points on the uncertainty of the heat release calculation. Detailed flow characteristics were analyzed to understand the complicated internal duct flow.     

The effect of metal ions on thermal oxidative degradation of cotton cellulose ammonium phosphate

The thermal oxidative degradation of cellulose, and of cellulose ammonium phosphate and its metal complexes products were studied by thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The temperature of decomposition was lower for metal complexes of cellulose ammonium phosphate than those samples untreated by metal ions and the values of char yield were greater for treated cellulose than those untreated. This indicates the metal ions can catalyze the reaction of degradation and form more char. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.