Controllable Synthesis and Optical Properties of Connected Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Connected zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are successfully synthesized by a simple solution‐based chemical route that uses evaporation and concentration technology. The influences of processing parameters, especially the evaporation and concentration time on the size and morphology of the nanoparticles, have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM). The structure and optical properties are systematically characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis spectrophotometery, and fluorescence spectroscopy (FL). It is found that the average diameter and morphology are strongly affected by the evaporation and concentration time. Additionally, the formation mechanism of the nanoparticles is also discussed. The studies revealed that the evaporation and concentration are important aggregation or nucleation processes for ZnO growth, which leads to the macro‐differences in morphology. These results provide some insight into the growth mechanism of ZnO nanostructures. The synthetic strategy developed in this study may also be extended to the preparation of other nanomaterials and promising applications in various fields of nanotechnology.     

A Study of Evaporation in the TiO2-Nb2O5 Oxide System by High-Temperature Mass-Spectrometry

High-temperature mass-spectrometry was applied to study the vapor phase composition and dynamics of its variation in evaporation of oxide materials of the system TiO₂-Nb₂O₅. The incongruent nature of evaporation processes is established.     

Anomalous Melting of Poly(Phenylene Oxide)

Slow evaporation of toluene from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), PPO, at 23°C produced crystals which melt between 185 and 265°C and have a crystallinityof 0.58. About 8 wt% of the crystals appear to melt temperatures below 220°C. The lattertemperature marks the end of the glass transition interval for this polymer.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

纳米氧化铁的电化学合成

采用金属铁为"牺牲"阳极,不锈钢片为阴极,在无隔膜电解槽中,用电化学法合成纳米氧化铁.通过XRD、FTIR、TG DSC及粒径分布等测试方法对所得的纳米粒子进行了表征和分析.实验表明:离心后得到的胶体放置于40℃的真空干燥箱中干燥后,得到无定型纳米氧化铁粒子;经320℃煅烧3h后,粒子转化为γ Fe2O3,平均粒径为22.0nm;进一步提高煅烧温度,在540℃煅烧3h后,可得到平均粒径为35.2nm的α Fe2O3.     

Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Fiber Composite Membrane for Self-floating Solar-thermal Steam Production

Solar-thermal water evaporation has attracted increasing attention owing to the promising potential to solve the global clean water and energy crisis. But, the development of this strategy is limited by the lack of materials with high solar-thermal conversion efficiency, local heating of superficial water, easy preparation and low cost. Herein, we proposed a facile strategy to prepare a reduced graphene oxide/carbon fiber composite membrane, denoted as RGO/CF membrane. The surface of the RGO/CF membrane was highly hydrophobic, endowing the composite membrane with the self-floating ability on the water without any assistance. The light absorbance ability achieved as high as ca. 98% in the wavelength range of 300-1200 nm. The steam evaporation efficiency under the illumination of 3-sun was 97%, generating water steam at a rate of 4.54 kg·m^-2·h^-1. Moreover, the solar-thermal steam production rate showed high stability during successive 30 cycle tests.     

Dependence of Separation Characteristics of Pervaporation on Parameters of Membranes Composed of Cellulose Myristinate and Polyphenylene Oxide

Experimental data on evaporation of binary mixtures composed of ethanol and water, ethyl acetate and acetic acid, water and acetic acid, and ethyl acetate and water in a wide range of concentrations, across film membranes composed of cellulose myristinate and polyphenylene oxide are presented.     

Characterization of Aluminium Oxide Samples by Means of Special Thermal Analysis Techniques

Thermodesorption of benzene and water from alumina samples saturated in vacuum dessicator were studied under quasi-isothermal conditions. The Q-TG and Q-DTG curves show multi-step mass losses associated with the evaporation of liquids from pores and physisorbed liquid films from active sites with different energies. The isotherms of adsorption-desorption of nitrogen on porous alumina samples were measured using sorptomatic method and pore size distribution functions have been calculated. The correlation between porosity parameters and the volume of desorbed liquids is presented. A good agreement between above data was obtained. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gluing Ionic Liquids to Oxide Surfaces: Chemical Anchoring of Functionalized Ionic Liquids by Vapor Deposition onto Cobalt(II) Oxide

Ionic liquids (IL) hold a great potential as novel electrolytes for applications in electronic materials and energy technology. The functionality of ILs in these applications relies on their interface to semiconducting nanomaterials. Therefore, methods to control the chemistry and structure of this interface are the key to assemble new IL‐based electronic and electrochemical materials. Here, we present a new method to prepare a chemically well‐defined interface between an oxide and an IL film. An imidazolium‐based IL, which is carrying an ester group, is deposited onto cobalt oxide surface by evaporation. The IL binds covalently to the surface by thermally activated cleavage of the ester group and formation of a bridging carboxylate. The anchoring reaction shows high structure sensitivity, which implies that the IL film can be adhered selectively to specific oxide surfaces.     

掺铟氧化锌纳米盘的制备、结构及性质研究

热蒸发Zn、In₂O₃和C粉混合物, 在没有催化剂的条件下制备出掺铟氧化锌纳米盘. 纳米盘呈六边形或十二边形, 均是结晶完好的纤锌矿结构的单晶, 对角线长度约1~3 μm , 厚度40~100 nm. 纳米盘的生长是由自催化固-液-气(V-L-S)机理控制, 在实验条件下Zn和In的液滴抑制纳米盘 [0001]方向的生长. EDS分析表明, 六边形纳米盘和十二边形纳米盘中In的含量相近, 约为2.2%. 室温光致发光谱显示掺杂后的紫外发射峰位稍有蓝移, 同时半高宽(HWHM)变大, 没有观察到绿光发射峰位.     

固体氧化物燃料电池Cr毒化La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ(LSM)阴极机理

从电化学阻抗谱和阴极极化等方面对Cr毒化La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ(LSM)阴极机理进行了研究.     

Template-Based Growth of Oxide Nanorod Arrays by Centrifugation

This paper reports template-based growth of nanorod arrays by combination of sol–gel processing and centrifugation. The technical concept is simple and straightforward; centrifugation force drives the sol nanoclusters into the pores of the template, filling the pores completely to form nanorods. However, simulation reveals the formation of nanorods inside pores is more complex; centrifugation force is insufficient to overcome the energy barrier that prevents agglomeration of two nanoclusters. Thermal fluctuation and solvent evaporation upon drying are considered to be the forces leading to the eventual agglomeration of concentrated nanoclusters inside template pores. Dense nanorods with 200 nm diameter and 10 m length were readily obtained from polymeric SiO₂, colloidal SiO₂, TiO₂ and PZT sols after heat treatment.     

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of One-dimensional ZnO-Zn2SnO4 Mixed Oxide Nanowires

Mixed oxide photocatalysts, ZnO-Zn2SnO4 (ZnO-ZTO) nanowires with different sizes were prepared by a simple thermal evaporation method. The ZnO-ZTO nanowires were characterized with a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectrThe photocatalytic activity of the ZnO-ZTO mixed nanowires were studied by observing the photodegradation behaviors of methyl orange aqueous solution. The results suggest that the ZnO-ZTO mixed oxide nanowires have a higher photocatalytic activity than pure ZnO and Zn2SnO4 nanowires. The photocatalyst concentration in the solution distinctly affects the degradation rate, and our results show that higher photodegradation efficiency can be achieved with a smaller amount of ZnO-ZTO nanowire catalyst, as compared to the pure ZnO and ZTO nanowires. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity can also be enhanced by reducing the average diameter of the nanowires. The activity of pure ZnO and ZTO nanowires are also enhanced by physically mixing them. These results can be explained by the synergism between the two semiconductors.     

铝硼复合氧化物负载Pt-Sn催化剂的丙烷脱氢性能研究

采用蒸发自组装法制备铝硼复合氧化物((AlB_x)_2O_3),真空配合浸渍法制备PtSn双金属催化剂,并应用于丙烷脱氢制丙烯.采用N_2物理吸附、 SEM、 TEM、 XRD、 H_2-TPR、 NH_3-TPD、 TG和ICP-OES对催化剂进行表征.掺入B可大幅增加载体的总酸量和酸中心密度,降低酸强度.当B掺入量为Al的10%时, Cat-AB_(0.1)的总酸量是Cat-AB_0总酸量的2.45倍,且只有弱酸中心.当B掺入量为Al的50%时, Cat-AB_(0.5)的酸中心密度是Cat-AB_0的4.3倍.以铝硼复合氧化物负载的催化剂均优于纯氧化铝负载的催化剂,催化剂的脱氢活性和稳定性与载体的硼铝摩尔比之间存在如下规律:AB_(0.1)AB_(0.3)AB_(0.5)AB_0.     

氧化银纳米粒子的制备及其动态受激荧光

采用真空蒸发沉积法和辉光放电氧化法,制备了粒径在5～30 nm之间的可控、空间分布均匀、高纯度的氧化银纳米薄膜,使薄膜成岛状生长和避免光照是制备过程中的两个关键问题.用XPS分析了Ag 3d和O 1s轨道的结合能,计算了银和氧的原子比,证明其成分为Ag2O,用XRD确定了氧化银纳米薄膜最强的衍射峰分别对应Ag2O的（111）、（110）、（200）、（211）晶面族.研究了这种薄膜在可见光波段的光吸收,计算得氧化银的禁带宽度为2.8 eV.在蓝光持续照射几分钟激活后,观察到了其中纳米粒子在蓝光激发下发黄光和绿光,在绿光激发下发红光的现象,这种光致发光具有动态“闪烁”的特点.提出了氧化银光分解引入缺陷能级（如Ag3O, Ag2＋O和Ag3＋O）新的理论模型并对此现象进行定性的解释.     

Surface‐Coated Thermally Expandable Microspheres with a Composite of Polydisperse Graphene Oxide Sheets

Surface‐modified thermally expandable microcapsules (TEMs) hold potential for applications in various fields. In this work, we discussed the possible surface coating mechanism and reported the properties of TEMs coated with polyaniline (PANI) and polydisperse graphene oxide sheets (ionic liquid‐graphene oxide hybrid nanomaterial (ILs‐GO)). The surface coating of PANI/ ILs‐GO increased the corresponding particle size and its distribution range. The morphologies analyzed by scanning electron microscopy indicated that no interfacial gap was observed between the microspheres ink and substrate layer during the substrate application. The thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The addition of ILs‐GO to the polyaniline coating significantly improved the thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of the microcapsules. The evaporation of hexane present in the core of TEMs was not prevented by the coating of PANI/ ILs‐GO. The printing application of TEMs showed excellent adaptability to various flexible substrates with great 3D appearance. By incorporating a flame retardant agent into TEMs coated by PANI/ILs‐GO, finally, these TEMs also demonstrated a great flame retardant ability. We expect that these TEM‐coated PANI/ ILs‐GO are likely to have the potential to improve the functional properties for various applications.     

The effect of a polymeric additive on the evaporation of organic aerocolloidal droplets

 The evaporation of single triethyl phosphate (TEP) micro-droplets containing a high molecular weight polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMAA), was inves-tigated using an electrodynamic trap and light scattering measurements to explore the suppression of evaporation by the additive. Pure-component evaporation rates were measured to determine the vapor pressure over a range of temperatures, and the polymer was found to significantly decrease the evaporation rate. A numerical solution of the problem of simultaneous solvent evaporation and polymer diffusion within the droplet indicated a rapid build-up of PMMA at the surface of the drop, but vapor/liquid thermodynamic considerations alone do not account for the observed reduction in the evaporation rate for the droplets containing PMMA. After significant evaporation of TEP occurred, the ultra-low evaporation rate was measured using changes in the Raman spectra associated with morphology-dependent resonances. The evaporation in this regime appears to be controlled by the rate of solvent molecules diffusing through the polymer matrix. Received: 17 June 1997 Accepted: 24 October 1997     

Energy fluctuations and rate of molecule evaporation from small particles

The problem of the rate of molecule evaporation from particles with fluctuating energy, which is of importance for the nucleation theory is considered. The evaporation rate of a particle with a preset energy is estimated in terms of the detailed balance principle combined with the relation describing the energy balance during molecule evaporation from a particle. The average rates of particle evaporation calculated with regard to the energy fluctuation are shown to coincide with the rates calculated from the condition of the particle-vapor thermodynamic equilibrium. At the moment of evaporation, particles with fluctuating energy have excess energy, which is, on average, equal to the heat of molecule evaporation; however, the evaporation rate of these particles is close to the value corresponding to their thermodynamic equilibrium with vapor.     

Acetone‐Induced Graphene Oxide Film Formation at the Water–Air Interface

Graphene oxide (GO) is an amphiphilic soft material, which can accumulate at the water–air interface. However, GO sheets diffuse slowly in the aqueous phase because of their large size. It is still challenging to form high quality GO films in a controllable and simple way. In this study, we showed that GO sheets can quickly migrate to the water–air interface and form thin films when a suitable amount of acetone is directly mixed with a GO aqueous dispersion. The film formation rate and surface coverage of GO sheets depend on the volume of acetone added, GO dispersion concentration, and formation time. Among several organic solvents, acetone has its advantage for GO film formation owing to its three properties: a nonsolvent to GO aqueous dispersions, miscible with a GO aqueous dispersion, and fast evaporation. Furthermore, we have found that the film formation also is governed by the size of GO sheets and their oxygen content. Although smaller GO sheets could migrate to the water–air interface faster, the overlapping of small GO sheets and the increase in contact resistance is not desirable. A higher oxygen content in GO sheets could also result in smaller GO sheets. Multilayer GO films can be obtained through layer‐by‐layer dip‐coating. These findings open opportunities in developing simple scalable GO film fabrication processes.     

Evaporation of carbon atoms from the open surface of silicon carbide and through graphene cells: Semiempirical quantum-chemical modeling

The evaporation of silicon atoms during the epitaxial growth of graphene on the singular carbon and silicon faces of silicon carbide SiC was modeled by the semiempirical AM1 and PM3 methods. The analysis was performed for evaporation of atoms both from the open surface of SiC and through the surface of the formed graphene monolayers. The total activation barrier of the evaporation of the silicon atoms, their passage from the graphene cell, and further evaporation from graphene was shown to be lower than the barrier to evaporation of the silicon atom on a free surface of SiC. Passage through graphene is thus not the limiting stage of the process, but contributes significantly to the effective evaporation time.