Comparative Study of CuO Species on CuO/Al2O3, CuO/CeO-Al2O3 andCuO/La2O-Al2O3 Catalysts for CO Oxidation

CuO/Al2O3, CuO/CeO2-Al2O3, and CuO/La2O3-Al2O3 (denoted as Cu/Al, Cu/CeAl, and Cu/LaAl) catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method. CuO species and CuO/Al2O3 thermal solid-solid interaction were characterized by in situ XRD, Raman spectroscopy and H2-TPR techniques. For the Cu/Al catalyst, a CuAl2O4 phase exists between the CuO and Al2O3 layer and the CuO phase exists on the surface in both highly dispersed and bulk forms. For the Cu/CeAl catalyst, there is highly dispersed and bulk CuO on the surface, but most of the CuO has transferred into the internal layer of CeO2 as bulk CuO and CuAl2O4. For the Cu/LaAl catalyst, only bulk CuO is present on the surface of the catalyst and no CuAl2O4 is formed. The catalytic activity order for CO oxidation is Cu/CeAl>Cu/Al>Cu/LaAl. The highly dispersed CuO on the catalyst surface may be the active phase for CO oxidation. The results show that the addition of CeO2 not only promotes both the transference of CuO and the formation of CuAl2O4 but also favors the CO oxidation due to the association of highly dispersed CuO with CeO2, while La2O3 hinders the transference of CuO and the formation of CuAl2O4.     

Sn/Cu电极电化学还原CO2的研究

采用电沉积法制备Sn/Cu电极,由SEM观察并研究了电沉积电流密度对电极形貌的影响.在碱性三电极体系中考察了Sn/Cu电极对析氢、CO2还原的影响.发现10 mA.cm-2和15 mA.cm-2电沉积电流密度下制得的电极活性较高,尤以15 mA.cm-2时电极性能更佳,并指出了电还原CO2关键材料的结构特性.     

CuO/Al2O3脱硫反应单颗粒模型化研究

针对氨再生CuO/Al2O3脱硫反应只发生在固体内外表面的CuO上这一特性,在粒子模型基础上,建立了描述氨再生CuO/Al2O3脱硫的单颗粒数学模型,并在热重分析仪上进行了CuO/Al2O3颗粒脱硫反应动力学的研究,将反应过程中CuO逐步变为CuSO4、孔隙率逐渐减小及气相SO2的有效扩散系数逐渐降低的现象用经验式De=α（1-x）b表达,从而使结构变化对反应的影响在颗粒模型中体现出来。模型预测与实验结果吻合良好。数值分析表明,孔扩散对CuO/Al2O3颗粒脱硫反应进程起重要作用,扩散活化能随反应的进行而增大。     

CuO／CeO2和CuO／Al2O3催化剂的催化性能

本文以ＣＯ氧化为模式反应考察了ＣｅＯ２和Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载氧化铜催化剂的氧化活性，运用ＸＲＤ和ＴＰＲ技术研究了催化剂的还原性能和物相结构，结果表明：载体性质对负载ＣｕＯ催化剂的ＣＯ氧化活性有很大影响，ＣｕＯ／ＣｅＯ２催化剂活性明显高于ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂．催化剂的还原特性随载体不同而不同．同时发现，热处理对催化剂铜物种的存在形式，晶粒大小、还原特性及其催化活性有明显影响，ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂活性下降的主要因素是生成了活性较低的ＣｕＡｌ２Ｏ４相，而ＣｕＯ／ＣｅＯ２催化剂活性下降是由于ＣｕＯ和ＣｅＯ２发生烧结，晶粒变大     

CO预处理对CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用XRD，TPR，CO吸附in-situ IR，CO氧化反应等对CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经CO处理前后的结构、组成和催化性能进行了研究。结果表明，经CO在250 ℃下处理1 h后CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中出现了分散态Cu⁺物种，该物种的产生使催化剂的活性明显提高。     

TiO_2纳米管电极上电化学还原CO_2生成CH_3OH

采用原位阳极氧化-煅烧法制备TiO_2纳米管(TiO_2NTs)电极,运用X射线衍射(XRD)、电场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、双电位阶跃测试等对制备电极进行表征,考察了其在0.1mol?L~(-1) KHCO_3水溶液中电化学还原CO_2的催化活性。结果表明TiO_2NTs电极上电化学还原CO_2的主产物为CH_3OH,CH_3OH由HCOOH和HCHO进一步还原而来。电极制备的最佳煅烧温度为450℃(TiO_2NTs-450),电解电位-0.56 V(vs RHE(可逆氢电极))时反应120 min后,生成CH_3OH的法拉第效率和分电流密度分别为85.8%和0.2 m A?cm~(-2)。与550和650℃煅烧的电极相比,TiO_2NTs-450电极具有更高的催化活性,归因于电极表面更多的三价钛活性位,有利于CO_2吸附,从而对·CO_2-起到稳定的作用,速率控制步骤转变为·CO_2-的质子化反应。     

ZnO在CuO基甲醇合成催化剂还原过程中的作用(英)

用一步并流共沉淀法制备了一系列具有不同组成的ＣｕＯ基样品，并测试了它们在合成甲醇反应中的活性。利用ＴＧ ＤＴＧ手段，对各ＣｕＯ基样品的还原过程进行了考察，结果表明，ＺｎＯ组分对催化剂ＣｕＯ ＺｎＯ Ａｌ２Ｏ３的还原行为有重要影响。依据Ｃｏａｔｓ Ｒｅｄｆｅｒｎ 处理方法获得了ＣｕＯ基样品的还原动力学参数     

Adaptation o Cu／ZnO／Al2O3 to Temperature Change in Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation

The induction behavior in CO2 hydrogenation was studied by varying the reaction temperature to investigate the adaptation of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst to the temperature change,The results indicated that a used catalyst had a tendency to keep the last running state in new reaction conditions for MeOH formation,and that this tendency was related to the difference in Cu/Cu^n ration caused by CO2 and CO produced at different reaction temperatures,However,the reverse water-gas shift reaction (BWGS) induced at four temperatures was completely different from that of methanol synthesis,It implied that the two so-called competitive reactions in CO2 H2,RWGS and methanol synthesis,have different, active centers.     

Adaptation of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 to Temperature Change in Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation

The induction behavior in CO2 hydrogenation was studied by varying the reaction temperatureto investigate the adaptation of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst to the temperature change. The resultsindicated that a used catalyst had a tendency to keep the last running state in new reaction conditionsfor MeOH formation, and that this tendency was related to the difference in Cu/Cun+ ratio caused byCO2 and CO produced at different reaction temperatures. However, the reverse water-gas shift reaction(RWGS) induced at four temperatures was completely different from that of methanol synthesis. It impliedthat the two so-called competitive reactions in CO2+H2, RWGS and methanol synthesis, have differentactive centers.     

CO2 Reduction Mechanism on the Cu2O(110) Surface: A First-Principles Study

Cu₂O is an attractive catalyst for the selective reduction of CO₂ to methanol. However, the mechanism of the reaction and the role of the Cu species in different oxidation states are not well understood yet. In this work, by first-principles calculations, we investigate the mechanism of the reaction on the Cu₂O(110) surface, which is the most selective for methanol, in different degrees of reduction: ideal surface, slightly reduced surface (SRS), and partially reduced surface (PRS). The most favorable reaction pathways on the three surfaces were identified. We found that Cu(I) on the ideal surface is not capable of chemisorbing CO₂, but surface oxygen serves as the active site which selectively converts CO₂ to CH₃OH with a limiting potential of −0.77 V. The Cu(0) on the SRS and PRS promotes the adsorption and reduction of CO₂, while the removal of the residue O* becomes potential/rate limiting with a more negative limiting potential than the ideal surface. The SRS is selective to methanol while the PRS becomes selective to methane. The result suggests that the key to high methanol selectivity is to avoid the reduction of Cu(I), which provides a new strategy for the design of more efficient catalysts for selective CO₂ reduction to methanol.     

纳米二氧化锆在甲醇合成催化剂Cu/Ga2O3/ZrO2中的作用

The introduction of mesoporous nanosize zirconia to the catalyst for methanol synthesis dedicates the nanosized catalyst and mesoporous duplicated properties. The catalyst bears the larger surface area, larger mesoporous volume and more uniform diameter, more surface metal atoms and oxygen vacancies than the catalyst prepared with the conventional coprecipitation method. The modification of microstructure and electronic effect could result in the change of the reduced chemical state and decrease of reducuction temperature of copper, donating the higher activity and methanol selectivity to the catalyst. The results of methanol synthesis demonstrate that the Cu^＋ is the optimum active site. Also, the interaction between the copper and zirconia shows the synergistic effect to fulfil the methanol synthesis.     

基于流动池的电化学二氧化碳还原研究进展

采用电化学方法将二氧化碳（CO₂）还原转化为基础化学品或碳基燃料是目前极具前景的碳资源利用新方式. 考虑到该技术未来的发展方向和大规模应用需求,人们亟需开发具有高转化效率和高稳定性的电解设备. 在本文中,作者详细介绍了现阶段发展的两种流动池的结构特点及性能优势,阐述了每种反应体系的内在局限性, 深入分析了整个反应体系所用组件（电解池、气体扩散电极、离子交换膜）对于性能的影响. 最后,针对目前该领域存在的挑战及未来发展趋势进行了总结与展望.     

钾负载量对CuO/K_2CO_3/MgAl_2O_4催化剂高温NO_x储存还原性能的影响

制备了适用于高温氮氧化物储存还原(NSR)反应的Cu O/K_2CO_3/MgAl_2O_4非贵金属催化剂,考察了钾负载量对催化剂NSR性能的影响,发现钾主要以高分散K_2CO_3和体相K_2CO_3的形式存在.在稀燃条件下,NOx在体相K_2CO_3上形成了高温稳定的硝酸盐物种,而高分散K_2CO_3上形成的硝酸盐的高温稳定性则较差.当钾负载量较低时,催化剂的NOx储存能力有限,K_2CO_3主要以高分散形式存在,稀燃阶段形成的硝酸盐的热稳定性较低,高温NSR活性较低;而钾负载量过高时,K_2CO_3则会覆盖Cu O活性位,从而降低催化剂的NSR活性.在450℃的高温条件下,钾负载量为10%时,所制备催化剂的NOx储存还原能力最佳,NOx还原效率达到99.9%,是一种具有潜在应用前景的高温NSR催化剂.     

Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol on Hierarchical Pd/SnO2 Nanosheets with Abundant Pd–O–Sn Interfaces

Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into fuels using electricity generated from renewable sources helps to create an artificial carbon cycle. However, the low efficiency and poor stability hinder the practical use of most conventional electrocatalysts. In this work, a 2D hierarchical Pd/SnO₂ structure, ultrathin Pd nanosheets partially capped by SnO₂ nanoparticles, is designed to enable multi‐electron transfer for selective electroreduction of CO₂ into CH₃OH. Such a structure design not only enhances the adsorption of CO₂ on SnO₂, but also weakens the binding strength of CO on Pd due to the as‐built Pd–O–Sn interfaces, which is demonstrated to be critical to improve the electrocatalytic selectivity and stability of Pd catalysts. This work provides a new strategy to improve electrochemical performance of metal‐based catalysts by creating metal oxide interfaces for selective electroreduction of CO₂.     

富氧条件下Cu/Al2O3催化剂上C3H6选择性还原NO的研究

以Cu/Al2O3为催化剂,对富氧条件下C3H6为还原剂选择性催化还原NO反应进行了研究.活性评价结果表明,与高活性的Ag/Al2O3催化剂相比,Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性还原NO的活性较低,NO的最高转化率仅为40%.在所考察的温度范围(473～723K)内,红外谱图中不存在有机含氮化合物(R—ONO和R—NO2)的特征振动吸收峰.作为反应中间体—NCO的前驱体,有机含氮化合物在Cu/Al2O3催化剂表面难以生成是造成催化剂选择性还原NO活性低的直接原因.在Cu/Al2O3催化剂上,NO2吸附能够优先发生,并以NO3-物种的形式覆盖在大部分催化剂表面.动态原位红外光谱实验发现,这种NO3-表面物种与C3H6的反应性较差,使生成有机含氮化合物的关键反应难以发生,但此时的催化剂表面有利于C3H6和O2的完全氧化反应,这是导致Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性较低的根本原因.     

以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂用于COx加氢合成甲醇：CO在反应混合物中的作用

近年来,催化CO₂加氢合成甲醇被视为有望解决温室效应和燃料枯竭的有效途径。目前,铜基催化剂因具有较高的反应活性被广泛应用于工业生产。然而,竞争逆水煤气变换反应产生的CO导致甲醇选择性较低,同时副产物水引起Cu发生不可逆烧结,进而降低甲醇产率。众所周知,CO能够调整分子的表面竞争吸附和活性位的氧化还原行为,本工作拟向原料气中掺入具有还原性的CO以抑制逆水煤气变换反应和防止表面氧化中毒。另一方面,通常认为铜基催化的CO₂加氢制甲醇是结构敏感性反应,不同的前驱体能够显著影响催化剂结构和形貌,进而影响催化活性。因此,我们首先通过共沉淀法和蒸氨法制备了含有类水滑石前驱体(CHT-CZA)和复合物前驱体(CNP-CZA)结构的Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂。随后,为探究CO掺杂后反应机理,在250 ℃,5 MPa的反应条件下,含有不同比例CO的原料气中(CO₂:CO:H₂:N₂ = x:(24.5 - x):72.5:3)评价两种催化剂对甲醇合成的性能。评价结果显示两种催化剂反应性能趋势相同,随着CO含量增加,CO₂转化率和STY_H2O不断降低,STY_MeOH逐渐增加。X射线光谱(XPS)显示随CO含量增加,催化剂表面还原性Cu比例增加。评价和表征结果说明CO引入抑制了逆水煤气变换反应的发生,通过还原被H₂O氧化的活性Cu表面,促使更多的活性Cu位点暴露参与甲醇合成。另一方面,透射电镜(TEM)显示掺杂的CO会过度还原而引起颗粒团聚,导致催化剂逐渐失活。相比之下,含有水滑石前驱体的催化剂在任何气氛下均表现出更加优越的反应性能和长周期稳定性。这可归因于类水滑石前驱体独特的片层结构通过结构限域作用有效避免了因CO过度还原而导致的金属颗粒团聚,从而减少活性位点损失。     

偏硼酸锶/碳酸锶复合催化剂光催化还原CO2生成CH4的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出SrB₂O₄和SrCO₃复合催化剂(SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃). 紫外光催化还原CO₂生成CH₄的实验证明, SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃复合催化剂的光催化活性已超过SrB₂O₄和TiO₂(P25)催化剂. 利用X 射线电子衍射(XRD)谱、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和等温氮气吸附-脱附分析确定了催化剂的晶相结构、粒子尺寸和比表面积.利用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的价带谱和荧光光谱(PL)确定了催化剂的能带结构, 结果表明: SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃复合催化剂异质结构有利于光生载流子的分离, 从而抑制了光生电子和光生空穴的复合, 提高了光生电子和光生空穴在固液界面参加光催化反应的利用率. 因此, SrB₂O₄/SrCO₃复合催化剂的紫外光催化活性得到了有效的提高.     

CO2电化学还原研究进展

综述了利用电化学方法研究CO2在水溶剂，非水溶剂中的转化情况和机理，以及将CO2固定在有机络合物中或用光电化学，光催化还原CO2及仿光合作用转移CO2的最新研究情况，旨在寻求一种合理，高效的CO2转化方法以缓解温室效应。     

CuO/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO物种的原位XRD、Raman和TPR表征

采用原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR(程序升温还原)技术研究了CuO(w,%)/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式及其CuO物种的迁移. 低温焙烧(300 ℃)催化剂, CuO以高分散和晶相两种形式存在于CeO₂-Al₂O₃载体表层. 随着焙烧温度的升高, CuO开始从表层向CeO₂内层迁移. 处于内层的CuO部分以晶相形式存在, 部分与Al₂O₃载体反应生成CuAl₂O₄. 高温有利于表层CuO向CeO₂内层迁移, 同时促进CuAl₂O₄生成. 结果表明结合原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR技术可以有效地观察催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式和分布.     

CuO/BiVO4光催化剂的制备及光催化CO2还原性能

基于类十面体钒酸铋(BiVO₄)和氧化铜(CuO)纳米颗粒, 构筑了CuO/BiVO₄异质结光催化剂; 利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、 光电流响应谱(I-t)、 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和荧光发射光谱(PL)对催化剂的形貌、 结构和光电性能进行了表征和分析. 结果表明, CuO纳米颗粒均匀地负载在BiVO₄的表面, 通过控制铜源的用量可以调节CuO的含量, 其含量对CuO/ BiVO₄异质结的可见光吸收能力和光生载流子的分离效率有很大的影响. 在气固反应体系下, 对CuO/BiVO₄异质结的光催化还原CO₂的性能进行了研究. 结果显示, 光催化还原CO₂的主要产物为CO和CH₄; 随着CuO含量的增加, CO的产率逐渐降低, 而CH₄的产率先增加后降低, 最优化催化剂CuO/BiVO₄的CO和CH₄的产率分别为0.62和1.81 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 对CH₄的选择性达到最大值(93%). 能带结构分析和电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试结果表明, CuO/BiVO₄中光生电荷的转移符合Z型转移机制. Z型异质结构的形成, 促进了光生电子和空穴的分离, 提升了催化体系的氧化还原能力.