窄缝通道中液氮的沸腾传热研究第一部分:窄缝通道尺寸对传热特性的影响

窄缝通道中的液氮沸腾传热特性有别于开放空间中的情况.文中对常压下液氮在矩形窄缝通道内的沸腾传热进行了实验研究,系统地研究了窄缝几何结构参数和倾角对液氮的沸腾传热特性的影响.     

高雷诺数下降液膜流动换热分析

本文分析了降液膜高雷诺数区域换热系数随液膜长度变化趋势,引出临界长度的概念。在较高雷诺数的湍流区,回流区的存在以及表面波的影响能有效地减少局部薄膜厚度并增加对流换热,流速的增加进一步强化换热,增加降膜整体传热系数。在高雷诺数区域,厚度形成的热阻超过回流的增强作用,而使换热削弱。液膜小于临界长度L换热系数随长度增长而增加,大于L换热系数随液膜增长而减小。     

Numerical solution to the plane heat-mass transfer problem in a system of focused radiation flux-liquid condensed substance film-oxidizer

The plane problem of heat and mass transfer in a focused radiation flux-liquid condensed substance film-oxidizer system is numerically solved. Peculiarities of heat and mass transfer at radiation energy absorption by a vapor-gas mixture near the liquid surface are analyzed. The influence of the radiation density distribution in a flux and the liquid and oxidizer parameters on the conditions of heat and mass transfer is assessed.     

液滴撞击液膜的流热耦合界面追踪方法数值模拟

采用界面追踪方法研究蒸馏过程中液滴撞击高温薄液膜的流动和传热特性,将数值结果与解析解和实验进行比较验证模型的正确性,研究气液界面和热流分布的演变过程.同时,分析液滴We数和无量纲液膜厚度对传热的影响.液滴撞击后的热流密度分布显示：液膜可分为撞击区、过渡区和静态区.由于液滴的撞击作用,强制对流是撞击区内主要的传热机制.增大液滴的韦伯数或减小无量纲液膜厚度会加强热量传递.随着液滴韦伯数的增加,冲击引起的扰动增强,在动量和能量共同作用下,平均热流密度明显增大,撞击区冠状水花越明显.无量纲液膜厚度越小,平均热流密度越大,且有更长的时间保持高热流密度换热.     

流态化固体颗粒对对流沸腾传热的强化

在对流沸腾系统中引入固体颗粒,固体颗粒在液体中呈流态化,从而形成气液固三相对流沸腾过程。对气液固三相流对流沸腾过程的传热特性进行了实验研究,结果表明流态化固体颗粒对液体的对流沸腾传热具有显著的强化作用。基于固体颗粒撞击沸腾气泡时的受力分析,获得了固体颗粒穿透气泡并使气泡破碎的条件,分析了流态化固体颗粒强化沸腾传热的机理。实验结果与理论分析符合良好。     

重力热管泡状流工况的定量描述

计及冷凝段换热特性和热管几何尺寸的影响,借助定量分析给出热管工作时蒸发段液池液位变化的预测式。通过计算实例与已发表的关联式作了比较。     

垂直上升管内液体横掠流动传热特性研究

本文对单相水和单相油横掠流动时的平均换热特性进行了实验研究,对试验的结果进行了分析和讨论,并对实验数据进行关联,得到了垂直上升管内单相水和单相油横掠流动时的换热准则关系式。结果表明,狭窄空间条件下的液体横掠柱体时的流动换热对液相Re数的依赖,较大空间条件下的流动换热相比明显减小,并对单相水和单相油横掠流动时的换热性能进行了比较。     

气液固三相流载气蒸发的抗垢性能

分析了化工设备换热面上碳酸钙碱性污垢生成及其影响因素,认为液体在加热壁面上的过热是导致碳酸钙碱性污垢沉积的重要原因,降低料液在加热壁面上的过热度可收到明显的防垢抗垢效果。在蒸发器加热管内引入少量的惰性气体(载气)与流态化固体颗粒,使之形成气液固三相流载气蒸发,可显著强化传热,降低料液在加热壁面上的过热度。以碳酸钙模拟工业硬水的实验结果表明,气液固三相流载气蒸发过程表现出明显的防垢抗垢效果,且具有一定的在线清洗作用。     

Convective instability of solidification with a phase transition zone

The morphological instability of solidification is analytically studied in the presence of an anisotropic and heterogeneous phase transition zone with allowance for a liquid flow and convective heat-andmass transfer in this two-phase zone. The mechanism of breaking the stability of solidification is considered; it consists in a convective heat and impurity transfer during a liquid flow along channels in the phase transition zone. The morphological instability is subjected to linear analysis with allowance for a liquid flow in the liquid phase of the system, impurity diffusion in the two-phase zone, and the dependence of the transfer coefficients on the phase composition. The perturbation evolution parameter is determined for an anisotropic and heterogeneous two-phase zone, and neutral stability curves of the process are obtained. It is shown that taking into account impurity diffusion and an increase in the heterogeneity of the phase transition zone broaden the instability region and that a decrease in the anisotropy narrows this region. A new criterion of convective morphological instability of solidification with a two-phase zone is found, and it substantially broadens the instability region when the liquid flow velocity increases.     

微重力下凝结和沸腾着的汽泡周围流场

1引言尽管对沸腾换热已有大量的研究，但对沸腾过程中驱动汽泡外流动的机理仍没有透彻理解，通常认为，汽泡外流动是由液体自然对流引起的。但是，近来的微重力实验表明［‘］；在没有自然对流的微重力场中，沸腾换热同样很剧烈。为了弄清正常重力和微重力环境中驱动换热的机理，很有必要作进一步的研究。本文数值分析了微重力环境下驱动壁面汽泡周围液体流动的基本机理，深入分析了Marangoni效应的影响，同时考虑表面凝结和蒸发过程的作用。2理论模型汽泡外流动可由二维层流N－S方程及烙方程来描述，流动是由Marangoni边界条件驱动，该条…     

矩形槽道微小型平板热管传热性能的理论分析

本文对矩形槽道微小型平板热管的传热特性建立了分析模型,利用薄液膜理论分析了槽道截面上形成的蒸发液膜的厚度分布,同时考虑了蒸汽运动时对液体界面的摩擦阻力和热管管壁的轴向导热。计算结果与实验符合良好。     

LNG汽车燃料汽化器设计与实验研究

汽化器是LNG汽车燃料系统的重要设备。本文提出将汽化器换热过程分为过冷段、沸腾段与过热段的简化方法,并进行了LNG汽车起步阶段与正常行驶阶段汽化器性能模拟实验研究。     

聚变堆液态包层增殖区铅锂与氦气多流场耦合换热特性研究

采用三维计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对聚变堆液态包层增殖区高温液态铅锂与结构内高压氦气耦合换热进行数值模拟。建立了充放式高压氦气回路和换热实验段,开展了包层典型工况下液态铅锂与氦气多流场耦合换热对比实验验证。研究了氦气压力和增殖区铅锂入口温度、核热功率密度变化时的流动与传热特性及其影响规律,获得了氦气与RAFM钢壁面、液态铅锂与RAFM钢壁面之间的换热系数和换热关联式,为液态包层的设计研发提供了参考依据。     

基于垂直磁场压缩的EAST等离子体初步研究

 基于等离子体参数随大半径/小半径变化的规律,分析了电流平顶段垂直磁场与相关等离子体参数的关系。垂直磁场的非线性部分用于分析非感应电流驱动效应,包括自举电流效应。此外,对于给定的等离子体电流,推导了平顶段垂直磁场与线平均密度之间的关系,并进一步研究压缩后的等离子体。基于EAST第41195次放电的数据分析表明,垂直磁场强度的增大可以使得等离子体温度、密度、βp和自举电流份额获得提升,为等离子体参数高参数,特别是βp提供了一种可能性参考。     

Investigation of induction of air due to ultrasound source in the sonochemical reactors

A detailed investigation into the phenomena of induction of air using a novel arrangement of the ultrasonic horn (tip is located just above the liquid surface) has been made with the quantification of the extent of induction in terms of the air entrainment rate and the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient for the transfer of air into the system. The measurement of air entrainment rate was found to be quite difficult and hence focus was kept on the quantification in terms of the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient. The effect of ultrasonic power dissipation and type of the liquid medium (water, sodium chloride and sodium laruyl sulphate [surfactant] solution) on the mass transfer coefficient has been studied and correlations have been developed for the prediction of the same. Comparison with the mechanically agitated surface aerators has enabled us to understand the controlling mechanism in the induction and subsequent distribution of the air i.e. turbulence or convective motion. The present work should open an entirely new field of research in the area of design of sonochemical gas–liquid reactors operating possibly as a combination of gas-inducing reactors and cavitational reactors.     

Electrically enhanced mass transfer

The paper reviews the fundamentals and applications of electrically enhanced mass transfer processes in liquid/liquid systems. The factors which control the occurrence and creation of electrically charged droplets and electrostatic dipersions are described. The use of these effects for the enhancement of mass transfer rates in liquid/liquid extraction processes is reviewed and the major potential applications summarized. These include the application of enhanced extraction techniques to hydrometallurgical processes, antibiotic extraction and general chemical processing. A number of novel designs of electrically enhanced extractors available in the literature are appraised and compared with existing designs of extractor which rely upon mechanical techniques for improvement in efficiency.     

液氮流动沸腾换热研究综述

作为一种优良的低温冷却剂,液氮在航天、电子工业、超导磁体和超导电缆冷却及低温生物医疗等领域应用广泛。在这些应用中,准确预测液氮的流动沸腾换热特性对于系统设计和安全运行十分重要。该文主要介绍了液氮流动沸腾换热的特点,对已有的实验和数值模拟结果进行了归纳;并比较了四个液氮流动沸腾换热计算关联式的预测情况,以及关联式中干度、质量流量、热流密度和压力对换热系数的影响;指出了有待进一步研究的课题。     

Thermocapillary deformation of a thin locally heated horizontal liquid layer

In this paper, steady thermocapillary flow in a thin horizontal layer of a viscous incompressible liquid with a free surface is considered. An axially symmetric steady problem with a localized thermal action on a horizontal liquid layer with a deformable free surface is solved in a thin-layer approximation. In addition to the thermocapillary effect, the model takes into account the capillary pressure caused by the free surface variable curvature and the convective mechanism of heat transfer in the liquid. Analytical expressions for the velocity vector components as functions of the liquid layer thickness and surface temperature are obtained. The free surface and velocity profiles caused by various kinds of heating are calculated. The influence of convective heat transfer on the flow pattern is analyzed.     

Wall Shear Stress and Heat Transfer of Downward Bubbly Flow at Low Flow Rates of Liquid and Gas

The effect of suppression of turbulence in a downward bubbly flow and its impact on the wall shear stress and heat transfer are discussed. Measurements were carried out for Reynolds numbers Re = 5000–10000, which were calculated from the velocity of the liquid phase and with the gas volumetric flow rate ratio β = 0–0.05. Data on the size of bubbles detaching from the edges of an array of capillaries in a liquid flow are given. The influence of the disperse phase dimensions on the wall shear stress and heat transfer is discussed. It is shown that change in the size of the dispersed phase can lead to both intensification and deterioration of heat transfer as compared with a single-phase flow at constant flow rates of liquid and gas at the channel inlet. The cause of the heat transfer deterioration is “laminarization” of the flow in the near-wall region. An analysis of the spectral power of signals is given.     

Heat transfer at evaporation of falling films of Freon mixture on the smooth and structured surfaces

The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of heat transfer and hydrodynamics of falling films of binary mixtures of R21 and R114 freons on the surfaces with complex configuration. The vertical tubes of 50-mm diameter with the smooth and structured surfaces, made of D16T alloy, were used as the working sections. The range of film Reynolds number at the inlet to the working section was Re =10÷155. The image of wave surface of the falling liquid film was visualized and recorded by a high-speed digital video camera. At evaporation the heat transfer coefficients on the smooth and structured surfaces are determined by the liquid flow rate and weakly depend on the heat flux. At low liquid flows, the heat transfer coefficients on the structured surface decrease in comparison with the smooth surface because of liquid accumulation and enlargement of efficient thickness in microtexture channels. At high liquid flows, a change in the structure of the wave film surface leads to an increase in heat transfer coefficients in comparison with the smooth surface.