第五讲新型光纤水听器和矢量水听器

光纤水听器和矢量水听器作为当前水声研究领域最具有代表性的两大技术倍受业界关注。光纤水听器的重要贡献在于，从一个全新的角度出发，试图解决传统的水声传感和声纳数据传输一体化设计和实现的一系列问题，这有助于改善声纳系统的可靠性，并且有可能降低其制造、使用和维护的总成本。矢量水听器则由于其特有的指向性和矢量一相位处理方法，在低频和甚低频水声微弱目标探测方面具有潜在的优势．经过不懈的努力，光纤水听器和矢量水听器系统已经从实验室逐渐进入到工程应用阶段．这些对未来声纳系统的发展会产生相当重要的影响．文章尝试从声纳设计的角度对这两者的技术现状进行简要综述，包括它们各自的物理基础、工作原理、关键技术和应用领域．     

第五讲新型光纤水听器和矢量水听器

光纤水听器和矢量水听器作为当前水声研究领域最具有代表性的两大技术倍受业界关注.光纤水听器的重要贡献在于,从一个全新的角度出发,试图解决传统的水声传感和声纳数据传输一体化设计和实现的一系列问题,这有助于改善声纳系统的可靠性,并且有可能降低其制造、使用和维护的总成本.矢量水听器则由于其特有的指向性和矢量－相位处理方法,在低频和甚低频水声微弱目标探测方面具有潜在的优势.经过不懈的努力,光纤水听器和矢量水听器系统已经从实验室逐渐进入到工程应用阶段.这些对未来声纳系统的发展会产生相当重要的影响.文章尝试从声纳设计的角度对这两者的技术现状进行简要综述,包括它们各自的物理基础、工作原理、关键技术和应用领域.     

光纤水听器探头技术研究

光纤水听器的探头技术是光纤水听器系统的基础，本给出了国内外光纤水听器探头设计的一些典型方案。并对它们进行对比分析。就光纤水听器探头技术的几个重要参数指标进行了评价。     

光纤水听器的原理与应用

为适应水声学应用特别是水下反潜战的需要，在光纤技术不断发展的基础上，光纤水听器应运而生．光纤水听器是一种基于光纤、光电子技术上的新型水下声传感器，因其在军事、民用各领域应用广泛，目前光纤水听器在国内外发展迅速，已经到达实用状态．全光光纤水听器系统的湿端采用全光实现，信号传感与传输皆基于光纤技术．具有抗电磁干扰、重量轻和造价低等优点．文章简述了光纤水听器的发展历史、现状，论述了光纤水听器的原理及其应用前景．     

基于FPGA的光纤水听器PGC解调算法实现

针对干涉型光纤水听器信号的PGC（Phase Generated Carrier，相位产生载波）数字化调制解调原理，提出一种基于FPGA（Field Programmable Gate Array，现场可编程门阵列）的实现方案。相比基于DSP的实现方案，该方案可将处理系统的采样率提高1—2个量级，从而大大提高可处理水声信号的上限频率，提高系统的抗混叠能力。     

On fiber optic probe hydrophone measurements in a cavitating liquid

The measurement of high-pressure signals is often hampered by cavitation activity. The usage of a fiber optic probe hydrophone possesses advantages over other hydrophones, yet when measuring in a cavitating liquid large variations in the signal amplitude are found; in particular when the pressure signal recovers back to positive values. With shadowgraphy the wave propagation and cavity dynamics are imaged and the important contributions of secondary shock waves emitted from collapsing cavitation bubbles are revealed. Interestingly, just adding a small amount of acidic acid reduces the cavitation activity to a large extent. With this treatment an altered primary pressure profile which does not force the cavitation bubbles close to fiber tip into collapse has been found. Thereby, the shot-to-shot variations are greatly reduced.     

Miniaturized 3-D surface profilometer using a fiber optic coupler

A 3-D surface profilometer is described which uses a simple fiber optic coupler to form a Young's double pinhole interferometer. The Young's fringes are projected onto a surface, captured by a camera and analyzed using the Fourier transform method. The phase of the fringe pattern on the object is used to reconstruct the surface profile. System analysis, results from a simulation, and preliminary experimental results are provided which indicate a system resolution on the order of a tenth of a millimeter.     

拖曳线列阵用光纤水听器的研究

报道了光纤水听器用于拖曳线列阵的研究结果。在保证光纤水听器声相位灵敏度的前提下, 优化设计了光纤水听器的结构,降低了光纤水听器的加速度灵敏度36dB。实验测得在20-1600Hz 频段,该光纤水听器的相位灵敏度为-162．7dB,频段内灵敏度的起伏为±0．7dB,加速度灵敏度小于-30dB。     

Measurement of high intensity focused ultrasound fields by a fiber optic probe hydrophone

The acoustic fields of a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer operating either at its fundamental (1.1 MHz) or third harmonic (3.3 MHz) frequency were measured by a fiber optic probe hydrophone (FOPH). At 1.1 MHz when the electric power applied to the transducer was increased from 1.6 to 125 W, the peak positive/negative pressures at the focus were measured to be p(+) = 1.7-23.3 MPa and p(-) = -1.2(-) -10.0 MPa. The corresponding spatial-peak pulse-average (I(SPPA)) and spatial-average pulse-average (I(SAPA)) intensities were I(SPPA) =77-6000 W/cm2 and I(SAPA) = 35-4365 W/cm2. Nonlinear propagation with harmonics generation was dominant at high intensities, leading to a reduced -6 dB beam size (L x W) of the compressional wave (11.5 x 1.8-8.8 1.04 mm) but an increased beam size of the rarefactional wave (12.5 x 1.6-13.2 x 2.0 mm). Enhancement ratio of absorbed power density in water increased from 1.0 to 3.0. In comparison, the HIFU transducer working at 3.3 MHz produced higher peak pressures (p(+) = 3.0-35.1 MPa and p(-) = -2.5(-) - 13.8 MPa) with smaller beam size (0.5 x 4 mm). Overall, FOPH was found to be a convenient and reliable tool for HIFU exposimetry measurement.     

数字化相位载波解调方案在光纤水听器系统中的实现

本文分析了干涉型光纤水听器内调制相位载波(PGC)调制解调的原理，提出了PGC调制解调的全数字化方案，通过计算机仿真，并在光纤水听器系统中实现了PGC的数字化解调。实验室光纤水听器与标准水听器对比测试以及实际海况试验都证明，数字化PGC解调技术在光纤水听器系统的实现对水声信号的检测是有效的。     

Development of an optical fiber hydrophone with fiber Bragg grating

A new type of optical fiber hydrophone is constructed with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on the intensity modulation of laser light in an FBG under the influence of sound pressure. The FBG hydrophone shows linearity, with dynamic range about 70 dB. It can measure amplitude and phase of an acoustic field in real time, and operates in a wide range of acoustic frequency, at least from 1 kHz to 3 MHz. No signal distortion is observed in the detected signal. Because of the simplicity in its operating principle and geometry, an FBG hydrophone is expected to be an acoustic sensor of high practicality compared to a conventional optical fiber hydrophone.     

DFB fiber laser hydrophone with band-pass response

A distributed-feedback fiber laser hydrophone with band-pass response is presented. The design of the hydrophone aims to equalize static pressure and eliminate signal aliasing of high-frequency acoustic components. Theoretical analysis is presented based on electro-acoustic theory. The experimental results agree well with the theory. The measured underwater responses show that the hydrophone has a pressure sensitivity of -170 dB re:pm/μPa over a bandwidth between 100 Hz and 500 Hz. A sensitivity reduction exceeding -35 dB is observed at 2500 Hz. The tested static pressure sensitivity of the hydrophone is -226 dB. The proposed fiber laser hydrophone of this kind is expected to have important application in deep water fiber-optic sonar systems with anti-aliasing, and the understanding gained through this work can be extended to a guide of hydrophone design for required filtering bandwidth.     

光纤陀螺中的多功能集成光学芯片

介绍了多功能集成光学芯片在光纤陀螺中的应用。在光纤陀螺中采用了多功能集成光学芯片后 ,可以大大简化光纤陀螺系统的结构 ,缩小光纤陀螺的体积。光纤陀螺中的一些器件如相位调制器和光学开关、消光器甚至光波导谐振腔都可以集成在一个多功能集成光学芯片上。这样可以提高光纤陀螺的性能 ,增加其稳定性和可靠性 ,在某些特殊的设计中还可以对陀螺系统的误差进行补偿。     

干涉型全保偏光纤水听器阵列研制

报道了干涉型全保偏光纤水听器阵列的研究结果。在详细介绍全保偏光纤水听器基元结构和性能基础上,描述了四基元阵列结构和特性,给出了光纤水听器基元相对接收灵敏度的频率响应和阵列指向性的测量结果。同时指出光纤水听器与传统压电换能器在性能指标、信号传输和处理等方面的差异。     

Compact fiber optic accelerometer

A compact fiber optic accelerometer based on a Michelson interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed system, the sensing element consists of two single-mode fibers glued together by epoxy, which then act as a simple supported beam. By demodulating the optical phase shift, the acceleration is determined as proportional to the force applied on the central position of the two single-mode fibers. This simple model is able to calculate the sensitivity and the resonant frequency of the compact accelerometer. The experimental results show that the sensitivity and the resonant frequency of the accelerometer are 0.42 rad/g and 600 Hz, respectively.     

High-temperature fiber optic imaging

An experimental demonstration of fiber optic imaging inside a furnace at 1000°C is described, A low-resolution sapphire fiber optic video system was designed, fabricated, and tested for basic performance in a small tube furnace. The imaging fiber bundle was assembled using 100 high-quality sapphire fibers aligned and bonded at each end. Experiments to achieve a high-temperature cladding are described. Reference imaging experiments at room temperature were performed with the sapphire fiber bundle and a commercial glass fiber bundle of comparable sue. Imaging experiments at 1000°C are described and discussed.     

光隔离器法抑制Michelson干涉型光纤水听器中的SBS

光纤水听器是利用光的干涉信号进行探测的,但随着入射光功率的增加,易发生受激布里渊散射（stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS）效应,并因而产生噪声,限制入射光功率的增加,极大地影响探测信号。为了抑制SBS效应,提高光纤水听器性能,以Michelson型光纤水听器为例,从实验和理论上研究了SBS及其阈值特性。根据阈值公式分析了提高阈值的方法,着重讨论了光隔离器法对SBS的抑制。最后利用时域有限差分方法对光纤内的入射光、Stokes光和声波的时空分布进行了分析。只要给出初始条件及光纤参数即可得出光纤内各波的时空分布。通过开展抑制此效应的研究,不仅为可调谐相干光的产生提供一个新途径,而且可作为一种有效手段来研究各种光纤系统中的散射特性。     

Sagnac效应在光纤水听器中的应用

本文介绍了由Sagnac效应组成的光纤水听器原理，着重推导了声压作用下的光纤水听器的相位变化关系．并在此基础上对比了Sagnac光纤水听器与Mach-Zehnder光纤水听器，结果表明Sagnac光纤水听器在低频段的灵敏度及其实现的简易性上具有很大优势．     

一种基于光纤激光水听器的PGC改进解调算法

基于分布反馈式（DFB）光纤激光水听器,针对传统相位生成载波（PGC）解调方案中的不足,提出了一种新型的单路微分相除（PGC-SDD）解调算法。与传统的微分交叉相乘（PGC-DCM）和反正切（PGC-Arctan）解调算法相比,该方法仅需要双通道的1路信号作微分处理,以较少的运算步骤和计算量达到解调信号的目的。PGC-SDD算法能够更有效地应对环境引起的光强扰动和调制深度引起的谐波畸变,使解调结果更接近待测信号。对3种解调算法进行仿真和实验验证,结果表明:采用PGC-DCM解调其信噪比约12.4 dB,PGC-Arctan算法的信噪比约13.9 dB,PGC-SDD算法的信噪比达到了17.5 dB。     

干涉型光纤水听器PGC解调的参数估计方法

对于干涉型光纤水听器外调制式相位生成载波(PGC)解调方案,光干涉强度和调制深度两个参数的波动会影响解调结果。为了消除影响,本文提出利用椭圆曲线拟合以及频域搜索的参数估计方法。根据理论分析,当调制深度在[0,3.83]区间内两种方法有效,可以适应实际情况中调制深度缓慢且小范围波动的情况。为了分析验证两种方法,本文利用不同类型的待测信号进行了数值仿真,根据仿真结果,在声信号引起的相位较大的情况下,两种方法都能对参数进行正确估计;利用频域搜索的方法适用的动态范围更大;当相关参数缓慢波动时,频域搜索法能正确跟踪估计相关参数。