Associated multiparticle production and intra-nuclear cascading

In the existing experiments on multiparticle production off nuclei it is difficult to distinguish between intra-nuclear cascading of secondaries and the other mechanisms of production which give important information on the short-time development of hadronic interactions. It is argued that by selecting nuclear interactions with no or little shadowing one can unambiguously establish the existence (or lack) of intra-nuclear cascading. It is suggested that investigation of associated particle production in the photoproduction of heavy vector mesons from nuclei and in inelastic lepton-nucleus interactions is a promising method of analyzing intranuclear cascading.     

Fluctuations of moments of density in random cascade models

It is suggested that measurements of fluctuations of the moments of particle density may be helpful in the search for the origin of intermittency. These fluctuations are calculated for the random cascade model. They are related to the moments themselves by relations, which do not depend on the parameters of the model and thus provide a valuable test of random cascading. A simple method of comparing the predictions with experiment is proposed.     

Intermittency and small scale resummation

A method of sampling fluctuations in sub-dimensional phase space of (possibly fractal) dimensionD is proposed. Applied to random cascading models of multi-particle production, it gives aD-dependent nonlinear equation for the generating function of particle multiplicities in the sub-domain, whose solutions lead to new properties, e.g. the correction effects of very small scale ressumations on the generic intermittent fluctuations of the model, the unexpected possibility of non vanishing intermittency after dimensional projection and the connection of KNO scaling violations with a structural phase transition. A phenomenological discussion of \(\bar p\) p SPS data allows one to exhibit a simple fragmentation model describing both local and global multiplicity fluctuations observed in these reactions, and compare it with theoretical gluon cascading.     

Further development of a model for the production of strange particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions

A previously proposed model for the production of neutral strange particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions, based on the Additive Quark Model and nuclear cascading, is further developed. The model predictions on neutral strange particle multiplicities, transverse momentum and rapidity distributions are compared with the existing oxygen- and sulphur-nucleus data at 200 GeV per nucleon. The predictions for central PbPb collisions are presented and discussed in some detail.     

电磁场中带电粒子在非对易相空间的能级

非对易空间效应是出现在弦的尺度下的一种物理效应。 首先扼要介绍了非对易相空间中的量子力学代数、 Moyal Weyl乘法和广义Bopp变换, 然后讨论了电磁场中带电粒子的Hamiltonian算符, 最后给出了其在非对易相空间中的能级情况。     

H2O rotation line em̵ission between 10 and 50μ due to collisions with O

Line emission from the pure rotation bands of H₂O is calculated for single particle collisions with O atoms. The cascading of the initially excited levels is followed in detail for levels up to J = 12. Individual line energies and band energies for wavelengths between 10 and 50 μ are given.     

Cascading failure in the wireless sensor scale-free networks

In the practical wireless sensor networks(WSNs), the cascading failure caused by a failure node has serious impact on the network performance. In this paper, we deeply research the cascading failure of scale-free topology in WSNs. Firstly,a cascading failure model for scale-free topology in WSNs is studied. Through analyzing the influence of the node load on cascading failure, the critical load triggering large-scale cascading failure is obtained. Then based on the critical load,a control method for cascading failure is presented. In addition, the simulation experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of the control method. The results show that the control method can effectively prevent cascading failure.     

Recovering corrections in the analysis of intermittent data

The analysis of intermittent data is improved. It is proven that the standard method of recovering the history of a particle cascade generally does not reproduce the structure of the true cascade. The recovering corrections to the standard method are proposed and tested in the framework of multiplicative cascading models. Received: 25 March 1999 / Published online: 30 June 1999     

基于超图的超网络相继故障分析

分析了快递超网络和电子元件超网络的相继故障扩散方式, 结合超图理论提出了2-section 图分析法和线图分析法, 并仿真分析了无标度超网络耦合映像格子的相继故障进程. 结果表明: 无标度超网络对外部攻击表现出了既鲁棒又脆弱的特性. 针对相继故障的不同扩散方式, 无标度超网络的相继故障行为表现出不同的特点. 超网络的相继故障行为和超网络的超度以及超边度分布有密切的联系, 也和超网络中超边的个数有关. 通过和同规模的Barabasi-Albert (BA)无标度网络对比, 在同一种攻击方式下同规模的无标度超网络都比BA 无标度网络表现出了更强的鲁棒性. 另外, 基于超边扩散的相继故障进程比基于节点扩散的相继故障进程更加缓慢.     

基于电力网络的级联故障模型

以电力系统的停电事故为例,提出一种节点具有能量耗散和扩容行为的级联故障模型,并分别在二维规则网络和无标度网络上对该系统的演化过程进行计算机模拟.结果表明,在两种不同结构的网络中系统的演化过程都出现了自组织临界现象,说明网络中节点能量的耗散及容量的扩充是导致电力系统出现自组织临界现象的重要因素.此外,还发现无标度网络中的最大级联故障规模要远大于二维规则网络中的级联故障规模.     

负荷作用下相依网络中的级联故障

研究负荷作用下相依网络中的级联故障具有重要的现实意义, 可为提高相依网络的鲁棒性提供参考. 构建了双层相依网络级联故障模型, 主要研究了外部度和内部度对负荷贡献比、耦合因素、层内度-度相关性对相依网络级联故障的影响. 研究表明, 当外部度和内部度对负荷贡献比达到一定值时, 相依网络抵抗级联故障的鲁棒性最强. 而耦合因素的影响是多方面的, 为了达到较高鲁棒性, 建议采用异配耦合方式和尽可能大的平均外部度, 并尽量使外部度保持均匀分布. 另外, 与不考虑负荷作用时相反, 当表征层内度-度相关性的相关系数越大时, 其抵抗级联故障的能力越强.     

Cascades with coupled map lattices in preferential attachment community networks

In this paper, cascading failure is studied by coupled map lattice （CML） methods in preferential attachment community networks. It is found that external perturbation R is increasing with modularity Q growing by simulation. In particular, the large modularity Q can hold off the cascading failure dynamic process in community networks. Furthermore, different attack strategies also greatly affect the cascading failure dynamic process. It is particularly significant to control cascading failure process in real community networks.     

Poissonian bursts in e-mail correspondence

Recent work has shown that the distribution of inter-event times for e-mail communication exhibits a heavy tail which is statistically consistent with a cascading Poisson process. In this work we extend this analysis to higher-order statistics, using the Fano and Allan factors to quantify the extent to which the empirical data are more correlated — bursty — than a Poisson process. Our analysis demonstrates that the correlations in the empirical data are indistinguishable from those of randomly reordered time series, illustrating that any correlations in the data are not due to the precise ordering of events. We further find that correlations in synthetic time series generated from a cascading Poisson process agree quite well with the correlations observed in the empirical data. Finally, we rescale the empirical time series to confirm that e-mail correspondence is no more correlated than expected from a suitably chosen Poisson process.     

Spatial soliton by cascading χ(2) effect and its self-induced wave-guide in quasi-phase-matched media

The formation of the spatial solitons in the quadratic nonlinearity χ(2) media by cascading second harmonicgeneration (SHG) in quasi-phase-matched (QPM) sample is studied on the basis of nonlinear Schrodingerequation (NLSE). When the solitary wave propagates in the QPM media, it formed optical wave-guidesthrough cascading χ(2) effect called self-induced soliton wave-guide. Transverse refractive index distribu-tion of the self-induced soliton wave-guide of fundamental and SHG wave is obtained by cascading process.Analysis of guided-mode of such self-induced soliton wave-guide is first proposed to our knowledge. Be-cause the power needed for forming the spatial solitons in cascading process is much lower than that inKerr media, this kind of self-induced soliton wave-guide shows potential applications in all-optical signalprocess.     

Robustness of Cyber-Physical Supply Networks in Cascading Failures

A cyber-physical supply network is composed of an undirected cyber supply network and a directed physical supply network. Such interdependence among firms increases efficiency but creates more vulnerabilities. The adverse effects of any failure can be amplified and propagated throughout the network. This paper aimed at investigating the robustness of the cyber-physical supply network against cascading failures. Considering that the cascading failure is triggered by overloading in the cyber supply network and is provoked by underload in the physical supply network, a realistic cascading model for cyber-physical supply networks is proposed. We conducted a numerical simulation under cyber node and physical node failure with varying parameters. The simulation results demonstrated that there are critical thresholds for both firm’s capacities, which can determine whether capacity expansion is helpful; there is also a cascade window for network load distribution, which can determine the cascading failures occurrence and scale. Our work may be beneficial for developing cascade control and defense strategies in cyber-physical supply networks.     

复杂网络中带有应急恢复机理的级联动力学分析

提出带有应急恢复机理的网络级联故障模型,研究模型在最近邻耦合网络,Erdos-Renyi随机网络,Watts-Strogatz小世界网络和Barabasi-Albert无标度网络四种网络拓扑下的网络级联动力学行为.给出了应急恢复机理和网络效率的定义,并研究了模型中各参数对网络效率和网络节点故障率在级联故障过程中变化情况的影响.结果表明,模型中应急恢复概率的增大减缓了网络效率的降低速度和节点故障率的增长速度,并且提高了网络的恢复能力.而且网络中节点负载容量越大,网络效率降低速度和节点故障率的增长速度越慢.同时,随着节点过载故障概率的减小,网络效率的降低速度和节点故障率的增长速度也逐渐减缓.此外,对不同网络拓扑中网络效率和网络节点故障率在级联故障过程中的变化情况进行分析,结果发现网络拓扑节点度分布的异质化程度的增大,提高了级联故障所导致的网络效率的降低速度和网络节点故障率的增长速度.以上结果分析了复杂网络中带有应急恢复机理的网络级联动力学行为,为实际网络中级联故障现象的控制和防范提供了参考.     

Magnetic sublevel coincidence spectroscopy and characterisation of the 31D state of Helium

Instrumentation, techniques and a statistical analysis are described for the accurate observation of the two, and three, particle coincidences of the scattered energy loss electrons with the two sequential cascading photons from the 3¹D state of helium excited by incident electrons. A three-dimensional histogram data accumulation system enables the two, and three, particle true and random coincidences to be analysed. These observations yield information not obtainable in other ways and were used to deduce the scattering amplitudes, relative phases and their various combinations for the excited 3¹D state. The measured values agree with the best convergent close coupling calculations within one standard deviation experimental uncertainty.     

Characteristics for two kinds of cascading events

Avalanche or cascade failure is ubiquitous. We first classify the cascading phenomena into two categories: the cascading disasters which result in large-scale functional failures and the cascading events that do not lead to disasters. We elucidate that two important factors, the increasing amount of events and the acceleration of event frequency, can induce the crossover from the cascading phenomenon to the cascading disaster. Through a simplified sandpile model and a heuristic logistic map, we demonstrate that the dependence of the event number on the observation time behaves as a power-law and as an exponential for these two different cascading events, respectively. The analytic derivations are found to be consistent with several empirical observations. Our present findings contribute to the understanding of the transition between different cascading events, providing a basis for the further understanding of the transitions among more general critical events.     

Synergetic behavior in the cascading failure propagation of scale-free coupled map lattices

In this paper, the whole dynamical process of cascading failures in a class of scale-free coupled map lattices (CML’s), from the occurrence of attack to the end of failure propagation, is investigated. A dynamical model of cascading failures, based on synergetic theory, is constructed. Numerical simulations show that the macroscopic properties of the scale-free CML’s during cascading failure propagation are governed by the general laws of synergetics. This result will be useful in furthering the studies of the prediction and prevention of cascading events in many real-life complex networks.     

级联长周期光纤光栅对的干涉谱分析及其在多信道滤波器中的应用

分析了由光纤级联的两个相同的长周期光纤光栅形成的干涉谱。根据设计中的关键技术,利用粒子群优化算法设计了长周期光纤光栅传输损耗为50％的平坦传输损耗谱.将相同的两个优化设计的长周期光纤光栅级联,可以实现一种实用的可调谐多信道隔离滤波器.讨论了级联长周期光纤光栅对之间光纤的偏振特性对干涉谱的影响.