Synthesis of aminophosphines containing a chiral dinaphthoazepine entity and their use in asymmetric catalysis

Summary Three azaphospha ligands with a chiral dinaphthoazepine subunit were prepared and used in asymmetric carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. The nickel catalyzedGrignard cross coupling reaction of 1-phenylethyl magnesium chloride and vinyl bromide afforded the product in up to 47% ee. The palladium catalyzed allylic substitution of 1,3-substituted propenylacetates with dimethyl malonate and the coupling of allylacetate with methyl N-(diphenylmethylene)-glycinate resulted in asymmetric inductions of up to 97% ee and 51% ee, respectively.

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Synthese von Aminophosphinen mit einer chiralen Dinaphthoazepineinheit und ihre Anwendung in der asymmetrischen Katalyse

Zusammenfassung Drei Azaphospha-Liganden mit einer chiralen Dinaphthoazepineinheit wurden dargestellt und in asymmetrischen Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Verknüpfungsreaktionen eingesetzt. Bei der nickelkatalysiertenGrignard-Crosskupplung von 1-Phenylethylmagnesiumchlorid mit Vinylbromid erhielt man das Kupplungsprodukt mit bis zu 47% ee. Die palladiumkatalysierte allylische Substitution von 1,3-substituierten Propenylacetaten mit Dimethylmalonat und die Kupplung von Allylacetat mit Methyl-N-(diphenylmethylen)-glycinat zeigten asymmetrische Induktionen von bis zu 97% bzw. 51% ee.

     

Optical resolution of 1,16-dihydroxytetraphenylene by chiral gold(iii) complexation and its applications as chiral ligands in asymmetric catalysis

We report herein a novel approach involving optical resolution of (±)-1,16-dihydroxytetraphenylene (DHTP) by chiral gold(iii) complexation. This method features several key advantages, i.e., recyclability of chiral resolution reagents, feasibility of scaling up to gram quantities, and operational simplicity. On the basis of this method, which led to optically pure DHTP, a library of 2,15-diaryl (S)-DHTPs and several (S)-DHTP-derived phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized. Finally, the superior performance of a (S)-DHTP phosphoramidite ligand was demonstrated by efficient iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkynylation reactions.

Chiral gold(iii) complex was found to be a “golden key” to unlock (±)-1,16-dihydroxytetraphenylene (DHTP), leading to enantiopure DHTP in a large quantity. This approach provided convenient access to 2,15-diaryl (S)-DHTPs and phosphoramidites.     

Aza-bis(oxazolines): new chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis

Aza-bis(oxazolines) are introduced as chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis combining the advantages of easy availability of bis(oxazolines) and backbone variability of aza-semicorrins. Especially, the title ligands could be attached to a polymeric support, which allowed the development of easily recoverable copper(I)-catalysts for asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions.     

Synthesis of novel chiral phosphinocyrhetrenyloxazoline ligands and their application in asymmetric catalysis

Several novel planar chiral phosphinocyrhetrenyloxazolines have been synthesized, and their catalytic activities have been evaluated in a variety of asymmetric catalytic reactions. Preferable effects as compared to their ferrocenyl analogues have been observed in asymmetric allylic amination and asymmetric hydrosilylation, and up to 97% ee and 72% ee were reached, respectively. The Lewis basicity of the phosphorus on the ferrocene and the cyrhetrene, which contributes to their different behavior in catalysis, has been deduced by 31P NMR spectroscopy analysis, as indicated by 1J(77Se-31P) in the corresponding phosphine selenides.     

Substituent electronic effects in chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis

The majority of reports of ligand modification for catalysis have followed from systematic variation of the spatial demands of the catalyst. The focus of this review is to highlight selected major contributions to the area of substituent controlled electronic-tuning of some well known chiral ligands and the subsequent effect of these changes during asymmetric catalysis. The ligand types discussed include the salens, phosphites and phosphoramidites, ferrocene-containing ligands, oxazolines and axially chiral ligands. For each ligand type we attempt analyse the effect of systematic variation of electronics and note whether any improvements in catalyst activity and selectivity are obtained.     

Synthesis, resolution and racemisation studies of new tridentate ligands for asymmetric catalysis

A method for the high-yielding preparation of two tridentate, isoquinoline-derived ligands, involving successive Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, is described. The first ligand could be resolved via molecular complexation with N-benzylcinchonidinium chloride, while the second was resolved by chromatographic separation of its epimeric camphorsulfonates. The barrier to rotation about the central biaryl axis was evaluated via racemisation studies, and the absolute configuration assigned by X-ray crystallography.     

Novel benzoferrocenyl chiral ligands: Synthesis and evaluation of their suitability for asymmetric catalysis

Four benzoferrocenyl phosphorus chiral ligands were conveniently prepared in good overall yields. These ligands were found to be stable in solid form and in solution. Two of the four ligands were resolved by chiral HPLC. Unlike a reported bis(phosphino-η⁵-indenyl)iron(II) complex, in which the indenyl ligands undergo ring flipping through an η¹-intermediate, these two ligands were found to be configurationally stable in solution and in solid state. The suitability of these ligands for enantioselective catalysis was assessed in studies on allylic alkylation reactions. When the two less sterically hindered ligands were used, excellent chemical yields were obtained, but the other two more sterically hindered ones gave lower yields. When the two enantiopure ligands were used, enantioselectivity of up to 51% ee was observed. These findings suggest that benzoferrocene derivatives may be used as chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis.     

Recent applications of chiral ferrocene ligands in asymmetric catalysis

Despite the impressive progress achieved in asymmetric catalysis during the last decade, an increasing number of new catalysts, ligands, and applications are reported every year to satisfy the need to embrace a wider range of reactions and to improve the efficiency of existing processes. Because of their availability, unique stereochemical aspects, and wide variety of coordination modes and possibilities for the fine-tuning of the steric and electronic properties, ferrocene-based ligands constitute one of the most versatile ligand architectures in the current scenario of asymmetric catalysis. Over the last few years ferrocene catalysts have been successfully applied in an amazing variety of enantioselective processes. This Review documents these recent advances, with special emphasis on the most innovative asymmetric processes and the development of novel, efficient types of ferrocene ligands.     

Synthesis and application of chiral N, N'-dialkylated cyclohexanedi- amine for asymmetric hydrogenation of aryl ketones

Chiral N, N'-dialkylated cyclohexanediamine derived ligands have been synthesized and used in the asymmetric hydrogenation of aryl ketones. Optically active alcohols with up to 90% enantiomeric excess were obtained in high yields.     

Synthesis of enantiopure axially chiral C3-symmetric tripodal ligands and their application as catalysts in the asymmetric addition of dialkylzinc to aldehydes

The enantioselective synthesis of a novel-type C(3)-symmetric tripodal ligand that is composed of a central mesitylene-derived core and three functionalized, axially chiral biaryl subunits is described. The triol (M,M,M)-3 is a suitable catalyst for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzinc to various aromatic aldehydes with asymmetric inductions of up to 98% ee.     

Synthesis, optical resolution, and configurational assignment of novel axially chiral quateraryls

A one-pot general synthesis of highly functionalized quateraryls through carbanion-induced, base-catalyzed ring transformation of 5,6-diaryl-2H-pyran-2-ones and core-substituted phenylacetones is delineated. These conversions were found to give diversely functionalized benzenes bearing peripheral aryl rings, some of which possess inherent atropisomerism. Exemplarily for one of the quateraryls, the optical resolution of the respective atropo-enantiomers by HPLC on a chiral phase and the assignment of their absolute axial configurations succeeded by LC-CD coupling in combination with semiempirical CNDO/S and TDDFT CD calculations. This synthetic approach offers-in a transition metal-free environment-high flexibility in the construction of quateraryls with the desired conformational freedom along the molecular axis, which may help in exploring and developing new potential ligands for asymmetric synthesis.     

Design of chiral bifunctional secondary amine catalysts for asymmetric enamine catalysis

A series of binaphthyl-based secondary amine catalysts containing various functional groups have been designed as new chiral bifunctional amine catalysts. These chiral organocatalysts have been successfully applied to several asymmetric reactions via enamine intermediates and exhibit unique reactivity and selectivity in comparison with proline and its derivatives.     

Chiral phosphinooxazolines with a pentamethylferrocene backbone--synthesis and use as ligands in asymmetric catalysis

Novel phosphinooxazolines, containing a unit of central and a unit of planar chirality in a matched case combination, have been successfully tested in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution with cycloalkenyl acetates as substrates.     

New bis-steroidal axially chiral diols as ligands for the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes

New axially chiral steroidal binaphthols, prepared from estrone, were applied in the form of their Ti-alkoxides as catalysts for the addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes. The addition reactions proceeded with high yields and enantioselectivities up to 86%.     

Synthesis of amine functionalized oxazolines with applications in asymmetric catalysis

This paper describes the synthesis of three classes of amine functionalized oxazolines that have been successfully used in asymmetric catalysis in our laboratory. Failed synthetic routes and significantly improved procedures are discussed including the synthesis of ligands for Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) carbonyl allylation reactions that do not require chromatography for purification.     

Synthesis and application of phosphinoferrocenylaminophosphine ligands for asymmetric catalysis

A new class of bidentate ligands utilizing a phosphine-aminophosphine structure has been prepared on a ferrocenylethyl backbone in a straightforward and scalable fashion from acetylferrocene. The unique property of the alpha-ferrocenyl carbonium ion that allows the replacement of a variety of "leaving groups" with retention of configuration greatly facilitates the synthesis, and a number of ligands have been prepared by varying the nitrogen and phosphorus substituents on the aminophosphine. These readily prepared phosphinoferrocenylaminophosphines, known as BoPhoz ligands, show surprising hydrolytic and air stability, with no degradation after 3 years open to the air. The rhodium complexes of these ligands show exceedingly high enantioselectivities (generally >95% ee) and activities often in excess of 50,000 catalyst turnovers per hour for the asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide variety of dehydro-alpha-amino acid and itaconic acid derivatives. They also show high activity and good to excellent enantioselectivity for the hydrogenation of a number of alpha-ketoesters.     

New amidophosphine-phosphinites (tLANOPs) as chiral ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions

The new amidophosphine-phosphinite (AMPP) ligands 4a–g (called tLANOP ligands) derived from the chiral hydroxy amide (R)- or (S)-2-hydroxy-3,3,N-trimethylbutyramide have been prepared in 48–83% yield. The crystal structures of the square planar complexes [(SP-4-3)-Pd((R)-dmphea)((S)-4a)]BF₄ and [Rh((R)-4a)(COD)]BF₄ have allowed the absolute configurations of the ligands to be assigned. In both complexes the 7-membered chelating ring of 4a has virtually the same twist-boat conformation. With this class of ligands the rhodium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of 4-oxoisophorone enol acetate gave (S)-phorenol acetate in up to 71% ee. The iridium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of the cyclic iminium salts 16a and 16b afforded after work-up the corresponding cyclic secondary amine (S)-17 in up to 86% ee, when bulky groups were present on the phenyl substituents on the two phosphorus atoms.     

Synthesis and characterization of chiral, bridged resorcinarenes as templates for asymmetric catalysis

A full study of the synthesis of chiral, bridged resorcinarenes (3a-3l, 13a, 13b) is presented using Mannich condensation of C_2v-tetraprotected resorcinarenes with chiral 1,n-diamines bearing homochiral α-methylbenzyl auxiliaries at each terminal nitrogen. The study has revealed the methodology to be applicable to preparing a broad range of bridged structures with varying lengths of bridge, different functionality in the bridge and various protecting groups on the upper rim. Reproducible and satisfactory yields in the reaction were only obtained with the pendant R group as methyl. The bridged adducts have been fully characterized by a range of spectroscopic techniques, and NMR has revealed varying trends in the way the various bridges protrude into the cavity. Low temperature NMR as well as X-ray structures of tetramesylate 15 and tetratoluate 3g has revealed hydrogen bonding to the amine nitrogens in the bridge to be an important control element for positioning the bridge relative to the cavity of the bowl. The derivatives provide chiral templates for asymmetric catalysis studies using cooperative effects in the bowl.     

Design and application of linked-BINOL chiral ligands in bifunctional asymmetric catalysis

The design and application of linked-BINOLs investigated in our group are reviewed. Linked-BINOLs are a kind of semi-crown ether, thus they are flexible and applicable to metals having various ionic radii (Ga3+, Li+, Zn2+, In3+, La3+, and Y3+). The flexible linker segment, containing a coordinative heteroatom, has a crucial role in the construction of a unique and effective chiral environment that is not accessible from BINOL itself. Applications of linked-BINOLs to an epoxide opening reaction, Michael reactions, a direct aldol reaction, direct Michael reactions of a hydroxyketone, and direct Mannich-type reactions of hydroxyketones and N-acylpyrrole are described.