磁悬浮列车运营的物理基础

 近几十年来,德国和日本都在积极进行磁悬浮铁路的研究,两国都建立了实验线,美国则进行了理论研究。我国也将在上海浦东开发区建造首条磁悬浮列车示范运营线,其可行性研究已正式启动。一、磁悬浮列车的特点磁悬浮列车的速度比轮轨系列车高,时速可达５００千米以上。磁悬浮列车还具有爬坡能力强、能耗低、污染少的优点。磁悬浮列车运行时,车体与地面没有任何直接接触,因而在运行时的噪声和振动小,乘客乘坐会比较舒适。车体下缘环抱在路轨外侧,所以列车不大可能会脱轨。     

高速铁路轮轨滚动噪声的分形描述及分形维估计

提出基于分形分析的轮轨滚动噪声研究方法,研究了不同尺度下轮轨滚动噪声增量的统计特性,证明轮轨滚动噪声具有分形特性,可由分形布朗运动描述。在此基础上,利用分形布朗运动的小波系数方差与分形维的幂律关系估计了轮轨滚动噪声的分形维,并估计了以裂纹扩展为代表的钢轨伤损声发射信号的分形维,对比研究发现:轮轨滚动噪声分形维本身具有随机性,不同车速下的轮轨滚动噪声分形维估计以1.5666为均值随机分布在小于2的小区间内;分形维是轮轨滚动噪声的固有特征,与车速无关,不同车速的轮轨滚动噪声可由统一的分形布朗运动模型描述;裂纹扩展信号与轮轨滚动噪声不同,其分形维估计大于2,不满足分形布朗运动模型的要求,但分形维可作为二者的区别特征。研究提取了轮轨滚动噪声的分形维作为固有特征,为高速轮轨滚动噪声描述及轮轨伤损检测提供了有效的分析方法。     

基于涡声理论的低速轴流风机气动噪声研究

采用PIV和CFD对不同安装角低速轴流风机流场进行对比研究,结合低速等熵流动的涡声理论分析风机内部流场与噪声辐射关联,在此基础上计算风机气动噪声.研究表明,低速等熵流动的气动噪声主要源于流场中涡系的拉伸与破裂.均匀进气情况下低速轴流风机的主要气动噪声源为叶片尾缘涡脱落噪声和叶尖涡噪声,其中前者强度明显大于后者.在此基础上,应用基于CFD的涡脱落噪声预测模型对风机气动噪声预测结果与实验吻合较好.     

一种新式单倾角高温超导磁悬浮车永磁道岔设计

高温超导(HTS)磁悬浮列车是下一代新型磁悬浮交通工具的备选方案之一。非接触轮轨系统使得轨道道岔面临诸多问题。给出了一种单倾角永磁体结构的新型机械永磁道岔结构。在使用单倾角永磁体装配永磁道岔时,两相邻永磁体之间的楔形缝隙用于调整永磁轨道在水平面上的曲率,以适应磁悬浮车变道目的。成功推导出了单倾角永磁体的几何尺寸、倾角大小和永磁道岔最小转弯半径之间的关系数学表达式并通过仿真计算进行了初步验证。计算结果表明,当永磁道岔换轨时,这种微小的差别不足于影响高温超导磁悬浮车的运行稳定性。     

磁悬浮列车的发展及其应用中的几点想法

 磁悬浮列车的概念最早是由美国提出来的,后来,德国、法国、日本等国相继效仿,都进行了开发与试验。磁悬浮列车是一种与传统方式完全不同的崭新列车。它不是用普通机车牵引,而是靠通过磁场推动。它不接触导轨,而是靠一种看不见的“磁垫”使这“悬浮”在导轨上。研制磁悬浮列车要解决许多问题。首先是悬浮、前进问题。对于列车的车身和轨道也有较高的要求。一、磁悬浮列车原理悬浮作用只在列车行驶时才有。行驶时磁铁产生的磁力线切割地面上的短线圈,使线圈产生感应电流,这一电流引起的磁场,极性正好与车体上磁体的极性相同。     

地铁车辆司机室内藏门漏声特性试验研究

为了进一步提高内藏门的密封性能,该文试验研究了地铁司机室内藏门密封性对司机室内噪声的影响。试验研究结果表明:在隧道直线段运行条件下,司机座椅声压级满足标准要求,在曲线段因啸叫声而超出标准限值;内藏门漏声主要来源于轮轨噪声;对司机室内藏门门框增加密封结构,可使隧道直线段在运行工况下司机座椅处噪声降低0.9 dB。最后,针对司机室内藏门门页后挡上门角漏声特征,提出了进一步的降噪措施。     

米勒循环汽油机燃烧噪声诊断与优化*

对某搭载米勒循环增压汽油机SUV在低速高负荷区域出现的“哒哒”异响进行诊断分析及优化。噪声振动信号傅里叶变换、滤波及燃烧缸压频谱对比分析,确认异响为1～3.5kHz的燃烧噪声。通过对米勒循环结构分析,确认异响产生根本原因为小升程进气凸轮进气时间短、阻力大和增压器低速性能不足,在低速中高负荷节气门全开下,采用了过大的点火提前角,导致气缸压力急剧升高诱发高压力升高率,带来燃烧噪声。通过对异响工况点火提前角进行优化,最高压力升高率及1～3.5kHz缸压频谱成分优化明显,异响消除,且发动机性能变化不大。     

矩形腔体流场模拟及噪声研究

用大涡模拟方法对低速湍流引起的矩形腔体内流动进行了模拟,并应用FW-H声学类比方程分析了由流动诱发的气动噪声.数值模拟观察到了涡结构的脱体及腔体内部的自激振荡过程,通过分析得出了由流动诱发噪声的声压-频率曲线.研究发现在流速30 m/s时,流动噪声声压级在60 dB以下,348.48 Hz及其高次谐波是噪声的主要来源,流场与声场表现出耦合关系,辐射声场具有明显的方向性.腔体噪声的风洞实验研究得到了与数值模拟吻合的结果.     

车辆天窗气动噪声的数值分析与实验研究

本文从汽车天窗气动噪声的机理入手,利用与实车几何尺寸为1:5的简化模型进行了空腔绕流的数值计算,分析了其流场结构及气动噪声产生的原因.在低速静音风洞中进行了不同流速下的流场和声场实验研究,研究了天窗不同位置的速度剪切层变化,以及不同流速下的声压级变化,发现了除了特征频率下的风振噪声,还存在较大频率范围的气动噪声,其随着...     

基于降维状态观测器的轮轨力估计方法研究

轮轨作用力对车辆的运行品质及安全有重要影响;现有轮轨力测量方法采用了特制的测力轮对测量和轨道静态测量,其成本高、周期长、稳定性差;对现有轮轨力测量方法进行了研究,提出了降维状态观测器的方法观测轮轨力;建立单轮对车辆轨道垂向耦合模型,以车辆状态响应值与轨道激励作为降维状态观测器的输入;通过Matlab仿真计算,得出轮对振动位移的观测值快速收敛于仿真值,轮轨力有很好的吻合性;随着车辆速度增加振动位移收敛时间变长,轮轨力误差增大;结果表明,在一定条件下,此方法能够很好的地观测轮轨力的大小,为轮轨力的实时估计提供一种的新方法。     

A finite element method for analysis of vibration induced by maglev trains

This paper developed a finite element method to perform the maglev train–bridge–soil interaction analysis with rail irregularities. An efficient proportional integral (PI) scheme with only a simple equation is used to control the force of the maglev wheel, which is modeled as a contact node moving along a number of target nodes. The moving maglev vehicles are modeled as a combination of spring-damper elements, lumped mass and rigid links. The Newmark method with the Newton–Raphson method is then used to solve the nonlinear dynamic equation. The major advantage is that all the proposed procedures are standard in the finite element method. The analytic solution of maglev vehicles passing a Timoshenko beam was used to validate the current finite element method with good agreements. Moreover, a very large-scale finite element analysis using the proposed scheme was also tested in this paper.     

Adaptive active control of periodic vibration using maglev actuators

In this paper, active control of periodic vibration is implemented using maglev actuators which exhibit inherent nonlinear behaviors. A multi-channel feedforward control algorithm is proposed to solve these nonlinear problems, in which maglev actuators are treated as single-input–single-output systems with unknown time-varying nonlinearities. A radial basis function network is used by the algorithm as its controller, whose parameters are adapted only with the model of the linear system in the secondary path. Compared with the strategies in the conventional magnetic-levitation system control as well as nonlinear active noise/vibration control, the proposed algorithm has the advantage that the nonlinear modeling procedure of maglev actuators and the usage of displacement sensors could be both avoided. Numerical simulations and real-time experiments are carried out based on a multiple-degree-of-freedom vibration isolation system. The results show that the proposed algorithm not only could efficiently compensate for the actuators’ time-varying nonlinearities, but also has the ability to greatly attenuate the energy of periodic vibration.     

面向超导钉扎磁浮的液氮液位检测方法研究现状

高温超导钉扎磁浮制式以悬浮导向一体化、自稳定、无需控制等优势得到了越来越多的关注.与其他磁浮制式不同,高温超导钉扎磁浮制式采用块状高温超导材料作为车载悬浮体,需要低温液体液氮作为悬浮单元的制冷剂,冷却方式为浴冷,因此实时监测液氮液面,保证液面平稳是未来超导钉扎磁浮车运行维护的首要需求.本文从车载高温超导YBaCuO块材所需的液氮环境及其配套的液氮容器功能和结构出发,结合我们近期的基于卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filtering,KF)滤波算法的铂电阻传感器液氮液位计研究工作,对6种低温液位检测方法的基础原理、特征及检测精度的对比分析,总结示出包括铂电阻阵列方式在内的3种适用于超导钉扎磁浮列车在线检测系统的液氮液位检测方法,用于推进我国2021年1月13日正式启用的高温超导钉扎高速磁浮工程化样车应用发展.     

Towards a model for electric vehicle noise emission in the European prediction method CNOSSOS-EU

The CNOSSOS-EU method is recommended in Europe for environmental noise prediction. In regards to road traffic, it includes vehicle noise emission models implicitly referring to internal combustion vehicles. The development of electrically driven vehicles calls for the future consideration of these vehicles in prediction models. On the basis of experimental data, the study reported in this paper proposes a noise emission model for extending CNOSSOS-EU to light electric vehicles. Correction terms to be applied to the propulsion noise component are determined. Investigations on a sample of tyres with good rolling resistance performance, which is a main tyre selection criterion on these vehicles, indicated that no correction is required for the rolling noise component. Differences between the noise emission from conventional vehicles and electric vehicles are discussed for several road surfaces. Owing to the limited vehicle sample as well as transitional statements, this new model for electric vehicles running at constant speed over 20 km/h should be considered as a first step towards the definition of this vehicle technology in CNOSSOS-EU.     

Traffic noise reduction due to the porous road surface

Porous road surfaces reduce road traffic noise. A new method of noise reduction assessment is proposed. The noise generated by a few vehicles was measured two times: on an old surface with the dense asphalt and on a new surface with the porous asphalt. Subjective assessments of drive-by noise suggest that the sound exposure and the road surface coefficient can be used as the acoustical characteristics of a road surface. Their average values, with the average number of vehicles passing the receiver during a day or night, makes it possible to predict the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level for the new road surface. This is the main objective of this paper.     

A multiple regression model for urban traffic noise in Hong Kong

This article describes the roadside traffic noise surveys conducted in heavily built-up urban areas in Hong Kong. Noise measurements were carried out along 18 major roads in 1999. The measurement data included L10, L50, L90, Leq, Lmax, the number of light vehicles, the number of heavy vehicles, the total traffic flow, and the average speed of vehicles. Statistical analysis using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p<0.05) reveals that the total traffic flow and the number of heavy vehicles are the most significant factors of urban traffic noise. Multiple regression was used to derive a set of empirical formulas for predicting L10 noise level due to road traffic. The accuracy of these empirical formulas is quantified and compared to that of another widely used prediction model in Hong Kong--the Calculation of Road Traffic Noise. The applicability of the selected multiple regression model is validated by the noise measurements performed in the winter of 2000.     

Prediction and Limitations of Noise Maps Developed for Heterogeneous Urban Road Traffic Condition: A Case Study of Surat City,India

Road traffic noise pollution has been recognized as a serious issue which affects human health as well as affects urban regions. Noise maps are very beneficial to identify the impact of noise pollution. A noise mapping study performed to study the propagation of noise in tier-II city along with field measurements. The noise maps are developed using a computer simulation model (SoundPLAN essential 4.0 software). The noise prediction models like U.K’s CoRTN, Germany’s RLS-90, and their modified versions, which can be used for homogenous road traffic conditions, cannot be successfully applied in heterogeneous road traffic conditions of India. In developing country like India, road traffic noise pollution depends on the composition of heterogeneous traffic volume, variance in road geometrical, honking conditions, un-authorized parking, and varying density of the building on either side of the road. These traffic compositions contain vehicles, which have different sizes, speeds variations, a different dimension of vehicles. Because of fluctuating speeds, lack of lane disciplines, and un-authorized parking on main road lanes, honking events becomes inevitable, which changes and affects the urban soundscape of nations like India. Analysis of noise maps showed that horn honking due to un-authorized parked vehicles contributed an additional increase up to 11 dB (A) noise, which is quite significant.     

The contribution of heavy vehicles to urban traffic noise

The dominating influence of road traffic on the noise climate of the world's cities is now established and attempts to reduce the problem follow two main lines: The first involves ameliorating the effects of traffic stream noise; the second an attack on the noise levels of individual vehicles. The great expense involved in developing and building quieter vehicles justifies expending considerable effort in establishing the relative noise contribution of the vehicle types found in typical urban traffic mixtures. This paper describes the development of a field method for examining the effects of heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses on the noise profile of the traffic stream. The essential feature of the method involves synchronisation of a recorded voice commentary with the traffic noise. The graphical record of this noise can then be annotated to show what type of vehicles cause the peaks in the overall noise profile.     

基于超导块材磁刚度特性的永磁轨道优化设计

目前高温超导磁悬浮实验车使用的是单极永磁轨道(PMG).为了提高磁悬浮车的运行稳定性,人们做出了大量的研究.磁悬浮刚度是设计优化高温超导磁悬浮车的一项很重要的参数.文中研究了七块YBCO块材阵列在两种结构不同的永磁轨道上方的竖直方向刚度和横向力刚度的特性.通过比较测试结果,得出七块YBCO阵列与双极型永磁轨道组成的磁悬...     

Influence of vehicle noise emission directivity on sound level distribution in a canyon street. Part I: Simulation program test

Simulation programs may be useful tools for controlling an environmental noise. The computer simulation program PROP11 that enables predictions of the time-average sound level within an urban system is used here. A roadway as a noise source is represented by a sum of the sound exposures due to individual vehicle pass-bys. Different representations of equivalent point sources for various classes of vehicles are allowed including directivity characteristics other than omnidirectional. Propagation throughout an urban system contains multi-reflections from the walls and single and double diffraction at their edges. In this paper, the PROP11 program is used to predict the sound level between opposing façades of buildings in a canyon street. A multi-lane road is assumed to contain two classes of vehicles (light and heavy) ones. The equivalent source representing vehicles is defined by the source power spectrum, its position above the ground and directivity characteristics. The consequences of introducing equivalent source directivity are analyzed.