Intermolecular interaction between hexafluorobenzene and benzene: Ab initio calculations including CCSD(T) level electron correlation correction

The intermolecular interaction energy of hexafluorobenzene-benzene has been calculated with the ARS-E model (a model chemistry for the evaluation of the intermolecular interaction energy between aromatic systems using extrapolation), which was formerly called the AIMI model. The CCSD(T) interaction energy at the basis-set limit has been estimated from the MP2 interaction energy at the basis-set limit and the CCSD(T) correction term obtained using a medium-sized basis set. The slipped-parallel (Cs) complex has the largest (most negative) interaction energy (-5.38 kcal/mol). The sandwich (C6v) complex is slightly less stable (-5.07 kcal/mol). The interaction energies of two T-shaped (C2v) complexes are very small (-1.74 and -0.88 kcal/mol). The calculated interaction energy of the slipped-parallel complex is about twice as large as that of the benzene dimer. The dispersion interaction is found to be the major source of attraction in the complex, although electrostatic interaction also contributes to the attraction. The dispersion interaction increases the relative stability of the slipped-parallel benzene dimer and the hexafluorobenzene-benzene complex compared to T-shaped ones. The electrostatic interaction is repulsive in the slipped-parallel benzene dimer, whereas it stabilizes the slipped-parallel hexafluorobenzene-benzene complex. Both electrostatic and dispersion interactions stabilize the slipped-parallel hexafluorobenzene-benzene complex, which is the cause of the preference of the slipped-parallel orientation and the larger interaction energy of the complex compared to the benzene dimer.     

Ab initio calculations of small hydrides including electron correlation

Five different structures of CH₅ ⁺ and one structure of CH₅ ^– are calculated using a gaussian basis both in the SCF approximation and with the inclusion of electron correlation in the independent electron pair approximation (IEPA). While on SCF level the C _sstructure of CH₅ ⁺ has to lowest energy, the energy difference between the C _sand C _2vstructures becomes negligible if correlation is included. In contrast to this the approach of a proton to CH₄ at large and intermediate distances is most favorable towards a corner of the CH₄ tetrahedron which means a structure. The decomposition of CH₅ ⁺ into CH₃ ⁺ and H₂ requires 20kcal/mol on SCF level and 40 kcal/mol if correlation is included.     

Ab initio calculations of small hydrides including electron correlation

The harmonic force constants and vibration frequencies of BH₃ (which is, not directly accessible to experimental studies) are calculated both in SCF approximation and including correlation in the IEPA-PNO scheme, using a Gaussian basis set. The results are compared with those of related molecules like BH and BH₂.

---

Zusammenfassung Die harmonischen Kraftkonstanten und Schwingungsfrequenzen des BH₃ (das experimentellen Untersuchungen nicht unmittelbar zugänglich ist) werden sowohl in der SCF-Näherung als auch unter Einschluß der Elektronenkorrelation in der IEPA-PNO-Näherung mit einer Basis von Gaußfunktionen berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen verwandter Moleküle wie BH und BH₂ verglichen.

---

Résumé Les constantes de force et frequences de vibration harmoniques de la molecule BH₃ (qui est inaccessible a des etudes experimentales directes) sont calculées dans le cadre des methodes SCF et IEPA-PNO utilisant une base d'orbitales Gaussiennes. On compare les resultats avec ceux obtenus recemment pour des molecules comme BH et BH₂.

     

Ab initio calculations of small hydrides including electron correlation

Calculations based on the independent-electron-pair approximation (IEPA) and the direct determination of approximate natural orbitals for the different pair correlation functions, including intra- and interpair correlation effects, are performed for the BH ground state at several internuclear distances r. The dependence of the different pair correlation contributions on r is investigated. The contributions involving the K-shell orbitals of B are practically independent of r. Calculated equilibrium distances and force constants including correlation effects are in better agreement with experiment than are the corresponding Hartree-Fock values.

---

Zusammenfassung Rechnungen, die auf der Näherung der unabhängigen Elektronenpaare (Independent-electron-pair approximation IEPA) und der direkten Bestimmung genäherter natürlicher Orbitale beruhen und die sowohl Intra- als auch Interpaar-Korrelationseffekte erfassen, wurden für das BH-Molekül bei verschiedenen interatomaren Abständen r durchgeführt. Die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Paar-Korrelationsbeiträge von r wird untersucht. Die Beiträge, an denen die K-Schale des B-Atoms beteiligt ist, erweisen sich als praktisch unabhängig von r. Die Berücksichtigung der Korrelationseffekte führt zu einer Verbesserung der berechneten Werte von Gleichgewichtsabstand und Kraftkonstante in Richtung auf die experimentellen Werte.

---

Résumé Un calcul basé sur l'approximation des paires d'électrons indépendantes (Independent-electron-pair approximation IEPA) et la détermination directe des orbitales naturelles approchées a été fait pour l'état fondamental de la molécule de BH; les contributions provenant de la corrélation intra- et interpaire ont été calculées pour plusieurs distances internucléaires r, et la dépendance de ces contributions en fonction de r a été étudiée.On montre que les contributions dans lesquelles le niveau K intervient sont pratiquement independantes de r. Le fait de tenir compte explicitement de la corrélation améliore les valeurs calculées de la distance d'équilibre et de la constante de force qui se rapprochent des valeurs expérimentales.

     

Ab initio calculations on small hydrides including electron correlation

The two lowest electronic states (³ B ₁ and ¹ A ₁) of the methylene radical (CH₂) are calculated both in SCF-approximation and with the IEPA-PNO method (including electron correlation). The influence of polarization functions and electronic correlation on the shape of the potential curves of the two states is discussed. The calculated equilibrium geometries agree very well with experiment, but the results for transition energies (e.g. ³ B ₁¹ A ₁ excitation energy=9.2 kcal/mole, total binding energy=187 kcal/mole) are more reliable than the existent experimental values.     

Ab initio calculations on small hydrides including electron correlation

A method of calculating directly approximate natural orbitals in the electron pair approximation is applied to the ground state of the BeH₂ molecule, which is not known from experiment. The question of optimum localization of the electron pairs for asymmetric nuclear configuration receives particular attention. The interpair correlation energy is estimated. The physical properties of the molecule are predicted and experimental conditions are indicated under which it should be observed.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Methode zur direkten Berechnung genäherter natürlicher Orbitale in der Elektronenpaar-näherung wird auf den Grundzustand des vom Experiment her unbekannten BeH₂-Moleküls angewandt. Die Frage der optimalen Lokalisierung der Elektronenpaare für asymmetrische Anordnung der Kerne findet besonderes Interesse. Die Interpaar-Korrelationsenergie wird abgeschätzt. Die vorausgesagten physikalischen Eigenschaften dieses Moleküls sind in einer Tabelle zusammengestellt. Bedingungen, unter denen das Molekül experimentell beobachtet werden sollte, werden angegeben.

---

Résumé La méthode basée sur le calcul direct des orbitales naturelles approchées est appliquée á l'étude de l'état fondamental de la molécule BeH₂ qui est inconnu du point de vue expérimental. La question de la localisation optimale des paires d'électrons pour des configurations asymmétriques des noyaux est discutée en détail. La corrélation interpaires est estimée. On prédit les propriétés physiques de la molécule et on indique les conditions qui devraient permettre de l'observer.

     

Ab initio calculations on small hydrides including Electron correlation

The molecules BeH₂, Be₂H₄ and Be₃H₆ are investigated by means of ab initio calculations including the electron correlation of the valence shell electrons. It is found that BeH₂ shows a strong tendency to polymerize in linear chains. The polymerization energy is estimated to be 40 Kcal/Mol.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Moleküle BeH₂, Be₂H₄ und Be₃H₆ werden mit Hilfe von ab initio Rechnungen unter Einschlu\ der Elektronenkorrelation der Valenzelektronen untersucht. Es zeigt sich, da\ BeH₂ eine starke Tendenz hat, in linearen Ketten zu polymerisieren. Die Polymerisationsenergie wird zu 40 Kcal/Mol abgeschÄtzt.

---

Résumé Les molécules BeH₂, Be₂H₄ et Be₃H₆ sont étudiées au moyen de calculs ab-initio avec corrélation électronique des électrons de la couche de valence. On trouve que BeH₂ présente une forte tendance à polymériser en chaÎnes linéaires. L'énergie de polymérisation est estimée à 40 Kcal/mole.

     

Ab initio calculation of polyethylene deformation including electron correlation effects

The longitudinal acoustic elastic modulus of polyethylene has been calculated with the aid of the ab initio crystal orbital method applying corrections also for electronic correlation effects. The basis set and correlation dependence of the elastic modulus have been investigated. The best theoretical value of 305 GPa of this modulus is in reasonable agreement with the published experimental values. At an elongation of ca. 0.1 the deviation from Hooke's law is found to be substantial.     

Ab initio calculations of the structures and energies of Ge(CH3)2 from tetramethylgermane in CVD

Ab initio calculations, at several levels of theory including density functional calculations, have been performed with a high level basis set for the two lowest energy states of Ge(CH₃)₂. The ground-state singlet configuration, at the B3PW91/“6-311G*” level of theory, is one in which the methyl hydrogen atoms are eclipsed. Similar calculations at the same level of theory, but using an effective core potential (ECP), do not predict the same geometry, indicating that the use of ECP basis sets should be avoided in organogermanium molecules. This is the first reported calculation of the configurations and energies of Ge(CH₃)₂ and is expected to be useful in the spectroscopic monitoring of CVD processes involving tetramethylgermane, a common precursor. Comparison is made to calculations for GeH₂ performed at the same levels of theory. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:195–200, 1998     

Clusters of hydrogen molecules: Ab initio SCF calculations corrected semiempirically for correlation energies

Stabilization energy of the (H₂) _n clusters (n = 2–8) was calculated as a sum of the SCF interaction energy and the semiempirical interaction correlation energy estimated according to Sinanolu and Pamuk. Optimum successive attachment of hydrogen molecules leads to the formation of a gas-phase solvation shell consisting of seven hydrogen molecules. Basis set effect has been found to be important with all clusters under study. The non-additivity effect was investigated with the (H₂)₄ cluster. Vertical ionization potentials of the clusters considered are predicted to be 0.4–0.6 eV lower than the ionization potential of the parent H₂ molecule.     

Toward more efficient CCSD(T) calculations of intermolecular interactions in model hydrogen-bonded and stacked dimers

Interaction energies of the model H-bonded complexes, the formamide and formamidine dimers, as well as the stacked formaldehyde and ethylene dimers are calculated by the coupled cluster CCSD(T) method. These systems serve as a model for H-bonded and stacking interactions, typical in molecules participating in biological systems. We use the optimized virtual orbital space (OVOS) technique, by which the dimension of the space of virtual orbitals in coupled cluster CCSD(T) calculations can be significantly reduced. We demonstrate that when the space of virtual orbitals is reduced to 50% of the full space, which means reducing computational demands by 1 order of magnitude, the interaction energies for both H-bonded and stacked dimers are affected by no more than 0.1 kcal/mol. This error is much smaller than the error when interaction energies are calculated using limited basis sets.     

Conformational analysis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium by CCSD(T) level ab initio calculations: effects of neighboring anions

Conformational energies for the butyl group of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmim) were calculated by high-level ab initio methods. Estimated relative energies for the TT, GT and G'T rotamers of an isolated bmim cation at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level are 0.0 -0.02 and -0.50 kcal/mol, respectively. The close contact of a Cl anion to theC(2)-H of imidazolium considerably increases the relative stability of the GT rotamer. Estimated relative energies for the three rotamers of the [bmim]Cl complex, in which the Cl anion exists close to the C(2)-H, are 0.0, -1.61 and -0.25 kcal/mol, respectively. The GT rotamer is favored by the strong attractive electrostatic interaction between the bmim cation and Cl anion. The C(2)-H group in the GT rotamer has a larger positive charge compared with those in the TT and G'T rotamers. The contact of a Br anion to the C(2)-H also stabilizes the GT rotamer. The effects of the Cl anion close to the C(4)-Hand C(5)-Hare small. The anion effects suggest that the GT rotamer is the most stable in ionic liquids. The positive charge on imidazolium ring does not largely change the conformational energies. Estimated relative energies for the three rotamers of N-butylimidazole (0.0, -0.29 and -0.75 kcal/mol, respectively) are not largely different from those for isolated bmim. Calculated MP2/cc-pVTZ level torsional potential for the C im-N im-C-C bond has a minimum when the torsional angle is close to 90 degrees. Coplanar conformation is not a stable structure. Calculated torsional barrier height between the two nonplanar minima is less than 1 kcal/mol.     

Magnitude and nature of carbohydrate-aromatic interactions in fucose-phenol and fucose-indole complexes: CCSD(T) level interaction energy calculations

The CH/π contact structures of the fucose-phenol and fucose-indole complexes and the stabilization energies by formation of the complexes (E(form)) were studied by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The three types of interactions (CH/π and OH/π interactions and OH/O hydrogen bonds) were compared and evaluated in a single molecular system and at the same level of theory. The E(form) calculated for the most stable CH/π contact structure of the fucose-phenol complex at the CCSD(T) level (-4.9 kcal/mol) is close to that for the most stable CH/π contact structure of the fucose-benzene complex (-4.5 kcal/mol). On the other hand the most stable CH/π contact structure of the fucose-indole complex has substantially larger E(form) (-6.5 kcal/mol). The dispersion interaction is the major source of the attraction in the CH/π contact structures of the fucose-phenol and fucose-indole complexes as in the case of the fucose-benzene complex. The electrostatic interactions in the CH/π contact structures are small (less than 1.5 kcal/mol). The nature of the interactions between the nonpolar surface of the carbohydrate and aromatic rings is completely different from that of the conventional hydrogen bonds where the electrostatic interaction is the major source of the attraction. The distributed multipole analysis and DFT-SATP analysis show that the dispersion interactions in the CH/π contact structure of fucose-indole complex are substantially larger than those in the CH/π contact structures of fucose-benzene and fucose-phenol complexes. The large dispersion interactions are responsible for the large E(form) for the fucose-indole complex.     

Ab initio calculations of guanidinium–carboxylate interaction

Ab initio calculations (self-consistent-field Hartree–Fock) using 6-31G and STO -4G basis sets are used to investigate the interaction between guanidinium and methylguanidinium ion with the carboxylate group of formate. Binding energies and optimum geometries are obtained and compared with reported results using a smaller basis set (STO -3G). The importance of this interaction in proteinsubstrate binding is discussed.     

Ab initio theoretical calculations of the electronic excitation energies of small water clusters

A direct ab initio molecular dynamics method has been applied to a water monomer and water clusters (H(2)O)(n) (n = 1-3) to elucidate the effects of zero-point energy (ZPE) vibration on the absorption spectra of water clusters. Static ab initio calculations without ZPE showed that the first electronic transitions of (H(2)O)(n), (1)B(1)←(1)A(1), are blue-shifted as a function of cluster size (n): 7.38 eV (n = 1), 7.58 eV (n = 2) and 8.01 eV (n = 3). The inclusion of the ZPE vibration strongly affects the excitation energies of a water dimer, and a long red-tail appears in the range of 6.42-6.90 eV due to the structural flexibility of a water dimer. The ultraviolet photodissociation of water clusters and water ice surfaces is relevant to these results.     

High-level ab initio computations of structures and interaction energies of naphthalene dimers: origin of attraction and its directionality

The intermolecular interaction energies of naphthalene dimers have been calculated by using an aromatic intermolecular interaction model (a model chemistry for the evaluation of intermolecular interactions between aromatic molecules). The CCSD(T) (coupled cluster calculations with single and double substitutions with noniterative triple excitations) interaction energy at the basis set limit has been estimated from the second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation interaction energy near saturation and the CCSD(T) correction term obtained using a medium-size basis set. The estimated interaction energies of the set of geometries explored in this work show that two structures emerge as being the lowest energy, and may effectively be considered as isoenergetic on the basis of the errors inherent in out extrapolation procedure. These structures are the slipped-parallel (Ci) structure (-5.73 kcal/mol) and the cross (D2d) structure (-5.28 kcal/mol). The T-shaped (C2v) and sandwich (D2h) dimers are substantially less stable (-4.34 and -3.78 kcal/mol, respectively). The dispersion interaction is found to be the major source of attraction in the naphthalene dimer. The electrostatic interaction is substantially smaller than the dispersion interaction. The large dispersion interaction is the cause of the large binding energies of the cross and slipped-parallel dimers.     

CCSD(T) expectation value calculations of first-order properties

An expectation value approach to calculations of first-order properties using the non-iterative, triple-excitation amplitudes in the coupled cluster wave function is exploited. Three methods are suggested and analysed using the many body perturbation theory (MBPT) expansion arguments. The first method, in which non-iterative triple-excitation amplitudes are used in the expression for the expectation values, makes the wave function accurate through the second order of MBPT. In the second method, which is an extension of the first, effects of triple-excitation amplitudes are coupled with single- and double-excitation amplitudes. The correlated density matrix equivalent through the fourth order to that obtained when CCSDT-la amplitudes are used is employed in the third method. The suggested methods are tested on dipole moment and polarizability calculations for several diatomic closed-shell molecules and are compared to other related approaches. Received: 15 May 1997 / Accepted: 5 June 1997     

Ab initio calculations of the pi electron hamiltonian: singlet-triplet splittings

Some results of approximate ab initio calculations of the “correlation” contribution to the true parameters of the pi electron hamiltonian are presented for the ethylene molecule. In particular, by using sum-of-the-pairs type generalized perturbation theory, it is shown that there is a large core “correlation” contribution to singlet-triplet splittings within pi electron theories that results from the difference in the degree of ionicity of the isoconfigurational states.