气泡与弹性边界的相互作用研究

从气泡与弹性边界相互作用基本现象入手, 基于势流理论, 建立气泡与弹性边界相互作用的数值模型, 计及浮力与表面张力, 模拟弹性介质附近单个气泡的动态特性, 通过气泡周围压力场的分布来讨论蘑菇状气泡的成因, 数值结果与已有实验结果吻合良好. 讨论两个气泡与弹性边界的相互作用, 并通过与Robinson 和Blake的实验结果对比, 验证数值模型的正确性. 数值模拟发现, 浮力、弹性系数和密度比是影响气泡动态特性的重要特征参数.      

复杂边界附近气泡的动态特性研究

本文假设气泡周围流场为无粘、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,基于势流理论,运用边界元法模拟近边界水下爆炸气泡的动力学特征,建立气泡、壁面以及自由面三者之间复杂耦合动力学模型,在气泡运动模拟过程中引入数值光顺技术及弹性网格技术(EMT),避免因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,开发相应的三维计算程序,并与自由表面附近气泡运动的实验数据进行对比分析,计算结果表明本文的计算方法及程序具有较高的精度.在此基础上,用本文开发的三维程序模拟了单个及多个气泡与自由表面及圆筒等复杂边界的相互作用,其中包括水面漂浮结构和水下结构,气泡在自由表面及结构的联合作用下呈现出强非线性.本主文旨在为相关复杂边界附近气泡动力学特性研究提供参考.     

自由场水中爆炸气泡的物理特性

将水中爆炸气泡运动阶段周围流场假设为无粘、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用边界元法模拟自由场中气泡的运动,在气泡运动模拟过程中引入数值光顺技术及弹性网格技术,避免因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,并开发计算程序。计算值与实验值吻合良好,误差小于10%。从自由场水中爆炸气泡的基本现象入手,基于本文中开发的程序系统地研究了自由场中气泡的动力学特性。对流场中不同方位的压力进行分析,得出气泡中心的迁移方向及射流的攻击方向压力载荷比其他方向均大,说明气泡射流的攻击方向压力载荷最大,对水中结构造成严重毁伤,表明了气泡载荷的不对称性。计算了流场中不同位置的速度变化曲线,结果表明随着距气泡中心距离的增大,气泡运动引起的滞后流的速度迅速减小,且随着气泡的膨胀和坍塌,滞后流的方向逆转,总结了滞后流的衰减及变化规律。     

缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性振动

空化现象和水下噪声机制与液体中气泡的动力学行为密切相关．在无粘势流的假定下，采用多参数摄动分析，研究了缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性体积模态振动．推导了关于缓变泡形展开的各阶扰动方程，获得了一阶振动的演化方程和一些特殊情况下的解析解；并采用高阶有限元离散的边界积分方程方法，对平面固壁和自由面附近三维气泡的固有频率进行了数值计算     

气泡多周期运动时引起的流场压力与速度

假设水下爆炸气泡的内部气体在膨胀收缩过程中满足绝热条件,周围流体无黏无旋不可压缩. 基于势流理论,采用边界元法研究气泡动力学行为,重点关注气泡引起的流场脉动载荷以及滞后流特性,给出了相关的理论推导和数值计算方法. 通过将数值结果与解析解、实验值进行对比,数值模型的收敛性和有效性能够得到保证. 利用编写的程序进行计算和分析,发现在气泡加速膨胀阶段,流场压力在气泡径向不一定是逐渐衰减,还有可能以先增后减的规律变化;气泡射流后,为了能够继续描述环状气泡的运动以及流场特性,将此时的流场分为无旋场和一个布置在气泡内部涡环的叠加,计算过程中采用了一些数值技巧处理气泡的拓扑结构,得以连续模拟多个周期的气泡运动. 环状气泡具有相对较高的上浮迁移速度,而且在其顶部和底部附近分别形成两个高压区,顶部的高压区峰值相对较大,底部的高压区范围相对较大. 环状气泡中心轴上的流场速度会在气泡中心有一个加速过程,在气泡顶部附近又迅速减小.      

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON THE VELOCITY AND PRESSURE FIELDS INDUCED BYMULTI-OSCILLATIONS OF AN UNDERWATER EXPLOSION BUBBLE

假设水下爆炸气泡的内部气体在膨胀收缩过程中满足绝热条件,周围流体无黏无旋不可压缩. 基于势流理论,采用边界元法研究气泡动力学行为,重点关注气泡引起的流场脉动载荷以及滞后流特性,给出了相关的理论推导和数值计算方法. 通过将数值结果与解析解、实验值进行对比,数值模型的收敛性和有效性能够得到保证. 利用编写的程序进行计算和分析,发现在气泡加速膨胀阶段,流场压力在气泡径向不一定是逐渐衰减,还有可能以先增后减的规律变化;气泡射流后,为了能够继续描述环状气泡的运动以及流场特性,将此时的流场分为无旋场和一个布置在气泡内部涡环的叠加,计算过程中采用了一些数值技巧处理气泡的拓扑结构,得以连续模拟多个周期的气泡运动. 环状气泡具有相对较高的上浮迁移速度,而且在其顶部和底部附近分别形成两个高压区,顶部的高压区峰值相对较大,底部的高压区范围相对较大. 环状气泡中心轴上的流场速度会在气泡中心有一个加速过程,在气泡顶部附近又迅速减小.     

水中高压脉动气泡与浮体流固耦合特性研究

本文针对水中放电气泡与水面浮体流固耦合作用开展实验和数值研究, 采用边界积分法对气泡运动进行数值模拟, 利用辅助函数法提高非线性流固耦合问题的计算精度, 同时运用双节点法保证气-液-固三相交界线的计算稳定性. 实验中, 采用水下放电技术生成气泡, 使用高速摄影捕捉气泡动力学行为与浮体运动响应. 首先对比数值与实验结果, 二者吻合良好, 验证了数值计算模型的有效性和正确性. 然后通过对气泡与浮体的无量纲距离$\gamma_{s} $ (气泡最大半径为特征长度)进行系统研究发现: (1) $\gamma_{s} $从0.2增大至2时, 气泡在坍塌阶段分别形成了颈缩型环状射流(本文针对水中放电气泡与水面浮体流固耦合作用开展实验和数值研究,采用边界积分法对气泡运动进行数值模拟,利用辅助函数法提高非线性流固耦合问题的计算精度,同时运用双节点法保证气-液-固三相交界线的计算稳定性.实验中,采用水下放电技术生成气泡,使用高速摄影捕捉气泡动力学行为与浮体运动响应.首先对比数值与实验结果,二者吻合良好,验证了数值计算模型的有效性和正确性.然后通过对气泡与浮体的无量纲距离γ_s(气泡最大半径为特征长度)进行系统研究发现:(1)γ_s从0.2增大至2时,气泡在坍塌阶段分别形成了颈缩型环状射流(0.2≤γ_s≤0.3)、接触射流(0.4≤γ_s≤0.6)、非接触射流(0.7≤γ_s≤1)、对射流(1.1≤γ_s≤1.3)和反射流(1.4≤γ_s≤2)等5种典型射流模式;(2)正射流速度随γ_s先增大后减小再增大,并且当0.7≤γ_s≤0.9时,速度可达约1000 m/s;反射流速度随γ_s增大而增大;(3)在本文实验条件下,γ_s1.5时浮体对气泡的Bjerknes吸引力强于自由液面的Bjerknes排斥力导致气泡在坍塌阶段向浮体迁移;当γ_s≥1.5时自由液面对气泡的排斥作用更强,气泡在坍塌阶段远离自由液面.     

水平刚性面下方水下爆炸气泡垂向运动的理论研究

为了研究边界面对水下爆炸气泡脉动的影响,根据势流理论建立了水平刚性面下方在浮力作用下作垂向运动的水下爆炸气泡的理论模型,编制计算程序进行求解。对水下爆炸气泡脉动运动的特点、流场的速度和压力的分布、气泡引起的载荷形式进行了分析。结果表明此模型能够反映水下爆炸气泡和周围流体介质的运动规律,并能进行定量的计算。     

基于边界积分法的气泡动态特性综述

近年来,边界积分法(boundary integral method,BIM)被普遍应用于气泡动力学模拟,本文综述了边界积分法及其相关技术在气泡动力学特性模拟中的应用与发展.首先,讨论了气泡的重要性及边界积分法的应用;其次,讨论了气泡动态特性的数值模拟,从射流冲击前的单连通域到射流冲击后的环状气泡即双连通域的发展过程,其中包括轴对称模型和三维模型;再次,讨论了气泡运动数值模拟过程中的两种关键技术;最后,综述了近边界气泡的研究进展,并在上述基础上提出了一些尚需进一步解决的问题.      

水气两相流中稀疏气泡流动速度场的数字图像测量初探

由空压机提供的气体通过—排微小直径的喷嘴进入静止水体，形成水气两相流流场。在单相PIV和PTV技术的基础上，研究稀疏气液两相流情况下气泡的速度场分布。PIV算法采用快速傅立叶互相关分析法，而PTV算法需要获得每幅图像中每个气泡的形心，根据连续图像中的粒子对，计算速度。用PIV和PTV两种算法处理求出气泡的速度并对两种方法进行比较，其最终研究成果可应用于流体及多相流的流量测技术，提高我们进行低密度气液两相流相关研究的测量水平。同时为水气两相流的数值分析和理论研究提供流场测试的数据。     

The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the skin friction of a bubble

In this paper, we develop a novel moving mesh method suitable for solving axisymmetric free-boundary problems, including the Marangoni effect induced by surfactant or temperature variation. This method employs a body-fitted grid system where the gas–liquid interface is one line of the grid system. We model the surfactant equation of state with a non-linear Langmuir law, and, for simplicity, we limit ourselves to the situation of an insoluble surfactant. We solve complicated dynamic boundary conditions accurately on the gas–liquid interface in the framework of finite-volume methods. Our method is used to study the effect of a surfactant on the skin friction of a bubble in a uniaxial flow. For the limiting case where the surface diffusivity is zero, the effect of a tangential stress generated by the surface tension gradient, allows us to explain a new phenomenon in high concentration regimes: larger surface tension, but also larger deformation. Furthermore, this condition leads to the formation of boundary layers and flow separation at high Reynolds numbers. The influence of these complex flow patterns is examined.     

Numerical simulation of a single bubble by compressible two‐phase fluids

The present work deals with the numerical investigation of a collapsing bubble in a liquid–gas fluid, which is modeled as a single compressible medium. The medium is characterized by the stiffened gas law using different material parameters for the two phases. For the discretization of the stiffened gas model, the approach of Saurel and Abgrall is employed where the flow equations, here the Euler equations, for the conserved quantities are approximated by a finite volume scheme, and an upwind discretization is used for the non‐conservative transport equations of the pressure law coefficients. The original first‐order discretization is extended to higher order applying second‐order ENO reconstruction to the primitive variables. The derivation of the non‐conservative upwind discretization for the phase indicator, here the gas fraction, is presented for arbitrary unstructured grids. The efficiency of the numerical scheme is significantly improved by employing local grid adaptation. For this purpose, multiscale‐based grid adaptation is used in combination with a multilevel time stepping strategy to avoid small time steps for coarse cells. The resulting numerical scheme is then applied to the numerical investigation of the 2‐D axisymmetric collapse of a gas bubble in a free flow field and near to a rigid wall. The numerical investigation predicts physical features such as bubble collapse, bubble splitting and the formation of a liquid jet that can be observed in experiments with laser‐induced cavitation bubbles. Opposite to the experiments, the computations reveal insight to the state inside the bubble clearly indicating that these features are caused by the acceleration of the gas due to shock wave focusing and reflection as well as wave interaction processes. While incompressible models have been used to provide useful predictions on the change of the bubble shape of a collapsing bubble near a solid boundary, we wish to study the effects of shock wave emissions into the ambient liquid on the bubble collapse, a phenomenon that may not be captured using an incompressible fluid model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同发射深度下导弹水下点火气水流体动力计算

从流体动力角度研究了不同发射深度下，导弹水下点火这一非定常非线性过程。整个系统分为外部水流场、喷管流场和燃气泡流场三个区域加以考虑。水流场采用不可压势流模型，用边界元方法求解；喷管内流场采用非定常一元流动模型，用特征线差分法求解，并设置了激波检测功能；燃气泡采用基于质量和能量守恒的零维计算模型。在时间域中用步进方法实现了三个流场的耦合求解。给出了四种发射深度下的数值计算结果，展示了导弹水下点火的一     

Shock structure in bubbly liquids: comparison of direct numerical simulations and model equations

Shock wave structure in a bubbly mixture composed of a cluster of gas bubbles in a quiescent liquid with initial void fractions around 10% inside a 3D rectangular domain excited by a sudden increase in the pressure at one boundary is investigated using the front tracking/finite volume method. The effects of bubble/bubble interactions and bubble deformations are, therefore, investigated for further modeling. The liquid is taken to be incompressible while the bubbles are assumed to be compressible. The gas pressure inside the bubbles is taken uniform and is assumed to vary isothermally. Results obtained for the pressure distribution at different locations along the direction of propagation show the characteristics of one-dimensional unsteady shock propagation evolving towards steady-state. The steady-state shock structures obtained by the present direct numerical simulations, which show a transition from A-type to C-type steady-state shock structures, are compared with those obtained by the classical Rayleigh–Plesset equation and by a modified Rayleigh–Plesset equation accounting for bubble/bubble interactions in the mean-field theory.      

The effect of viscoelasticity on a rising gas bubble

This paper investigates the role of viscoelasticity on the dynamics of rising gas bubbles. The dynamics of bubbles rising in a viscoelastic liquid are characterised by three phenomena: the trailing edge cusp, negative wake, and the rise velocity jump discontinuity. There is much debate in the literature over the cause of the jump discontinuity, which is observed once the bubble exceeds a certain critical volume. In this paper, the employment of some choice modelling assumptions allows insights into the mechanisms of the jump discontinuity which cannot be ascertained experimentally. The ambient fluid is assumed incompressible and the flow irrotational, with viscoelastic effects included through the stress balance on the bubble surface. The governing equations are solved using the boundary element method. Some Newtonian predictions are discussed before investigating the role of viscoelasticity. The model predicts the trademark cusp at the trailing end of a rising bubble to a high resolution. However, the irrotational assumption precludes the prediction of the negative wake. The corresponding absence of the jump discontinuity supports the hypothesis that the negative wake is primarily responsible for the jump discontinuity, as mooted in previous studies.     

Bubble dynamics and interactions with a pair of micro pillars in tandem

This study investigates flow patterns and bubble dynamics of two-phase flow around two 100 μm diameter circular pillars in tandem, which were entrenched inside a horizontal micro channel. Bubble velocity, trajectory, size, and void fraction were measured using a high speed camera and analyzed using a particle tracking velocimetry method. A range of gas and liquid superficial velocities were tested, resulting in different bubbly flow patterns, which were consistent with previous studies. These flow patterns were altered as they interacted with the pillars. Depending on the relative transverse location of bubbles to the pillars, and through bubble–bubble interaction, the flow sometimes returned to its original state. It was also determined that the pillars altered both the bubble trajectory and void fraction, especially in the pillars region.     

Wave regimes of ascending flow of a thin layer of a viscous liquid in contact with a gas

The flow of a liquid in thin layers is one of the hydrodynamic problems of chemistry and heat engineering. The large surface area of films and their small thickness make it possible to accelerate thermal, diffusive, and chemical processes at the gas-liquid boundary.Theoretical studies of liquid flow in a vertical descending thin layer are presented in [1–4]. In this paper we study ascending wave flows of a liquid in a thin vertical layer in contact with a gas, i.e., flows in the direction opposite the action of the force due to gravity, with account for the action of the gas on the liquid surface. Such motions are encountered when oil is extracted from strata that are saturated with gas. At some distance from the stratum the oil and gas separate: the gas travels at high velocity inside the pipe, occupying a considerable portion of the pipe, and the liquid is displaced toward the pipe walls, forming a thin film. In certain cases a wave-like interface develops between the oil and gas that travels with a velocity greater than that of the liquid but less than the average gas velocity. Similar phenomena are observed in high velocity mass exchangers.We examine the effect of the gas for both laminar and turbulent flow.Studies that neglect the effect of the gas flow on the liquid show that for waves on the film surface whose lengths are considerably longer than the average thickness of the layer, the liquid motion in the film is described by boundary layer equations in which account is taken of the mass force, i.e., the force due to gravity. With some approximation, we can assume that in accounting for the effect of the gas on the liquid the liquid flow is described by these same equations.     

Development of co-current air–water flow in a vertical pipe

Measurements of the cross-sectional distribution of the gas fraction and bubble size distributions were conducted in a vertical pipe with an inner diameter of 51.2 mm and a length of about 3 m for air/water bubbly and slug flow regimes. The use of a wire-mesh sensor obtained a high resolution of the gas fraction data in space as well as in time. From this data, time averaged values for the two-dimensional gas fraction profiles were decomposed into a large number of bubble size classes. This allowed the extraction of the radial gas fraction profiles for a given range of bubble sizes as well as data for local bubble size distributions. The structure of the flow can be characterized by such data. The measurements were performed for up to 10 different inlet lengths and for about 100 combinations of gas and liquid volume flow rates. The data is very useful for the development and validation of meso-scale models to account for the forces acting on a bubble in a shear liquid flow and models for bubble coalescence and break-up. Such models are necessary for the validation of CFD codes for the simulation of bubbly flows.     

Robust numerical analysis of the dynamic bubble formation process in a viscous liquid

The dynamics of bubble formation from a submerged nozzle in a highly viscous liquid with relatively fast inflow gas velocity is studied numerically. The numerical simulations are carried out using a sharp interface coupled level set/volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method and the governing equations are solved through a hydrodynamic scheme with formal second-order accuracy. Numerical results agree well with experimental results and it is shown that the sharp interface CLSVOF method enables one to reproduce the bubble formation process for a wide range of inflow gas velocities. From numerical results, one can improve their understanding of the mechanisms regarding the dynamics of bubble formation. For example, it is found that for some sets of parameters that the bubble formation process reaches steady state after several bubbles are released from the nozzle. At steady state, bubbles uniformly rise freely in the viscous liquid. It is observed that the fluid flow around a formed bubble has a significant role in determining the overall dynamic process of bubble formation; e.g. the effect of the fluid flow from the preceding bubble can be seen on newly formed bubbles.