缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性振动

空化现象和水下噪声机制与液体中气泡的动力学行为密切相关．在无粘势流的假定下，采用多参数摄动分析，研究了缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性体积模态振动．推导了关于缓变泡形展开的各阶扰动方程，获得了一阶振动的演化方程和一些特殊情况下的解析解；并采用高阶有限元离散的边界积分方程方法，对平面固壁和自由面附近三维气泡的固有频率进行了数值计算     

简单Green函数法模拟三维水下爆炸气泡运动

假定水下爆炸气泡脉动阶段的流场是无旋、不可压缩的,运用势流理论导出气泡边界面运动的控制方程,采用高阶曲面三角形单元离散了维气泡表面,用边界积分法求解气泡的运动．并将计算结果与Rayleigh-Plesset气泡模型和试验数据进行对比分析,分析结果表明高阶曲面单元能够高精度的模拟水下爆炸气泡运动,且比线性单元有多方面的优越性．分别模拟了有、无重力场和刚壁时对气泡运动的影响,并预测了气泡在流场中膨胀、坍塌、迁移、射流形成等苇要动力学行为,同时建立了水下爆炸气泡与圆柱简相互作用的三维模型,模拟了自由液面、圆柱筒附近三维气泡的动力学特性．     

三维气泡与刚性壁面的相互作用研究

基于势流理论建立水下爆炸气泡运动三维模型,采用边界积分法求解拉普拉斯方程,得到气泡的变形及位置,并在计算过程中引入弹性网格技术,避免了因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,进而模拟了刚性壁面附近三维气泡的动态特性。在数值模拟过程中,将本文计算值与实验数据进行对比分析,结果表明,计算值与实验数据吻合良好。在此基础上,分别模拟了弱浮力、强Bjerknes力,强浮力、弱Bjerknes力以及浮力与Bjerknes力相当时壁面附近气泡的运动特征,并将各种工况的计算结果与基于开尔文冲量理论(Kelvin Impulse)的Blake准则进行对比分析与讨论,得到了不同参数下气泡的运动特征。     

复杂边界附近气泡的动态特性研究

本文假设气泡周围流场为无粘、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,基于势流理论,运用边界元法模拟近边界水下爆炸气泡的动力学特征,建立气泡、壁面以及自由面三者之间复杂耦合动力学模型,在气泡运动模拟过程中引入数值光顺技术及弹性网格技术(EMT),避免因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,开发相应的三维计算程序,并与自由表面附近气泡运动的实验数据进行对比分析,计算结果表明本文的计算方法及程序具有较高的精度.在此基础上,用本文开发的三维程序模拟了单个及多个气泡与自由表面及圆筒等复杂边界的相互作用,其中包括水面漂浮结构和水下结构,气泡在自由表面及结构的联合作用下呈现出强非线性.本主文旨在为相关复杂边界附近气泡动力学特性研究提供参考.     

可压缩流场中气泡脉动数值模拟

在应用边界元方法对气泡动力学的研究中, 绝大多数模型是建立在不压缩势流理论基础之上, 针对可压缩流场中气泡运动特性的研究很少. 从波动方程出发, 分别在气泡运动前期和后期对波动方程进行简化, 得到气泡运动局部和全局简化方程, 采用双渐进方法对简化方程进行匹配, 提出了考虑流场可压缩性的非球状气泡运动模型. 该模型的计算结果与Prospertti 等的解析结果吻合很好, 气泡脉动最大半径和内部最大压力随气泡脉动逐渐减小. 基于该模型对比了自由场中药包爆炸考虑可压缩性与不考虑可压缩性的计算结果, 发现考虑可压缩性气泡射流速度较小, 随后基于该模型计算了刚性边界下气泡的运动特性.     

三维气泡与自由表面相互作用的直接数值模拟

采用VOF中的PLIC界面重构方法数值模拟了三维气泡在液流中上升并与自由表面相互作用的运动.分别考察了不同初始高度,有无来流及有无再生气泡对气泡上升高度、上升速度、压力及与自由表面相互作用等的影响.结果表明:气泡初始位置越低,顶端上升的高度越大,自由面隆起的范围更广.越靠近自由表面,底部射流横向发展越窄,而向上的压力梯度,气泡上升速度,底部射流上升高度越大,反之则反;但如果底部射流均在接近自由表面以前已横向发展充分,则差别不大.气泡外形、上升高度、破裂时间以及上升速度与来流无关.产生再生气泡后,原生气泡与再生气泡相吸,相互加速对方的上升;自由表面抬升的高度增幅较大,范围拓宽,上升速度也大大增加,且再生气泡越多,自由表面隆起的范围越大.     

水平刚性面下方水下爆炸气泡垂向运动的理论研究

为了研究边界面对水下爆炸气泡脉动的影响,根据势流理论建立了水平刚性面下方在浮力作用下作垂向运动的水下爆炸气泡的理论模型,编制计算程序进行求解。对水下爆炸气泡脉动运动的特点、流场的速度和压力的分布、气泡引起的载荷形式进行了分析。结果表明此模型能够反映水下爆炸气泡和周围流体介质的运动规律,并能进行定量的计算。     

三维气泡羽流建立区流动形态的观察

本文对三维气泡羽流(Bubble plume)建立区流动形态进行了实验研究,给出实验参数的确定、实验方法与装置以及所取得的结果。     

瞬态空化泡演变过程的数值模拟

采用边界积分方程方法，对无粘流体中三个空化泡以及自由面附近二个空化泡相互作用的演变过程进行了数值模拟。计算中边界用二阶有限元离散，影响系数矩阵非对角线元素用六点高斯数值积分方法计算，对第一类、第二类完全椭圆积分用高次多项式近似，对计算系数矩阵对角线元素中遇到的奇异积分进行了特殊处理。结果表明，在不同的给定参数下，空化泡的溃灭形态各异，柱状射流和环形射流都有可能发生，使空化泡演变成双泡或环形泡。     

均匀流中双色波传播特性的模拟研究

针对双色波浪与均匀流相互作用问题,采用时域高阶边界元方法建立自由水面满足完全非线性边界条件的数学模型。求解中采用混合欧拉-拉格朗日方法追踪流体瞬时水面,运用四阶龙格库塔方法更新下一时间步的波面和速度势。通过与已发表试验结果对比,验证了本模型的准确性。通过数值计算研究了水流参数对各组成波及衍生的高阶波幅值、波浪和水流间能量交换的影响规律。     

用迭代法模拟注塑成型的三维流动

Hele-Shaw模型是模拟注塑成型过程的常用模型,它的主要缺点是不能模拟一些重要的物理现象及引入实际制件中并不存在的“中面”概念,为了消除这些不足,本文开发了真三维的流动分析程序。建立了粘性、不可压缩的非牛顿流体流动的控制方程,为了避免同时求解耦合的压力场、速度场,本文引入拟稳定技术独立地求解这些方程,用迭代法求耦合方程的解。这种方法可以减少内存并提高数值方法的稳定性。算例表明数值结果与实验结果吻合较好,这种方法成功地模拟了注塑成型流动过程中的重要特征。     

薄板坯连铸结晶器中钢液三维流动的数值模拟

采用高 Re数的紊流 K- ε两方程模型 ,且结合壁面函数法对薄板坯连铸结晶器中钢液的紊流流动进行了有限元数值模拟。在数值模拟中 ,考虑了凝固壳厚度分布对流场的影响。在掌握了结晶器内紊流粘性系数分布规律的基础上 ,将流动域在空间进行了分区 ,采用分区选定有效粘性系数的当量层流模型数值模拟了三维紊流流动 ,结果表明 ,当量层流模型可有效的获得与原紊流时均场基本一致的结果 ,但计算效率显著提高 ,为今后工程上计算薄板坯结晶器中的三维流动和考虑流动影响的凝固过程分析提供了实用的方法 ,计算结果也有助于人们对薄板坯连铸结晶器中钢液三维紊流流动特点和与流动有关的板坯质量等问题的理解     

不同发射深度下导弹水下点火气水流体动力计算

从流体动力角度研究了不同发射深度下，导弹水下点火这一非定常非线性过程。整个系统分为外部水流场、喷管流场和燃气泡流场三个区域加以考虑。水流场采用不可压势流模型，用边界元方法求解；喷管内流场采用非定常一元流动模型，用特征线差分法求解，并设置了激波检测功能；燃气泡采用基于质量和能量守恒的零维计算模型。在时间域中用步进方法实现了三个流场的耦合求解。给出了四种发射深度下的数值计算结果，展示了导弹水下点火的一     

Numerical simulation of standing wave with 3D predictor-corrector finite difference method for potential flow equations

A three-dimensional （3D） predictor-corrector finite difference method for standing wave is developed. It is applied to solve the 3D nonlinear potential flow equa- tions with a free surface. The 3D irregular tank is mapped onto a fixed cubic tank through the proper coordinate transform schemes. The cubic tank is distributed by the staggered meshgrid, and the staggered meshgrid is used to denote the variables of the flow field. The predictor-corrector finite difference method is given to develop the difference equa- tions of the dynamic boundary equation and kinematic boundary equation. Experimental results show that, using the finite difference method of the predictor-corrector scheme, the numerical solutions agree well with the published results. The wave profiles of the standing wave with different amplitudes and wave lengths are studied. The numerical solutions are also analyzed and presented graphically.     

Sound Radiated in a Cavity by a Vibrating Plate: Comparison between the Results of a Finite Element Method (FEMAK) and a Boundary Element Method (NoVAlea2D)

The coupling between a cavity and a vibrating plate is written as a strong coupling where both the continuity of stresses and particle velocities at the interface are taken into account. A FEM analysis reveals an important coupling between the first mode of the plate and the cavity. The pressure distribution in the cavity shows a strong quarter of a wave length pattern indicating the influence of the first Dirichlet mode in the cavity. The vibrating plate is then excited by a turbulent flow modelled by its spectral density using the Corcos model. A comparison is made between the results obtained from a FEM and a BEM formulation. Good agreements are observed concerning the plate displacements. The comparison of the cavity sound pressure levels is less good. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多孔介质在压力梯度作用下的热质耦合数值模拟

多孔介质干燥导致热质耦合传输过程。本文基于连续介质力学的宏观尺度,对多孔介质的热、湿和气三者耦合迁移进行数值模拟,研究压力梯度对热质传输的影响。多孔介质传质机理主要为水汽和空气的对流和扩散传输、吸附水在含湿量梯度作用下的自由扩散和其在温度梯度即Soret效应驱动下的流动。采用Galerkin加权余量的有限元方法,提出了...     

A boundary element method for the solution of finite mobility ratio immiscible displacement in a Hele‐Shaw cell

In this paper, the interaction between two immiscible fluids with a finite mobility ratio is investigated numerically within a Hele‐Shaw cell. Fingering instabilities initiated at the interface between a low‐viscosity fluid and a high‐viscosity fluid are analysed at varying capillary numbers and mobility ratios using a finite mobility ratio model. The present work is motivated by the possible development of interfacial instabilities that can occur in porous media during the process of CO₂ sequestration but does not pretend to analyse this complex problem. Instead, we present a detailed study of the analogous problem occurring in a Hele‐Shaw cell, giving indications of possible plume patterns that can develop during the CO₂ injection. The numerical scheme utilises a boundary element method in which the normal velocity at the interface of the two fluids is directly computed through the evaluation of a hypersingular integral. The boundary integral equation is solved using a Neumann convergent series with cubic B‐Spline boundary discretisation, exhibiting sixth‐order spatial convergence. The convergent series allows the long‐term nonlinear dynamics of growing viscous fingers to be explored accurately and efficiently. Simulations in low‐mobility ratio regimes reveal large differences in fingering patterns compared with those predicted by previous high‐mobility ratio models. Most significantly, classical finger shielding between competing fingers is inhibited. Secondary fingers can possess significant velocity, allowing greater interaction with primary fingers compared with high‐mobility ratio flows. Eventually, this interaction can lead to base thinning and the breaking of fingers into separate bubbles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical Simulation of Thermal and Concentration Natural Convection in a Porous Cavity in the Presence of an Opposing Flow

Two-dimensional steady-state thermal concentration convection in a rectangular porous cavity is simulated numerically. The temperature and concentration gradients are horizontal and the buoyancy forces act either in the same or in opposite directions. The flow through the porous medium is described by the Darcy-Brinkman or Forchheimer equations. The SIMPLER numerical algorithm based on the finite volume approach is used for solving the problem in the velocity-pressure variables.Numerous series of calculations were carried out over the range Ra _t =3·10⁶ and 3·10⁷, 10^-6 < Da < 1, 1 < N < 20, Le=10 and 100, where Ra, Da, Le, and N are the Rayleigh, Darcy, and Lewis numbers and the buoyancy ratio, respectively. It is shown that the main effect of the presence of the porous medium is to reduce the heat and mass transfer and attenuate the flow field with decrease in permeability. For a certain combination of the Ra, Le, and N numbers the flow has a multicellular structure. The mean Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented as functions of the governing parameters.     

Numerical Simulation of the 3D Laminar Viscous Flow on a Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine Blade

The aim of this paper is to describe the methodology followed in order to determine the viscous effects of a uniform wind on the blades of small horizontal-axis wind turbines that rotate at a constant angular speed. The numerical calculation of the development of the three-dimensional boundary layer on the surface of the blades is carried out under laminar conditions and considering flow rotation, airfoil curvature and blade twist effects. The adopted geometry for the twisted blades is given by cambered thin blade sections conformed by circular are airfoils with constant chords. The blade is working under stationary conditions at a given tip speed ratio, so that an extensive laminar boundary layer without flow separation is expected. The boundary layer growth is determined on a non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system related to the geometry of the blade surface. Since the thickness of the boundary layer grows from the leading edge of the blade and also from the tip to the blade root, a domain transformation is proposed in order to solve the discretized equations in a regular computational 3D domain. The non-linear system of partial differential coupled equations that governs the boundary layer development is numerically solved applying a finite difference technique using the Krause zig-zag scheme. The resulting coupled equations of motion are linearized, leading to a tridiagonal system of equations that is iteratively solved for the velocity components inside the viscous layer applying the Thomas algorithm, procedure that allows the subsequent numerical determination of the shear stress distribution on the blade surface.