The maximal (C, α, β) operator of two-parameter walsh-fourier series

The two-parameter dyadic martingale Hardy spacesH _p are introduced and it is proved that the maximal operator of the (C, α, β) means of a two-dimensional Walsh-Fourier series is bounded from H_p to L_p (1/(α+1), 1/(β+1)<p<∞) and is of weak type (H ₁ ^# , L₁), where the Hardy space H ₁ ^# is defined by the hybrid maximal function. As a consequence, we obtain that the (C, α, β) means of a function f∈H ₁ ^# converge a.e. to the function in question. Moreover, we prove that the (C, α, β) means are uniformly bounded on H_p whenever 1/(α+1), 1/(β+1)<p<∞. Thus in case f∈H_p, the (C, α, β) means converge to f in H_p norm. The same results are proved for the conjugate (C, α, β) means, too.     

On a problem of littlewood

The theorem on the tending to zero of coefficients of a trigonometric series is proved when theL ¹-norms of partial sums of this series are bounded. It is shown that the analog of Helson's theorem does not hold for orthogonal series with respect to the bounded orthonormal system. Two facts are given that are similar to Weis' theorem on the existence of a trigonometric series which is not a Fourier series and whoseL ¹-norms of partial sums are bounded.     

Cesaro Summability with Respect to Two-Parameter Walsh Systems

 The one- and two-parameter Walsh system will be considered in the Paley as well as in the Kaczmarz rearrangement. We show that in the two-dimensional case the restricted maximal operator of the Walsh–Kaczmarz (C, 1)-means is bounded from the diagonal Hardy space H ^p to L ^p for every . To this end we consider the maximal operator T of a sequence of summations and show that the p-quasi-locality of T implies the same statement for its two-dimensional version T _α. Moreover, we prove that the assumption is essential. Applying known results on interpolation we get the boundedness of T _α as mapping from some Hardy–Lorentz spaces to Lorentz spaces. Furthermore, by standard arguments it will be shown that the usual two-parameter maximal operators of the (C, 1)-means are bounded from L ^p spaces to L ^p if . As a consequence, the a.e. convergence of the (C, 1)-means will be obtained for functions such that their hybrid maximal function is integrable. Of course, our theorems from the two-dimensional case can be extended to higher dimension in a simple way. (Received 20 April 2000; in revised form 25 September 2000)     

Weighted norm inequalities, off-diagonal estimates and elliptic operators. Part I: General operator theory and weights

This is the first part of a series of four articles. In this work, we are interested in weighted norm estimates. We put the emphasis on two results of different nature: one is based on a good-λ inequality with two parameters and the other uses Calderón-Zygmund decomposition. These results apply well to singular “non-integral” operators and their commutators with bounded mean oscillation functions. Singular means that they are of order 0, “non-integral” that they do not have an integral representation by a kernel with size estimates, even rough, so that they may not be bounded on all Lp spaces for 1<p<∞. Pointwise estimates are then replaced by appropriate localized Lp-Lq estimates. We obtain weighted Lp estimates for a range of p that is different from (1,∞) and isolate the right class of weights. In particular, we prove an extrapolation theorem “à la Rubio de Francia” for such a class and thus vector-valued estimates.     

Hardy and BMO spaces associated to divergence form elliptic operators

Consider a second order divergence form elliptic operator L with complex bounded measurable coefficients. In general, operators based on L, such as the Riesz transform or square function, may lie beyond the scope of the Calderón–Zygmund theory. They need not be bounded in the classical Hardy, BMO and even some L ^p spaces. In this work we develop a theory of Hardy and BMO spaces associated to L, which includes, in particular, a molecular decomposition, maximal and square function characterizations, duality of Hardy and BMO spaces, and a John–Nirenberg inequality. S. Hofmann was supported by the National Science Foundation.     

Characterization ofL p (R n ) using Gabor frames

We characterize L^p norms of functions onR ⁿ for 1<p<∞ in terms of their Gabor coefficients. Moreover, we use the Carleson-Hunt theorem to show that the Gabor expansions of L^p functions converge to the functions almost everywhere and in L^p for 1<p<∞. In L¹ we prove an analogous result: the Gabor expansions converge to the functions almost everywhere and in L¹ in a certain Cesàro sense. Consequently, we are able to establish that a large class of Gabor families generate Banach frames for L^p (R ⁿ) when 1≤p<∞.     

Some remarks on the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function on variable <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis></Superscript> spaces

We show that any pointwise multiplier for BMO(ℝⁿ) generates a function p from the class (ℝⁿ) of those functions for which the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on the variable L^p space. In particular, this gives a positive answer to Diening's conjecture saying that there are discontinuous functions which nevertheless belong to (ℝⁿ).     

Weighted estimates for rough oscillatory singular integrals

Weighted L^p estimates (1<p<∞) are shown for oscillatory singular integral operators with polynomial phase and a rough kernel of the form e^iP(x,y)Ω(x−y)h(|x−y|)|x−y|⁻ⁿ. We assume that Ω∈L logL(Sⁿ⁻¹) is homogeneous of degree zero and ∫_Sn-1Ω=0. The radial factor h has bounded variation. The necessary condition on the weight is similar to the A_p condition but involves rectangles (instead of cubes) arising from a covering of a star-shaped set related to Ω.     

Distributional estimates for the bilinear Hilbert transform

We obtain size estimates for the distribution function of the bilinear Hilbert transform acting on a pair of characteristic functions of sets of finite measure, that yield exponential decay at infinity and blowup near zero to the power −2/3 (modulo some logarithmic factors). These results yield all known L^p bounds for the bilinear Hilbert transform and provide new restricted weak type endpoint estimates on L^p1 × L^p2 when either 1/p₁ + 1/p₂ = 3/2 or one of p₁, p₂ is equal to 1. As a consequence of this work we also obtain that the square root of the bilinear Hilbert transform of two characteristic functions is exponentially integrable over any compact set.     

Applications of generalized perron trees to maximal functions and density bases

In this article we give some new necessary conditions for subsets of the unit circle to give collections of rectangles (by means of orientations) which differentiate L^p-functions or give Hardy-Littlewood type maximal functions which are bounded on L^p, p>1. This is done by proving that a well-known method, the construction of a Perron Tree, can be applied to a larger collection of subsets of the unit circle than was earlier known. As applications, we prove a partial converse of a well-known result of Nagel et al. [6] regarding boundedness of maximal functions with respect to rectangles of lacunary directions, and prove a result regarding the cardinality of subsets of arithmetic progressions in sets of the type described above. Acknowledgements and Notes. This research was partially supported by NSERC.     

Hardy spaces and the<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tb</Emphasis> theorem

It is well-known that Calderón-Zygmund operators T are bounded on H^p for\(\frac{n}{{n + 1}}< p \leqslant 1\) provided T*(1) = 0. In this article, it is shown that if T*(b) = 0, where b is a para-accretive function, T is bounded from the classical Hardy space H^p to a new Hardy space H _b ^p . To develop an H _b ^p theory, a discrete Calderón-type reproducing formula and Plancherel-Pôlya-type inequalities associated to a para-accretive function are established. Moreover, David, Journé, and Semmes’ result [9] about the L^P, 1 < p < ∞, boundedness of the Littlewood-Paley g function associated to a para-accretive function is generalized to the case of p ≤ 1. A new characterization of the classical Hardy spaces by using more general cancellation adapted to para-accretive functions is also given. These results complement the celebrated Calderón-Zygmund operator theory.     

A characterization of L p(ℝ) by local trigonometric bases with 1<p<∞

We show that the local trigonometric bases introduced by Malvar, Coifman and Meyer constitute bases, but not unconditional bases, for L^p(ℝ) with 1<p<∞, p≠2. In addition, we characterize the functions in L^p(ℝ) for 1<p<∞ in terms of their local trigonometric basis coefficients. Dedicated to Dr. Charles A. Micchelli for his 60th birthday Mathematics subject classification (2000) 42C15. Supported by Prof. Y. Xu under his grant in program of “One Hundred Distinguished Chinese Scientists” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10371122), and the second author is supported by Tianyuan Fund for Mathematics (No. A0324648).     

Bounds on the Segal-Bargmann transform ofL p functions

This article gives necessary conditions and slightly stronger sufficient conditions for a holomorphic function to be the Segal-Bargmann transform of a function inL ^p (ℝ ^d , ρ) where ρ is a Gaussian measure. The proof relies on a family of inversion formulas for the Segal-Bargmann transform, which can be “tuned” to give the best estimates for a given value of p. This article also gives a single necessary-and-sufficient condition for a holomorphic function to be the transform of a function f such that any derivative of f multiplied by any polynomial is in L^p ( ^d , ρ). Finally, I give some weaker but dimension-independent conditions.     

Gradient Young measures generated by sequences in Sobolev spaces

Oscillatory properties of a weak convergent sequence of functions bounded inL ^p , 1 ≤p ≤ ∞, may be summarized by the parametrized measure it generates. When such a measure is generated by the gradients of a sequence of functions bounded inH ^1,p , it must have special properties. The purpose of this paper is to characterize such parametrized measures as the ones that obey Jensen’s inequality for all quasiconvex functions with the appropriate growth at infinity. We have found subtle differences between the casesp < ∞ andp = ∞. A consequence is that any measure determined by biting convergence is in fact generated by a sequence convergent in a stronger sense. We also give a few applications. Research groupTransitions and Defects in Ordered Materials, funded by the NSF, the AFOSR, and the ARO. The work of the second author is also supported by DGICYT (Spain) through “Programa de Perfeccionamiento y Movilidad del Personal Investigador” and through Grant PB90-0245.     

Approximative characteristics of the isotropic classes of periodic functions of many variables

Exact-order estimates are obtained for the best orthogonal trigonometric approximations of the Besov (B _p,θ ^r ) and Nukol’skii (H _p ^r ) classes of periodic functions of many variables in the metric of L _q , 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞. We also establish the orders of the best approximations of functions from the same classes in the spaces L ₁ and L _∞ by trigonometric polynomials with the corresponding spectrum.     

Subspaces and Orthogonal Decompositions Generated by Bounded Orthogonal Systems

We investigate properties of subspaces of L₂ spanned by subsets of a finite orthonormal system bounded in the L_∞ norm. We first prove that there exists an arbitrarily large subset of this orthonormal system on which the L₁ and the L₂ norms are close, up to a logarithmic factor. Considering for example the Walsh system, we deduce the existence of two orthogonal subspaces of L₂ⁿ, complementary to each other and each of dimension roughly n/2, spanned by ± 1 vectors (i.e. Kashin’s splitting) and in logarithmic distance to the Euclidean space. The same method applies for p > 2, and, in connection with the Λ_p problem (solved by Bourgain), we study large subsets of this orthonormal system on which the L₂ and the L_p norms are close (again, up to a logarithmic factor). Partially supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery grant. This author holds the Canada Research Chair in Geometric Analysis.     

Marcinkiewicz Integrals with Non-Doubling Measures

Let μ be a positive Radon measure on which may be non doubling. The only condition that μ must satisfy is μ(B(x, r)) ≤ Cr ⁿ for all , r > 0 and some fixed constants C > 0 and n ∈ (0, d]. In this paper, we introduce the Marcinkiewicz integral related to a such measure with kernel satisfying some H?rmander-type condition, and assume that it is bounded on L ²(μ). We then establish its boundedness, respectively, from the Lebesgue space L ¹(μ) to the weak Lebesgue space L ^1,∞(μ), from the Hardy space H ¹(μ) to L ¹(μ) and from the Lebesgue space L ^∞(μ) to the space RBLO(μ). As a corollary, we obtain the boundedness of the Marcinkiewicz integral in the Lebesgue space L ^p (μ) with p ∈ (1,∞). Moreover, we establish the boundedness of the commutator generated by the RBMO(μ) function and the Marcinkiewicz integral with kernel satisfying certain slightly stronger H?rmander-type condition, respectively, from L ^p (μ) with p ∈ (1,∞) to itself, from the space L log L(μ) to L ^1,∞(μ) and from H ¹(μ) to L ^1,∞(μ). Some of the results are also new even for the classical Marcinkiewicz integral. The third (corresponding) author was supported by National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 10425106) and NCET (No. 04-0142) of China.     

On the existence of principal values for the cauchy integral on weighted lebesgue spaces for non-doubling measures

Let T be a Calderón-Zygmund operator in a “non-homogeneous” space ( , d, μ), where, in particular, the measure μ may be non-doubling. Much of the classical theory of singular integrals has been recently extended to this context by F. Nazarov, S. Treil, and A. Volberg and, independently by X. Tolsa. In the present work we study some weighted inequalities for T_*, which is the supremum of the truncated operators associated with T. Specifically, for1<p<∞, we obtain sufficient conditions for the weight in one side, which guarantee that another weight exists in the other side, so that the corresponding L^p weighted inequality holds for T_*. The main tool to deal with this problem is the theory of vector-valued inequalities for T_* and some related operators. We discuss it first by showing how these operators are connected to the general theory of vector-valued Calderón-Zygmund operators in non-homogeneous spaces, developed in our previous paper [6]. For the Cauchy integral operator C, which is the main example, we apply the two-weight inequalities for C_* to characterize the existence of principal values for functions in weighted L^p.     

On the bestm-term trigonometric and orthogonal trigonometric approximations of functions from the classesL Ψ β,ρ

We obtain estimates exact in order for the best trigonometric and orthogonal trigonometric approximations of the classesL _Ψ^β,ρ of functions of one variable in the spaceL _q in the case 2<p <q < ∞.     

Extension of a theorem of Fejér to double Fourier-Stieltjes series

A theorem of Fejér states that if a periodic function F is of bounded variation on the closed interval [0, 2π], then the nth partial sum of its formally differentiated Fourier series divided by n converges to π^-1[F(x+0)-F(x-0)] at each point x. The generalization of this theorem for Fourier-Stieltjes series of (nonperiodic) functions of bounded variation is also well known. The aim of the present article is to extend these results to the (m, n)th rectangular partial sum of double Fourier or Fourier-Stieltjes series of a function F(x, y) of bounded variation over the closed square [0, 2π]×[0, 2π] in the sense of Hardy and Krause. As corollaries, we also obtain the following results: