3D Strain measurement from gratings on both surfaces of sheet metal

Summary  The deformation of thick sheet metal is analyzed using 3D coordinates of cross-gratings on both sides of a specimen. The basic equations are presented for evaluating the 3D strain tensor from displacement functions. Provided the grating coordinates are measured in the undeformed and the deformed states, the difference of the coordinates yields displacement vectors. These are used to determine polynomial displacement functions, which approximate the displacement vectors in a least-squares sense. The condition of volume invariance at plastic deformation implies the strain in the direction of the thickness. The whole procedure is tested by a radial symmetric forming of a rectangular sheet metal into a half-tube, because it can be evaluated analytically, too. Finally, a real forming process of a plane circular sheet metal into a cup-like object is analyzed. Received 10 May 1999; accepted for publication 22 September 1999     

Analysis of strain localization during tensile tests by digital image correlation

This paper presents an imaging technique developed to study the strain localization phenomena that occur during the tension of thin, flat steel samples. The data are processed using digital speckle image correlation to derive the two in-plane components of the displacement vectors. The authors observe that the calculation of the intercorrelation function reveals a systematic error and propose a numerical method to limit its influence. Plastic incompressibility and thin-sheet assumptions are used to derive the third displacement component and, hence, the various strain and strain rate components. Numerous checks are presented at each step in processing the data to determine the final accuracy of the strain measurements. It is estimated that this accuracy is quite sufficient to track the inception and the development of localization. Examples of possible application are presented for mild steels whose strain localization mechanisms appear to be precocious and gradual.     

板料三维成形过程的有限元数值模拟

基于有限变形理论建立了三维金属板料成形过程的刚塑性有限元数学模拟,该数学模型采用物质坐标系中的Ｕｐｄａｔｅ－Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ描述,等向强化假设,考虑了板料的厚向异性,对于金属板料与模具有摩擦采用近似的库仑摩擦定律以改善计算的收敛性。为简经计算采用薄膜单元,并根据此模型编制程序。     

Strain tensor for large three-dimensional surface deformation of sheet metal from an object grating

Grating techniques are used to determine the three-dimensional deformation and the tangential strain of sheet metal. A grating is fixed on the surface and taken by stereo CCD cameras in different deformation states. By suitable line-following software, the grating coordinates in the images are determined with subpixel accuracy. Using photogrammetric methods, the three-dimensional coordinates are calculated from the image coordinates. The strain usually is determined by means of a deformation gradient, which is calculated from every deformed triangle. In this paper, the gradient is determined in the center of four neighboring meshes using a polynomial approximation of the displacement function in a reference position. The influence of the nontangential deformation is considered. By simulation, a flat sheet metal is deformed to a rotational symmetric surface. The difference of the known exact strain is compared with the numerically derived strain with respect to different grating pitches. The proposed method yields good results even in the case of large spatial deformation. It is applied to the deformation of a hatlike test specimen.     

Residual strain evaluation of curved surface by grating-transferring technique and GPA

This paper investigates an advanced grating-transferring technique combined with geometric phase analysis (GPA) for residual strain evaluation of curved surface. A standard holographic grating is first transferred to a pre-produced epoxy resin film and then consolidated to a test region of curved surface. With a rubber mold and silicone rubber the deformed grating is replicated to a sheet metal after hole-drilling for release of residual stress. After that the grating is transferred from the sheet metal to the glass plate, which would be served as an analyzer grating (specimen grating). By GPA the local strain distributions related to the phase difference between the reference grating and analyzer grating for the released stress can be evaluated. A validation test has been conducted on the weld joint of a stainless steel tube and the obtained results demonstrate the ability of the method in measuring the residual strain of curved surface.     

Damage and fracture evaluation of granular composite materials by digital image correlation method

This paper presents the applications of digital image correlation technique to the mesoscopic damage and fracture study of some granular based composite materials including steelfiber reinforced concrete, sandstone and crystal-polymer composite. The deformation fields of the composite materials resulted from stress localization were obtained by the correlation computation of the surface images with loading steps and thus the related damage prediction and fracture parameters were evaluated. The correlation searching could be performed either directly based on the gray levels of the digital images or from the wavelet transform (WT) coefficients of the transform spectrum. The latter was developed by the authors and showed higher resolution and sensitivity to the singularity detection. Because the displacement components came from the rough surfaces of the composite materials without any coats of gratings or fringes of optical interferometry, both surface profiles and the deformation fields of the composites were visualized which was helpful to compare each other to analyze the damage of those heterogeneous materials. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10125211 and 10072002), the Scientific Committee of Yunnan Province for the Program of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, and the Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP at Mianyang     

应用超声散斑相关法测量水下物内层界面位移

超声散斑相关法可应用于水下物体内层界面的位移测量,在工程建设中具有广泛的应用前景。根据所建立的测量实验系统,对位于水中的有机玻璃试件内层界面的面内位移和离面位移进行了实测,测量误差一般在7%以内。进一步研究结果表明:在刚体位移情况下,一般经粗磨、粗刨和粗铣加工或砂模铸造后的粗糙外层界面对超声散斑相关法内层界面位移测量结果的影响极小;当外层界面发生应变时,其变形前后内层界面上的散斑场的相关性将随应变量的增加而减弱,但外层界面应变小于0.05ε时,内层界面上超声散斑相关系数的减小不超过4%。     

小尺寸低碳钢试件吕德斯效应的三维数字图像相关测量

吕德斯效应是多种金属和合金材料由于屈服阶段的不均匀变形而在材料表面产生条带状褶皱的现象,它会使冲压件表面质量降低.为了防止它的出现,对吕德斯效应进行研究变得非常重要.采用小视场(15 mm×15 mm)下三维数字图像相关方法对小尺寸低碳钢试件在单轴拉伸载荷作用下的变形场进行测量,实际观测了小尺寸试件的吕德斯效应,结合理论模型解释了其形成机理,并分析了吕德斯带传播过程中应变及应变率的变化规律.实验研究表明,运用三维数字图像相关方法测量试件表面变形场,实现了对小尺寸低碳钢试件的吕德斯带演化过程以及颈缩、断裂等细观力学行为的观测,该方法是研究材料变形细观机理的一种有效测量手段.