Stress state in the plastic zone on the continuation of an elliptic mode I crack under bi-and tri-axial loading

The spatial stress state in a circular plastic zone near an elliptic crack under bi-and tri-axial asymmetric loading at infinity is studied. It is shown that the plastic constraint factor peaks at the points with maximum external tensile tangential stresses on the crack boundary. The use of a two-parameter failure criterion leads to the conclusion that the limit state can first be reached at the ends of the major axis of the elliptic crack depending on the relation between the external stresses __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 24–30, November 2007.     

多簇压裂干扰应力变化规律及对裂纹扩展的影响

为研究水平井分段多簇压裂缝间的干扰应力及其对裂纹扩展的影响,在现有二维未考虑地应力的单裂缝干扰应力解析解的基础上,利用双平面复变函数保角变换得到了包含地应力项的三维干扰应力解析解。基于扩展有限元法建立三维多裂缝扩展力学模型,利用Python脚本二次开发平台实现了三维多裂缝水力压裂参数化建模,通过解析解与数值计算对比分析,得到如下结论。裂纹两侧裂纹面法向和走向干扰正应力分别为压应力和拉应力,均呈纺锤形,法向干扰应力影响范围大约为走向干扰应力的5倍;裂纹尖端裂纹面法向和走向干扰正应力分别为拉应力和压应力;裂纹尖端两侧存在干扰剪应力;考虑初始地应力对干扰应力解析解进行修正后的干扰应力值均变小;多簇压裂中裂缝间的干扰应力叠加,簇间距越小,叠加效果越强;多簇压裂的干扰应力使裂缝间裂纹面法向压应力增大,走向压应力减小,导致裂纹扩展注水压力升高,裂缝张开的宽度降低,不利于单裂缝的扩展;干扰应力使裂缝间应力差降低,甚至局部最小地应力方向发生改变,有利于形成复杂缝网。     

2D FE–DEM analysis of contact stress and tractive performance of a tire driven on dry sand

Normal and tangential stresses acting over a contact interface of a tire driven on dry sand were investigated to expand the applicability of our model incorporating 2D FE–DEM with proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. A simple averaging method for contact reaction was introduced: computational segments were defined over the lower half part of the tire circumference that translates without rotation with the tire; then the contact stresses were calculated segment by segment. For the analysis, it was assumed that the tire was in rigid contact mode and that it would travel on the model sand terrain in stationary condition. The integration of normal and tangential contact stresses with respect to the angle of rotation was then applied to calculate the vertical contact load, gross tractive effort, net traction, and running resistance of the tire by parametric (or semi-empirical) analysis. The result of tractive performance obtained through the parametric analysis was found to be similar to the result of tractive performance obtained directly using FE–DEM analysis. A forward shift of the consistent angle of rotation for maximum normal contact stress and that for maximum tangential contact stress with the increase of slip from 22% was also observed in the FE–DEM result.     

Numerical simulation of quasi-brittle fracture using damaging cohesive surfaces

The cohesive surface methodology is used in a numerical study of fracture of concrete. The traction vs. separation response is governed by an isotropic damage law in which damage evolves according to a prescribed one-dimensional linear or exponential softening law. Cohesive surfaces are immersed in the continuum to allow for a maximum freedom of crack path selection. The single edge notched four point shear beam and the double edge notched tensile bar are used to study: (i) the influence of the tangential cohesive response on the development of the fracture path and (ii) the mesh alignment sensitivity. It is shown that in the present formulation, the tangential cohesive response has a minor influence on both crack path and global characteristics. Mesh alignment does have a significant influence on the outcome of the numerical analysis.     

Retardation of a crack with connections between the faces using an induced thermoelastic stress field

This paper considers local temperature variations near the tip of a crack in the presence of regions in which the crack faces interact. It is assumed that these regions are adjacent to the crack tip and are comparable in size to the crack size. The problem of local temperature variations consists of delay or retardation of crack growth. For a crack with connections between the crack faces subjected to external tensile loads, an induced thermoelastic stress field, and the stresses at the connections preventing crack opening, the boundary-value problem of the equilibrium of the crack reduces to a system of nonlinear singular integrodifferential equations with a Cauchy kernel. The normal and tangential stresses at the connections are found by solving this system of equations. The stress intensity factors are calculated. The energy characteristics of cracks with tip regions are considered. The limiting equilibrium condition for cracks with tip regions is formulated using the criterion of limiting stretching of the connections.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 133–143, January–February, 2005     

Generalization of the poiseuille law based on the constitutive rheological relation for polymeric liquids

The method of perturbations of the small parameter determining the anisotropy of the properties of linear polymers is used to determine the velocity profile and rate for steady flow in a round tube. It is shown that for the four-parameter rheological model considered, the stress state of the Poiseuille flow along with the tangential shear stress is characterized by the first and second differences of normal stresses. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 158–163, September–October, 1999.     

单向拉伸界面裂纹的条形损伤－塑性区域模型

本文提出单向拉伸情况下两相介质界面裂纹的条形损伤－塑性区域模型。假设在塑性区端点的应力有界，且使弱相介质达到屈服，损伤区的尺寸和δ＝成正比的条件；可确定损伤区与塑性区的长度及其上的法向和切向接合力，ＣＴＯＤ值等。由此导出的裂尖应力场无ｒ￣（－１／２＋ｊｅ）的强奇异振荡，位移场无ｒ￣（１／２＋ｉｅ）的振荡项。     

Numerical analysis of quasi-static crack branching in brittle solids by a modified displacement discontinuity method

Mechanism of quasi-static crack branching in brittle solids has been analyzed by a modified displacement discontinuity method. It has been assumed that the pre-existing cracks in brittle solids may propagate at the crack tips due to the initiation and propagation of the kink (or wing) cracks. The originated wing cracks will act as new cracks and can be further propagated from their tips according to the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory. The kink displacement discontinuity formulations (considering the linear and quadratic interpolation functions) are specially developed to calculate the displacement discontinuities for the left and right sides of a kink point so that the first and second mode kink stress intensity factors can be estimated. The crack tips are also treated by boundary displacement collocation technique considering the singularity variation of the displacements and stresses near the crack tip. The propagating direction of the secondary cracks can be predicted by using the maximum tangential stress criterion. An iterative algorithm is used to predict the crack propagating path assuming an incremental increase of the crack length in the predicted direction (straight and curved cracks have been treated). The same approach has been used for estimating the crack propagating direction and path of the original and wing cracks considering the special crack tip elements. Some example problems are numerically solved assuming quasi-static conditions. These results are compared with the corresponding experimental and numerical results given in the literature. This comparison validates the accuracy and applicability of the proposed method.     

Full field analysis of an anti-plane interface crack subjected to dynamic body forces

In this study, the transient full field response of an interface crack between two different media subjected to dynamic body force at one material is investigated. For time t < 0, the bimaterial medium is stress free and at rest. At t = 0, a concentrated anti-plane dynamic point loading is applied at the medium as shown in Fig. 1. The total wave field is due to the effect of this point loading and the scattering of the incident waves by the interface crack. An alternative methodology that is different from the conventional superposition method is used to construct the reflected, refracted and diffracted wave fields. A useful fundamental solution is proposed in this study and the full field solution is determined by superposition of the fundamental solution in the Laplace transform domain. The proposed fundamental problem is the problem of applying an exponentially distributed traction (in the Laplace transform domain) on the interfacial crack faces. The Cagniard–de Hoop method of Laplace inversion is used to obtain the transient solution in time domain. Exact transient closed form solutions for stresses and stress intensity factors are obtained. Numerical results for the time history of stresses and stress intensity factors during the transient process are discussed in detail.     

Numerical study of nonlinear interaction between a crack and elastic waves under an oblique incidence

A Finite Element (FE) model is proposed to study the interaction between in-plane elastic waves and a crack of different orientations. The crack is modeled by an interface of unilateral contact with Coulombs friction. These contact laws are modified to take into account a pre-stress _σ0${\sigma }_0$ that closes the crack. Using the FE model, it is possible to obtain the contact stresses during wave propagation. These contact stresses provide a better understanding of the coupling between the normal and tangential behavior under oblique incidence, and explain the generation of higher harmonics. This new approach is used to analyze the evolution of the higher harmonics obtained as a function of the angle of incidence, and also as a function of the excitation level. The pre-stress condition is a governing parameter that directly changes the nonlinear phenomenon at work at the interface and therefore the harmonic generation. The diffracted fields obtained by the nonlinear and linear models are also compared.     

Model of Plastic Deformation at the Front of a Circular Crack Under Nonaxisymmetric Loading

The constrained plastic deformation at the front of a circular mode I crack under nonaxisymmetric loading in the crack plane is studied. It is shown that the normal stresses in the plastic zone depend on the polar angle and external stresses. The constraint is maximum at those points on the crack front along tangents to which the maximum external tensile stresses act     

Reverse shear on inclined planes at the tip of a sharp crack

Plane strain plastic yielding at a crack tip has been represented by edge dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to symmetrical planes inclined at 70° and 45° to the plane of the crack. The plastic displacement and the stresses near the crack tip were calculated by a numerical method and the effect of a reduction in applied stress was determined. Removal of the whole or a part of the initial load produces reverse shear in regions of the slip band nearest the crack tip. The amount of reverse shear depends only on the reduction in the load and not on its initial value. The reverse shear is associated with the presence of negative dislocations and the stresses near the crack tip may become compressive even though the applied (remote) stress is still tensile. The degree and extent of compression depends on the reduction in applied stress and on its original value. It is argued that the residual compressive stresses produced under fluctuating loads may produce crack closure and crack arrest. The effect of residual plasticity in a slip band left behind a growing crack has been estimated. It is shown that after an overload the excess residual plasticity opposing crack opening rises to a maximum value when the crack tip has advanced some distance from the point where the overload was applied.     

Computation of strongly swirling confined flows with cubic eddy‐viscosity turbulence models

An investigation on the predictive performance of four cubic eddy‐viscosity turbulence models for two strongly swirling confined flows is presented. Comparisons of the prediction with the experiments show clearly the superiority of cubic models over the linear k–εmodel. The linear k–εmodel does not contain any mechanism to describe the stabilizing effects of swirling motion and as a consequence it performs poorly. Cubic models return a lower level of Reynolds stresses and the combined forced‐free vortex profiles of tangential velocity close to the measurements in response to the interaction between swirl‐induced curvature and stresses. However, a fully developed rotating pipe flow is too simple to contain enough flow physics, so the calibration of cubic terms is still a topic of investigation. It is shown that explicit algebraic stress models require fewer calibrations and contain more flow physics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnetoelastic interactions in a soft ferromagnetic body with a nonlinear law of magnetization: Some applications

Linearized equations and boundary conditions of a magnetoelastic ferromagnetic body are obtained with the nonlinear law of magnetization. Magnetoelastic interactions in a multi-domain ferromagnetic materials are considered for magneto soft materials, i.e. the case when the magnetic field intensity vector and magnetization vector are parallel. As a special case, the following two problems are considered: (1) the magnetoelastic stability of a ferromagnetic plate-strip in a homogeneous transverse magnetic field; (2) the stress–strain state of a ferromagnetic plane with a moving crack in a transverse magnetic field. It is shown that the modeling of magnetoelastic equations with a nonlinear law of magnetization provides qualitative and quantitative predictions on physical quantities including critical loads and stresses. In particular, it is shown that the critical magnetic field in plate stability problems found with the nonlinear law of magnetization is in better agreement with the experimental finding than the one found with a linear law. Furthermore, it is also shown that the stress concentration factor around a crack predicted with the nonlinear law of magnetization is more accurate than the one obtained with a linear counterpart. Numerical results are presented for above mentioned two problems and for various forms of nonlinear laws of magnetization.     

Stress concentration in the moment theory of elasticity

A multimoment theory of elasticity of inhomogeneous media is used to develop algorithms for determining a sequence of essentially independent fundamental parameters associated with the structure, composition, and characteristics of the medium components. The general form of stress concentration factors is established by analyzing specific models of media. It is found that the mean tangential stresses in a fibrous medium with a transverse stress state are asymmetric. As an example, the methods are used to solve specific problems for plates and shells __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 66–76, January 2007.     

Slip-band propagation at the tip of an edge crack during plastic deformation

Experimental investigations indicate that in many cases under plane deformation, the initial plastic strains in the vicinity of a separation crack are localized along two narrow bands at an angle of approximately 45° to the line of the crack [9]. Methods of solving elastoplastic problems in which these plasticity bands (slip bands) are modeled by fracture lines of tangential displacements have been developed in fracture mechanics; in that case, tangential stresses equal to the yield point in shear _y are assigned to these lines [2]. The problem of the development of slip bands then reduces to solution of the plane problem of the theory of elasticity for a branched notch; in that case, the dimensions and orientation of lateral branching corresponding to plasticity bands are determined during the solution. A series of results [1, 5, 6, 8, 10–16] for an infinite plane with a separation crack, where the slip bands are located symmetrical bout the line of the crack, have been obtained in this segment. In our study, we solve the plane elastoplastic problem (plane deformation) for a half space with an arbitrary oriented edge crack under an arbitrary load. Numerical results are obtained for a constant pressure on the crack or tensile forces at infinity.Physicomechanical Institute, Ukraine, Academy of Sciences of L'vov. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 56–61, January, 1994.     

Non-traditional crack problem for transversely-isotropic body

The published traditional crack problem solutions usually consider cracks located in the planes, parallel to the plane of isotropy, which is usually denoted as z = 0. We consider here case of a crack located in the plane x = 0 and subjected to arbitrary normal or tangential loading. The case of elliptic crack is considered in detail. Complete solution for the fields of displacements and stresses is presented single contour integrals of elementary integrands. Stress intensity factors are computed explicitly.     

Closed crack imaging using time reversal method based on fundamental and second harmonic scattering

A recent variant of time reversal imaging is employed for reconstructing images of a closed crack, based on both the fundamental and the second harmonic components of the longitudinal scattered field due to an incident longitudinal wave. The scattered field data are generated by a finite element model that includes unilateral contact with Coulomb friction between the crack faces to account for the Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity. The closure state of the crack is controlled by specifying a pre-stress between the crack faces. The knowledge of the scattered field at the fundamental (incident) frequency and the second harmonic frequency for multiple incident angles provides the required inputs for the imaging algorithm. It is shown that the image reconstructed from the fundamental harmonic closely matches the image that is obtained from scattering data in the absence of contact, although contact between the crack faces reduces the amplitude of the scattered field in the former case. The fundamental harmonic image is shown to provide very accurate estimates of crack length for low to moderate levels of pre-stress. The second harmonic image is also shown to provide acceptable estimates of crack length and the image is shown to correlate with the source location of second harmonic along the crack, which becomes increasingly localized near the crack tips for decreasing levels of pre-stress. The influence of the number of sensors on the image quality is also discussed in order to identify the minimum sensors number requirement. Finally, multiple frequency imaging is performed over a fixed bandwidth to assess the potential improvement of the imaging algorithm when considering broadband information.     

The stress field near the front of an arbitrarily shaped crack in a three-dimensional elastic body

The problem stated in the title is investigated with special emphasis on the first three terms of the stress expansion, proportional to r ^-1/2, r ⁰=1 and r ^1/2 respectively, where r denotes the distance to the crack front. The particular case of a plane crack with a straight front and of stresses independent of the distance along the latter is studied first. It is shown that the classical plane strain and antiplane solutions must be supplemented by a few additional particular solutions to obtain the full stress expansion. The general case is then considered. The stress expansion is studied by writing the field equations (equilibrium, strain compatibility and boundary conditions) in a system of suitable curvilinear coordinates. It is shown that the number of independent constants in the stress expansion is the same as in the particular case considered previously but that the curvatures of the crack and its front and the non-uniformity of the stresses along the latter induce the appearance of corrective terms in this expansion.