对溶解度计算的一点看法

部分中学生对物质溶解度计算感到困难,除了学习基础的原因外,在教学中也有值得注意的倾向。一是,过分强调公式等“硬”方法,列出不同类型计算题的公式让学生强记,学生没搞清楚“所以然”;一是,计算方法较繁,学生抓不住概念,不能简明地求解。     

反气相色谱法与Hansen溶解度参数法测定聚乙烯醇溶解度参数及相关热力学性质

采用反气相色谱（IGC）法,以聚乙烯醇（PVA）为固定相,脂肪族、芳香族、醇、酮及卤代烃5类18种化合物为探针分子,研究PVA的溶解性质并获得了PVA在383.15～423.15 K范围内的溶解度参数（δ₂）及相关热力学性质,并与Hansen溶解度参数法（HSP）测得的溶解度参数（δ_T）进行比较。结果表明,5类溶剂对PVA溶解能力的趋势为酮类 >醇类 >卤代烃、芳香类、脂肪族类>脂环族,卤代烃、芳香类和脂肪族类溶剂的溶解能力相似;在测试温度范围内PVA的δ₂随温度升高而增加;采用IGC法外推出室温（298.15 K）下PVA的δ₂为27.69 （J/cm³）^0.5,与HSP法测得室温下PVA的δ_T（27.77 （J/cm³）^0.5）一致。PVA溶解度参数及相关热力学参数的研究为其应用及相关研究提供了定量依据。     

溶解度参数在色谱中的应用

怎样预见色谱保留行为及选择性是色谱工作者十分感兴趣的问题。多年来人们已作了多种尝试,主要可分为两个方面:第一,对色谱数据及相性质进行分析和分类,归纳出一些经验规则。例如基团加和性研究,经验参数研究等,这些方法在一定范围内是有效的,但缺乏理论基础,预见性不够好。第二,建立一定的物理模型,例如,反相色谱的憎溶剂理论(solvophobic theory),溶解度参数模型(Solubility parameter model)     

薄层色谱法测定聚苯乙烯的溶解度参数

本文采用薄层色谱法测定了聚苯乙烯的溶解度参数,其数值为9.10(cal/cm³)^1/2,这个结果和文献中其它方法所得的结果甚为一致,而这个方法却比文献中其它测定高分子溶解度参数的方法既方便又简单,所以这是一种测定高分子溶解度参数的较好方法。     

从聚合物分子量及聚合动力学参数计算链转移常数

在研究自由基聚合反应动力学时,将单体浓度、引发剂浓度和溶剂浓度之间的摩尔比相对固定,并使之同步改变,由此获得一系列的R_p值。从时间—聚合转化率关系各直线部分截取转化率低于0.10质量分数、相对偏差小于±0.010质量分数的聚合物,测定它们的数均相对分子质量,于是关系式: 1/ _n=R_t/R_p+∑R_(tr)/R_p被简化为1/ =R_t/R_p+K链终止方式可从附表中判定。从1/ =k_1/K_p~2·R_p/c~2(M)+K(双基终止),1/ =k'_1/K_p·1/c(M)+K(单基终止)、或1/ =1/2·fk_dk_(prt)/(K_1·K_2)·c(I)/c~2(M)+K(初级自由基终止)计算出k_t/k_p~2·k_1'/k_p或1/2·fk_dk_(prt)/(k_1·k_p)值,并在各给定的实验条件下得C_1、C_s和C_M值。本文详细地阐述了1/ =K和1/ ≠K条件下计箅C_I、C_s和C_M值的实例。并由此佔价链转移反应机理。     

溶解度计算一例题的注脚

你刊第一期所刊登“对溶解度计算的一点看法”一文所举(例3),列3两种解法.我认为还有第三种解法.(例3)是属于“二因素”一温度,溶剂都改变的溶解度计算题,这类题目可采取二因素一一考虑的“隔离法”来解.     

由溶度积计算溶解度问题的商榷

在国内外一些大一无机化学中,难溶物质的溶度积(Ksp)和溶解度(S)常用表1罗列的关系式相互求算。一些课本在处理这部分内容时,只讲关系式,不讲这些关系式的应用条件;只讲近似计算,不讲准确(系统)计算;只讲特殊情况,不讲一般情况。     

基于溶解度参数模拟的耐溶剂型PI膜材料的筛选

运用分子动力学模拟(MD)对典型的二元聚酰亚胺(PI)结构(BTDA-MDA)的溶解度参数(δ)进行模拟,考察了力场、分子间作用力、重复单元数和链根数对模拟结果的影响,确定了计算溶解度参数的最佳模拟参数。在二元PI溶解度参数模拟的基础上,对12种不同三元PI结构的溶解度参数进行模拟,基于与酰胺溶剂分子(DMF、DMAc)溶解度参数差值(|Δδ|)≥2(J/cm3)1/2的原则对三元PI结构进行筛选,制备耐溶剂的PI膜,并测试其在酰胺溶剂中的溶胀度。结果表明,制备的几种PI膜具有较好的耐溶剂性,说明分子动力学模拟对膜材料的筛选具有一定的指导意义。     

色谱峰EMG模型参数的计算方法

〕根据实验数据比较了计算EMG参数的五种方法。当采样周期较小时,五种方法的计算值吻合;当采样周期较大时,经典的Yau方法误差较大。本研究提出的图解法改进公式,与文献方法比较,测试简单,有较好的拟合精度,而且更能反映EMG参数间的关系。     

一种计算水溶解度的经验加合模型的适用范围与局限

我们发展了一种用于预测有机小分子化合物水溶解度(logS)的经验方法XLOGS. 它本质上是一种加合模型, 采用83种原子/基团类型和3个校正因子作为模型的描述符.该方法还可以根据一个合适的参照分子的logS实验值来计算未知化合物的logS值. 我们将XLOGS模型在由4171个化合物组成的训练集上进行了参数化, 多元线性回归获得的相关系数R²和标准偏差SD分别为0.82和0.96单位. 将该训练集进一步分为仅含液体化合物和仅含固体化合物的两个子集. XLOGS模型在这两个子集上的回归结果显示前者优于后者(标准偏差分别为0.65单位和0.94单位). 还利用log1/S和logP(脂水分配系数)之间的差值来研究XLOGS方法在液体和固体化合物数据集上的表现. 研究结果表明: XLOGS等加合法模型更适合应用于这两者差值接近于0的化合物. 我们还将XLOGS和其他三种流行的logS计算模型(包括Qikprop, MOE-logS和ALOGPS)在一个含有132个类药化合物的独立测试集上进行了比较. 总体而言, 我们的研究结果为加合法模型在水溶解度预测方面的合理应用提供了指导.     

Prediction of Solubility Parameters Based on the Explicit Expression of Statistical Thermodynamics

A robust and efficient procedure is presented for calculating the solubility parameter. An analytical equation for internal pressure is proposed. Through a simple relation reported by Verdier and Andersen (fluid phase equilibrium 231: 125–137, 2005), one can easily find the solubility parameter via our analytical equation for the internal pressure. Also, the radial distribution function (RDF) of a Lennard–Jones LJ (12, 6) fluid, proposed by Xu and Hu (fluid phase equilibrium 30: 221–228, 1986), has been employed to calculate the internal pressure of normal alkanes from methane to decane. Their solubility parameters were evaluated according to the calculated values of the internal pressure. A comparison between the experimental and the estimated values demonstrated a very good agreement between them.     

New LSER Model Based on Solvent Empirical Parameters for the Prediction and Description of the Solubility of Buckminsterfullerene in Various Solvents

Because of the importance of the solubility of buckminsterfullerene, C₆₀, as the most well-known carbon nanomaterial, a multiparameter linear model is proposed for C₆₀ solubility in different solvents using solvent empirical parameters. The obtained model covers more than 81 and 87 % of the variance in the training and test sets, respectively. On the other hand, because of the potential of solvent empirical parameters for probing different aspects of the solvent–solute interactions, some information about the solubility of C₆₀ in solution phase was obtained. The results showed that hydrogen bond donation ability, basicity scale and dispersion interactions were some of the effective parameters for correlating the solubility of C₆₀ in various solvents.     

Validity of the Geometric Model of Ovaloid Polymers Based on Simpler Molecules

The shape parameter obtained from the geometric model of Ishihara and Hayashida for ovaloid polymers, together with the scaled-particle theory, are applied to a mixture of methane and ethylene. The results are in good agreement with the experimental values, indicating the validity of the model and suggesting application to other polymer properties.     

利用溶解度参数选择有机溶剂提取土壤中多种有机氯农药

采用基团贡献法计算了提取溶剂（正己烷、二氯甲烷、正己烷—甲醇（体积比4：1)、正己烷—丙酮（体积比1：1)、正己烷—二氯甲烷(体积比1：1))和有机氯农药（o,p′—DDT,o．p′—DDE,o,p′—DDD,α—endosubn,endrin,HCB)的色散溶解度参数(δd)、极性溶解度参数(δp)和氢键溶解度参数(δh),运用溶解度参数的理论筛选有机溶剂提取江西红壤中多种有机氯农药：研究表明正己烷—甲醇（体积比4：1)和正己烷—丙酮（体积比1：1)是提取江西红壤中o,p′—DDT,o,p′—DDE,o,p′—DDD多种有机氯农药的最佳提取溶剂（回收率大于82％),对α—endosulfan,endrin,HCB的提取也能满足检测需要（回收率大于75％)。超声波提取的结果验证了溶解度参数预测的合理性。     

Solubility Behavior of Pimozide in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents: Partial Solubility Parameters Approach

The solubility behavior of pimozide in individual solvents ranging from nonpolar to highly polar was studied. For understanding the solute-solvent interactions, the partial solubility parameters concept was utilized. Solutions containing excess drug were shaken in a water bath for 72 hours at 25 °C. After the solutions attained equilibrium, they were filtered and analyzed for drug content. A multiple regression method, using extended Hansen’s partial solubility parameters, was applied to verify the solubilities of pimozide in pure polar and nonpolar solvents and to predict its solubility in untested solvents. The three-parameter approach and the Flory-Huggins size correction term ‘B’ give predictions of solubilities with correlations up to 97%. The four-parameter approach involving proton-donor and proton-acceptor parameters was also used in fitting the solubility data. The correlations are appreciable (94%). Further, the ‘B’ term coupled with four-parameter approach was examined in order to improve the data representation, and resulted in a 1% improvement (98%) in the correlation when compared to the Flory-Huggins size-correction method. The solubility parameter obtained by this method is 10.43 H which is closer to the values obtained by theoretical methods, such as Fedors’ and Hoy’s. The resulting partial solubility parameters are δ _2d =8.85 H, δ _2p =2.17 H, δ _2a =3.15 H, and δ _2b =4.08 H, which give insights into the interaction capability of pimozide and are consistent with its chemical structure. Pimozide is a Lewis base as its δ _2b >δ _2a . The total solubility parameter of pimozide is assigned at 10.43 H. This work demonstrates for the first time the validity of the four-parameter approach coupled with the Flory-Huggins size-correction term and therefore the result is interesting.     

聚甲基丙烯酸三乙基锡酯的溶度参数和溶液性质研究

本文研究了聚甲基丙烯酸三乙基锡酯(PTETM)在二十五种溶剂中的溶解性能。测定了PTETM试样在不同溶剂中的特性粘数,估算了PTETM的三维溶度参数为:δ=18.8(J/cm~3)~(1/2);δ_d=16.8(J/cm~3)~(1/2);δ_p=6.28(J/cm~3)~(1/2);δ_h=5.73(J/cm~3)~(1/2)。并就聚合物中锡原子上的取代基对其溶解性能的影响进行了讨论。作者还订定了PTETM在四氢呋喃溶液中,25℃时的MHS方程为[η]=2.55×10~(-3)M_w~(0.691);在甲苯溶液中,30℃时的MHS方程为[η]=2.79×10~(-3)M_w~(0.662)。利用Burchard-Stockmayer-Fixman关系,由四氢呋喃体系(25℃)和甲苯体系(30℃)所求得的Flory特征比C_∞=9.4。     

Thermochemistry of Polymers Based on Vanillic Acid

Thermal analysis of polyester and polyamides based on vanillic acid derivative — terephthaloyl-bis-(3-methoxy-4-oxy benzoic) acid has been reported. Different behaviours with the appearance of the thermal degradation, stucturization and carbonization stages were detected. Thermochemical behaviour of polymers under investigation revealed that technical lignin derivative — vanillic acid are a promise for obtaining polymer materials with good properties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Polymers Based on Polyglycidyl Aromatic Amines

Synthesis of cross-linked polyfunctional polyelectrolytes based on polyglycidyl aromatic amines is optimized, and the composition and physicochemical properties of the products are studied.     

Solubility Parameters Based on IR and NIR Spectra: I. Correlation to Polar Solutes and Binary Systems

IR and NIR spectra were correlated to Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters through use of multivariate data analysis. PLS‐1 models were developed and used to predict solubility parameters for solvents, crude oils, and SARA fractions. PLS regression showed potential for good correlation of the solubility parameters with IR and NIR spectra. Principal component analysis of IR spectra showed that crude oils are grouped according to their relative contents of heavy components such as asphaltenes. PCA of IR spectra for SARA fractions resulted in obvious groupings of the respective fractions. Prediction of solubility parameters from IR spectra of polymers, crude oils, and SARA fractions gave values that are comparable to literature values. This study indicates that correlation of solubility parameters with IR and NIR spectra is possible. In turn, it may be possible to develop models that can predict the polarities of crude oils and crude oil fractions such as resins and asphaltenes.     

基于平面有机硼烷的超分子聚合物

超分子聚合物,即单体通过非共价键作用连接而成的链状聚集体,具有独特的物化性质和功能.经过30年的发展,超分子聚合物领域已取得了一系列重大创新成果.目前,超分子聚合物领域亟需探索的问题主要在超分子聚合驱动力、超分子构筑基元、可控超分子聚合、超分子聚合物功能等方面.近期,荷兰埃因霍温理工大学的Meijer课题组和日本名古屋...