重金属铊在环境介质中的分布及其迁移行为

铊是剧毒重金属元素,它在自然界中是典型的稀有分散金属。环境介质中铊的自然本底值较低,但随着铊矿床的开发和铊资源的广泛应用,岩矿石中的铊在自然力或人为作用下向环境介质中迁移。综述了铊在岩（矿）石、土壤、水体、动植物和人体中的分布,以及在上述环境介质及大气中的迁移行为。研究表明,人类活动是导致环境介质中铊含量增加的主要原因。铊在环境介质中的迁移是反复循环的复杂过程,通过风化、溶解、淋滤、吸收、沉降、固结等方式在环境介质中循环往复,从而危害环境生态和人体健康。铊污染应引起人们的普遍重视。     

浅谈重金属元素在土壤中的迁移及黏土矿物对其修复作用

重金属元素在土壤中的存在形式有多种,且迁移能力各不相同,而影响重金属元素形态的因素是土壤p H、土壤植物根际环境,重金属元素迁移的过程还受到土壤类型、含水量以及土壤中有机和无机配体的影响。黏土矿物具有良好的吸附作用,它主要是通过离子交换、配合反应和共沉淀反应来修复土壤中的重金属污染。     

食品接触用纸中铅、砷迁移分析

为研究食品接触用纸中铅、砷迁移规律,选择4批次食品接触用纸,通过测定其在不同介质(人造自来水、50%乙醇和4%乙酸三种模拟物)、不同加热方式[常温（22℃）、加热（70℃）、模拟微波（98℃）、实际微波加热]等条件下铅、砷迁移量来考察其迁移规律。结果表明,50%乙醇模拟物中,4个样品铅、砷迁移均未检出。4个样品在自来水和4%乙酸模拟物中,模拟微波15min条件下的铅、砷迁移量高于或接近常温10d条件,铅、砷迁移受温度影响较大,2#和4#两个样品实际微波条件下铅迁移量高于模拟微波条件迁移量的2倍,实际微波加热条件比模拟微波加热更严苛。     

砷从农业土壤向人类食物链的迁移

综述了砷在土壤．植物．人类系统中的迁移,包括：砷在环境中的行为,农业系统中砷迁移的动力学过程和粮食中砷的含量,影响砷对植物有效性的各种因子,以及砷在人体内的分布、对人体的营养作用及不同形态对人体的毒性。     

砷的生物地球化学

地下水和饮用水中低剂量砷引起的环境健康问题在全球范围内受到广泛关注.本文从生物地球化学行为的角度综述了关于砷在环境中迁移转化方面的研究进展.首先介绍了砷在土壤、水体和大气等介质中的分布、形态以及砷在这些介质中的循环.然后阐述了环境水体中控制砷迁移的两个过程即:砷在土壤表面的吸附-解吸和沉淀-溶解过程,并详细讨论了在吸附-解吸过程中生物、物理和化学等因素的影响.     

土壤重金属迁移转化实验应用于环境化学实验教学的探索——以室内土柱淋滤模拟实验为例

设计了一套土壤淋滤模拟实验装置,并将其引入一个典型的环境化学实验中。在淋滤装置的上端加入一定浓度的重金属溶液,重金属在土柱中进行不同层位的迁移,从淋滤柱下端滤出,实现其在土壤中的迁移与转化。然后应用X射线衍射（XRD）光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）分别测定土柱中不同深度处土壤矿物组成和重金属元素含量,并结合重金属元素含量测试结果分析探讨重金属元素的纵向迁移转化规律。该实验可引导学生进一步理解环境化学中关于土壤的基本理论知识,了解重金属在土壤中的迁移转化机制及相关测试仪器的基本操作方法与原理,提高学生的综合实验操作技能,激发学生科学研究的潜在能力,培养学生的科研创新能力。     

碘从环境向人类食物链的迁移

综述了碘从环境向人类食物链的迁移，包括：碘在环境中的行为，在土壤-植物-人类系统中的迁移，碘在土壤中的化学形态及在自然界的循环，碘对动植物生长发育的影响，重点介绍了碘对人体的生理作用及对人类健康的的影响，最后对调控人体碘的水平提出了建议和对策。     

介观层次上的计算机模拟和应用*

本文综述了近年发展起来的介观层次上的计算机模拟和应用。介绍了两种较为成熟的模拟方法: 介观动力学和耗散颗粒动力学。还介绍了介观模拟方法在胶束形成、胶体絮状物构造、乳化剂、流变学、共聚物和高分子混合形态以及通过多孔介质的流动研究中的应用。     

镉从农业土壤向人类食物链的迁移

综述了镉在环境中的行为，在土壤－植物－人类系统中的迁移，由于粮食作物是镉进入人类食物链的主要来源，因此土壤污染的危害是全球性的，对决定农业系统中镉迁移动力学的关键过程、粮食作物中的镉含量、影响镉植物有效性的各类因子作了综述了讨论。     

高分子链在微通道剪切流中的迁移机制及浓度的影响

提出了剪切流中高分子链在微通道内的迁移机制.该机制采用珠-簧链模型表示高分子链,高分子链受剪切作用而被拉伸,相邻珠子之间的流体力学相互作用产生了对称的扰动流场,由于在通道壁面附近对称的流场被破坏,壁面与高分子链间的流体力学相互作用使高分子远离壁面,在强受限时,这种壁面诱导的流体力学相互作用会被屏蔽掉.利用耗散粒子动力学数值模拟了高分子链在微通道压力流中的迁移行为.数值模拟结果表明,在受限较弱时,高分子链向远离壁面的方向迁移,并随着流场增强,远离壁面的趋势越强;在受限较强时,高分子链不会发生远离壁面的行为.实验研究了长链高分子λ-DNA在壁面附近的迁移行为,实验结果及模拟结果与迁移机制预测的结果相吻合,验证了迁移机制的正确性.高分子链浓度会影响高分子链的迁移行为,当高分子链浓度较大时,高分子链在通道宽度方向不会发生迁移现象,意味着随着浓度的增大,壁面与高分子链间的流体力学相互作用会逐渐被屏蔽.     

Review on subsurface colloids and colloid-associated contaminant transport in saturated porous media

In this review article, the authors present up-to-date developments on experimental, modeling and field studies on the role of subsurface colloidal fines on contaminant transport in saturated porous media. It is a complex phenomenon in porous media involving several basic processes such as colloidal fines release, dispersion stabilization, migration and fines entrapment/plugging at the pore constrictions and adsorption at solid/liquid interface. The effects of these basic processes on the contaminant transport have been compiled. Here the authors first present the compilation on in situ colloidal fines sources, release, stabilization of colloidal dispersion and migration which are a function of physical and chemical conditions of subsurface environment and finally their role in inorganic and organic contaminants transport in porous media. The important aspects of this article are as follows: (i) it gives not only complete compilation on colloidal fines-facilitated contaminant transport but also reviews the new role of colloidal fines in contaminant retardation due to plugging of pore constrictions. This plugging phenomenon also depends on various factors such as concentration of colloidal fines, superficial velocity and bead-to-particle size ratio. This plugging-based contaminant transport can be used to develop containment technique in soil and groundwater remediation. (ii) It also presents the importance of critical salt concentration (CSC), critical ionic strength for mixed salt, critical shear stressor critical particle concentration (CPC) on in situ colloidal fines release and migration and consequently their role on contaminant transport in porous media. (iii) It also reviews another class of colloidal fines called biocolloids and their transport in porous media. Finally, the authors highlight the future research based on their critical review on colloid-associated contaminant transport in saturated porous media.     

Quantification of the velocity acceleration factor for colloidal transport in porous media using NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to quantify the transport of colloids through porous media. This was achieved via the application of chemically-resolved pulsed field gradient (PFG) methods, hence probing the displacement (probability distribution) propagators of both the colloidal and continuous liquid phase. A dilute decane-in-water emulsion was used with flow through a random glass sphere packing being considered. The acquired propagators allowed for quantification of both colloidal entrapment and the velocities of both the continuous phase and the flowing colloids. The flowing colloids were found to experience a velocity acceleration factor (VAF) increase of 1.08 relative to the continuous phase. This was found to be independent of displacement observation time or flowrate. It was speculated to be a consequence of radial exclusion due to the finite size of the colloids. Simulations of the colloidal transport were also performed using a lattice Boltzmann platform and a Lagrangian particle-tracking algorithm which incorporated colloidal radial exclusion. Reasonable agreement was observed between the simulation and the experimental data.     

Surface charge property governing co-transport of illite colloids and Eu(III) in saturated porous media

The transport of colloids and radionuclides is sophisticated because of the variety of charge properties between colloidal particles and host subsurface media, which causes great difficulty in establishing a reliable model of radionuclides migration by taking the colloid phase into consideration. In this work, the co-transport of illite colloids (IC) and Eu(III) in the quartz sand and iron-coated sand porous media was investigated by column experiments to address the predominant mechanism of charge properties on co-transport. Results showed that Eu(III) transport was driven by the illite colloids and electrostatic interaction was critical in governing the co-transport patterns. The promotion of Eu(III) transport by IC was attenuated in the iron-coated sand systems; more IC-Eu(III) complexes were retained uniformly in the column. The pore throat shrinkage caused by electrostatic attachment between aggregated IC and iron oxides exacerbated the physical straining and size exclusion effect of IC-Eu(III) complexes. An aggravated irreversible retention of IC-Eu(III) was detected in iron-coated sand column due to the electrostatic attraction of IC-Eu(III) to host media. The findings are essential for improving the understanding on the potential transport, retention and release risk of colloids associated radionuclides, and imply that the positively charged permeable reactive barrier is an effective strategy to reduce the transport risk of colloid associated radionuclides.     

Resolving the coupled effects of hydrodynamics and DLVO forces on colloid attachment in porous media

Transport of colloidal particles in porous media is governed by the rate at which the colloids strike and stick to collector surfaces. Classic filtration theory has considered the influence of system hydrodynamics on determining the rate at which colloids strike collector surfaces, but has neglected the influence of hydrodynamic forces in the calculation of the collision efficiency. Computational simulations based on the sphere-in-cell model were conducted that considered the influence of hydrodynamic and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) forces on colloid attachment to collectors of various shape and size. Our analysis indicated that hydrodynamic and DLVO forces and collector shape and size significantly influenced the colloid collision efficiency. Colloid attachment was only possible on regions of the collector where the torque from hydrodynamic shear acting on colloids adjacent to collector surfaces was less than the adhesive (DLVO) torque that resists detachment. The fraction of the collector surface area on which attachment was possible increased with solution ionic strength, collector size, and decreasing flow velocity. Simulations demonstrated that quantitative evaluation of colloid transport through porous media will require nontraditional approaches that account for hydrodynamic and DLVO forces as well as collector shape and size.     

Blocking and ripening of colloids in porous media and their implications for bacterial transport

A model accounting for the dynamics of colloid deposition in porous media was developed and applied to systems containing similarly charged particles and collectors. Colloid breakthrough and intracolumn retention data confirmed that blocking reduced overall colloidal adhesion to soil. The surface coverage at which blocking occurred varied for the type of colloid, as shown by changes in the clean-bed collision efficiency, _0, and the excluded area parameter, β. Excluded area parameters were relatively high due to unfavorable interactions between particles and collectors, and ranged from 11.5 for one bacterium (Pseudomonas putida KT2442) to 13.7 and 24.1 for carboxylated latex microspheres with differing degrees of charged groups on their surfaces. Differences in β values for the three colloids were correlated with electrophoretic mobility, with the most negatively charged colloid (carboxylated latex; CL microspheres) having the highest β. No correlation between hydrophobicity and ₀ or β was found. Besides using colloidal particles capable of blocking, the addition of chemical additives to the soil has been suggested as a means for reducing attachment of colloids to porous media. Dextran addition caused an order-of-magnitude reduction in the overall (for carboxylated-modified latex; CMLs). This reduction was not attributed to blocking, but to the sorption of dextran to the soil which lowered ₀. The filtration-based numerical model used to fit the ₀ and β parameters was used to demonstrate that blocking could result in significantly enhanced bacterial transport in field situations.     

Model analysis of the colloid and radionuclide retardation experiment at the Grimsel Test Site

The colloid and radionuclide retardation experiments performed at NAGRA's Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland are part of an international collaboration program designed to collect in situ data on the impacts of colloids on radionuclide transport. In this work, breakthrough behaviors of trivalent americium (i.e., 241Am and 243Am) both in the absence and presence of bentonite colloids are analyzed with COLFRAC--a code that models colloid-facilitated solute transport in discretely-fractured, porous media. Model fits to the experimental results indicate that Am sorbed onto mobile colloids, which enhance Am transport relative to a non-sorbing tracer, 131I. Modelling results suggest that Am is kinetically sorbed onto both naturally occurring and exogenous bentonite colloids. Results also indicate that desorption of Am from colloids is slow with respect to the duration of the experiment. In addition, early colloid breakthrough compared to a conservative tracer suggests the effects of hydrodynamic chromatography. Overall, Am breakthrough curves suggest enhanced mobility due to co-transport with both naturally occurring and bentonite colloids.     

Interfacial interactions and colloid retention under steady flows in a capillary channel

Colloidal interfacial interactions in a capillary channel under different chemical and flow conditions were studied using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent latex microspheres (1.1 microm) were employed as model colloids and the effects of ionic strength and flow conditions on colloidal retention at air-water interface (AWI) and contact line were examined in static and dynamic (flow) experiments. Colloids were preferentially attached to and accumulated at AWI, but their transport with bulk solution was non-negligible. Changing solution ionic strength in the range 1-100 mM had a marginal effect on colloidal accumulation, indicating forces other than electrostatic are involved. Flow through the open channel resembled Poiseuille flow with AWI acting as a non-stress-free boundary, which resulted in near stagnation of AWI and consequently promoted colloid accumulation. Retention on contact line was likely dominated by film-straining and was more significant in flow relative to static experiments due to hydrodynamic driving force. Modeling and dimensionless analysis of the flow behavior in the capillary channel clearly indicate the important role of apparent surface viscosity and surface tension in colloidal interfacial retention at the pore scale, providing insight that could improve understanding of colloid fate and transport in natural unsaturated porous media.     

Colloid filtration theory and the Happel sphere-in-cell model revisited with direct numerical simulation of colloids

The transport of colloids and bacterial cells through saturated porous media is a complex phenomenon involving many interrelated processes that are often treated via application of classical colloid filtration theory (CFT). This paper presents a numerical investigation of CFT from the Lagrangian perspective, to evaluate the role of some of the classical assumptions underlying the theory and to demonstrate a means to include processes relevant to bacterial transport that were inadequately characterized or neglected in the original formulation, including Brownian diffusion and potentially hysteretic potential functions. The methodology is based on conducting a Lagrangian trajectory analysis within Happel's sphere-in-cell porous media model to obtain the collection efficiency (eta), the frequency at which colloids or bacteria make contact with the solid phase of the porous medium. The Lagrangian framework of our model lends itself to mechanistic modeling of the biological processes that may be important in subsurface bacterial transport. The numerical study presented here focuses on the size range of bacterial colloids and smaller (down to 10 nm). Results of our model runs are in good agreement with the deterministic trajectory analysis of Rajagopalan and Tien (when diffusion is neglected) and in excellent agreement with the analytical solution to the Smoluchowski-Levich approximation of the convective-diffusion equation (when external forces and interception are neglected). Simple addition of our result for the deterministic eta to our result for the Smoluchowski-Levich eta matches the overall Rajagopalan and Tien eta to within 5% error or less for all cases studied. When we simulate diffusion and the deterministic forces together, our results diverge from the Rajagopalan and Tien eta as the particle size decreases, with discrepancies as large as 73%. These results suggest that accurate prediction of eta values for bacteria-sized (and all submicrometer) colloids requires simultaneous consideration of the primary transport mechanisms.     

Transport of kaolinite colloids through quartz sand: influence of humic acid, Ca(2+), and trace metals

To evaluate the risk of contaminant transport by mobile colloids, it seems essential to understand how colloids and associated pollutants behave during their migration through uncontaminated soil or groundwater. In this study, we investigated at pH 4 the influence of flow velocity, humic acid, solution Ca(2+) concentrations, and trace metals (Pb(2+), Cu(2+)) on the transport and deposition of kaolinite particles through a pure crystalline quartz sand as porous medium. A short-pulse chromatographic technique was used to measure colloid deposition. Adsorption of humic acid to the kaolinite increase its negative surface charge and then decrease colloid deposition. Experiments with different flow rates showed that humic-coated kaolinite colloid deposition followed a first-order kinetic rate law. The deposition rate coefficients of humic-coated kaolinite colloids increase with increasing Ca(2+) concentration in the suspension. The effect of trace metals on the mobility is studied by injecting two suspensions with different concentrations of Pb(2+) and Cu(2+). At very low cation concentration, the fraction of colloids retained is low and roughly independent of the nature of divalent cations. At high concentration, the deposition is higher and depends on the affinity of divalent cations toward humic-coated kaolinite colloids.