流变相法制备包覆型零价纳米铁及其表征

以FeSO4.7H2O∶KBH4=1∶2(摩尔比)为固相介质,0.06 g/ml羧甲基纤维素水溶液为液相介质,固液比1∶2,调制成流变相体系反应2 h制备出包覆型纳米零价铁;采用XRD、TEM等手段对合成的纳米零价铁进行表征。     

纳米零价铁复合材料制备、稳定方法及其水处理应用

纳米零价铁(nZVI/Fe⁰)因极高的催化活性和经济适用性备受关注,但实际推广中受团聚性和空气不稳定性等限制。为解决这些问题,近年来国内外学者研究开发了系列纳米零价铁的复合材料和稳定方法,在制备方法、基体材料和环境修复方面均有了较大进展。本文对近五年的研究成果进行汇总,从复合载体研究、稳定方法和水环境应用三个方面对纳米零价铁复合材料研究进行较全面的综述和展望。在纳米零价铁负载方面,本文对聚合物载体、黏土矿物、碳材料和金属氧化物载体的相关研究进行了总结;在颗粒稳定性方面着重讨论了复合金属、表面涂层、硫化方面的新成果;在水环境应用方面,本文指出纳米零价铁主要通过吸附、还原、络合、共沉淀、电化学反应、(类)芬顿氧化等过程实现水中的重金属以及有机物的去除,光、热、电、超声、微波的引入可显著增强水体中污染物的处理效果。     

纳米零价铁去除水中重金属离子的研究进展

重金属离子危害严重.本文综述了近几年纳米零价铁去除水中重金属离子的研究,总结了纳米零价铁去除水中重金属离子的机理,主要包括:纳米零价铁的表面吸附-配合、还原、吸附-还原,并对纳米零价铁在这一领域的应用进行了展望.     

制备高活性纳米零价铁的甘露醇改性机理

纳米零价铁(Nano zero-valent iron,nZVI)被广泛应用于水污染治理,高纯度且分散性良好的nZVI的制备方法一直是研究热点.本文采用含不同羟基数目的醇(乙醇、乙二醇、赤藓糖醇、甘露醇和山梨醇)作为改性剂,分别制备得到n ZVI-EA,nZVI-EG,nZVI-ER,nZVI-M和nZVI-S样品.将上述样品应用于水中微囊藻毒素(Microcystin-LR,MC-LR)的还原去除.结果表明,随着改性剂羟基数目的增多,改性nZVI的抗氧化能力和分散性增强,对MC-LR的降解反应速率也随之提高.nZVI-M去除MC-LR的表面积校正特征速率常数(79.35×10^-5L·m^?2·min^?1)是nZVI-S(8.55×10^-5 L·m^?2·min^?1)的9.3倍,是未改性样品nZVI₀(1.30×10^-5 L·m^?2·min^?1)的61.0倍.通过X射线衍射...     

天然有机质在生物炭负载纳米镍铁降解十溴联苯醚过程中的影响作用机理辨识

天然有机质（NOM）对纳米铁基材料去除污染物过程中的影响作用机理仍存争议.本工作选取腐殖酸（HA）作为NOM的代表物,研究了HA对生物炭负载纳米镍铁（BC@Ni/Fe）降解十溴联苯醚（BDE209）的动力学影响,结果表明HA对BC@Ni/Fe降解BDE209产生抑制作用,且随着HA浓度的升高,抑制作用越显著.通过HA与BC@Ni/Fe相互作用实验发现,HA能够快速地被BC@Ni/Fe吸附;通过HA对BC@Ni/Fe的Zeta电位和沉降影响实验发现,随着HA浓度的升高可有效提高BC@Ni/Fe的稳定性以及表面电荷,这表明HA不是通过影响BC@Ni/Fe颗粒的性能对BC@Ni/Fe去除BDE209产生抑制作用的.BC@Ni/Fe的腐蚀能力随着HA浓度的升高而降低,这与HA对BC@Ni/Fe去除BDE209反应活性影响成正相关关系.HA中具有电子传递作用的典型醌类化合物2-羟基-1,4-萘醌（Lawsone）和蒽醌-2,6-磺酸钠（AQDS）,在反应过程中并没有起到电子传递作用促进反应进行,反而对BC@Ni/Fe去除BDE209起抑制作用.结合BDE209和HA之间的竞争吸附实验发现,HA抑制BC@Ni/Fe反应活性的主导原因是HA优先于BDE209被BC@Ni/Fe吸附,HA包覆于BC@Ni/Fe颗粒表面占据了活性位点,阻碍BC@Ni/Fe与H₂O的接触,减少了Fe⁰的腐蚀,从而抑制了BC@Ni/Fe对BDE209的降解.     

离子交换树脂负载零价纳米铁快速降解水溶性偶氮染料

合成了负载在阳离子交换树脂表面的纳米零价铁（NZVI）,并分别研究了该材料分散于水溶液和填充柱中时,对一些水溶性偶氮染料的降解效果。实验表明：该材料对0.05g·L^-1酸性橙7、酸性橙8、酸性橙10、日落黄和甲基橙等偶氮染料有优异的降解能力,4min内的降解效率达到95％以上;pH值是影响降解效率的关键因素,H^＋是反应物之一;纳米材料的吸附仅在反应初期存在,随着时间的增加逐渐消失;填充柱体系中,偶氮染料溶液过柱一次时的降解效率为58％-90％,吸附作用因可增加反应时间而提高降解效率。本材料的NZVI在降解污染物时被氧化成的Fe^2＋会被重新交换到树脂表面,经KBH4还原后可再生为ZVI,供循环使用。该材料再生后仍有较强的还原降解能力,第十次再生后的效率为新制备材料的90％左右。将纳米ZVI负载在阳离子交换树脂表面并装填于填充柱中,使水中污染物在流经填充柱时得以降解,是一项能够较好地解决纳米ZVI的回收和再生等难题的新技术。     

功能性纳米零价铁的构筑及其对环境放射性核素铀的富集应用研究进展

随着核能的广泛应用和核技术的快速发展,环境中放射性核素铀的污染日益严峻.纳米零价铁（Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron：nZVI）因其具有廉价、制备简便、高表面活性及对铀高效的吸附性能等特性而逐渐成为环境中铀污染处理的良好材料.采用可行的方法制备纳米零价铁复合材料,借助单体材料之间的协同效应可进一步提高材料对铀酰的吸附性能.因此,纳米零价铁复合材料的制备以及应用成为近期环境科学领域的研究热点之一.针对纳米零价铁及其复合材料对环境中铀酰的去除研究进行了概述和展望,包括纳米零价铁及其复合材料的制备方法、去除效果及去除机理,并且简要探讨了纳米零价铁及其复合材料在环境放射性污染治理的应用前景,以期为今后的深入研究和实际应用提供参考依据.     

纳米铁及铁基纳米复合粒子在环境修复中的研究进展

由于纳米零价铁及铁基纳米复合粒子对大多数常见的环境污染物,如重金属离子、卤代有机物等均具有转化和降低毒性的作用,因此,在环境修复领域,它们已成为研究的热点之一。 纳米零价铁及铁基纳米复合粒子的比表面积大,反应活性高,应用灵活,为大多数具有挑战性的环境污染问题提供了一个有效的解决方法。 本文主要阐述了近些年来纳米零价铁及铁基纳米复合粒子在环境修复中的具体应用,同时也评估了其对环境微生物的潜在毒理效应,为以后进一步研究工作奠定一定的理论基础。     

硫化纳米零价铁研究进展: 合成、性质及环境应用

纳米零价铁(nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron, nZVI)是水环境修复领域研究最广泛的材料之一, 但易团聚和氧化、电子选择性差等缺点制约了其实际应用. 对nZVI表面进行硫化制备成硫化纳米零价铁(Sulfidated nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron, S-nZVI), 能够提高纳米颗粒的分散性能、增强稳定性, 提高电子选择性, 已成为目前研究热点. 本综述以“合成方法—理化性质—应用性能”为主线展开论述, 首先总结了不同的硫化方法对S-nZVI理化性质的影响, 重点阐释通过调控合成条件(硫化顺序、硫化剂种类、硫铁比等)以调节S-nZVI的微观结构和界面元素化学形态(实际S/Fe、硫分布、FeS_x形态等), 从而改变其宏观性质(亲疏水、析氢、导电性等), 最终实现对有机污染物与金属污染物的定向去除. 此外, 详细综述了S-nZVI用于去除卤代有机物、硝基苯有机物和重金属等污染物方面的研究进展, 并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

应用纳米零价铁富集银的研究

大量研究表明,纳米零价铁（nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron,nZVI）对水中重金属,尤其是金、银等稀贵金属,有良好的分离富集作用.利用纳米零价铁反应器证明了nZVI可从废水中分离低浓度的银离子（Ag⁺）,并生成高含量的“银矿石”.此外,也证明了反应区氧化还原电位能够反映nZVI与Ag⁺的反应速率和分离效率.利用X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱和高分辨透射电子显微镜等手段对反应产物进行表征,证实了Ag⁺可被nZVI还原为单质银,并以纳米颗粒的形式（<10 nm）沉积在nZVI表面.与其他材料（常见吸附/还原材料）相比,nZVI具有效率高,受pH影响小的优点.研究结果表明,nZVI是一种能够高效富集痕量银资源并产生高价值纳米银的材料.     

Removal of lead(II) from aqueous solution with amino-functionalized nanoscale zero-valent iron

An effective adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) in aqueous solution was synthesized by reaction of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS). The material was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The amino-coated NZVI rapidly removed Pb(II) from aqueous solution and was easily separated by an external magnetic field. The Freundlich equation was used for investigating the adsorption process of APS-NZVI. Compared to untreated NZVI, the APS-coated NZVI exhibited stronger adsorption affinity and better adsorption performance. Therefore, APS-NZVI may be a suitable material for heavy metal remediation and has potential industrial applications.      

Synthesis of some zerovalent complexes of iron via aryldiazenato cationic complexes

Bis (triphenylphosphine) dicarbonylaryldiazenato-iron, [Fe⁰ (ArN₂) (CO)₂ (PPh_s)₂]+(I), reacts in a solution of LiOEt under nitrogen atmosphere, with a variety of group V donor ligands, substituting the aryldiazenato ligand, ArN₂+. The effect of substitution on the stretching frequency of CO is discussed.     

Recent advances in BiOBr-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation

The efficient utilization of solar energy through photocatalysis is ideal for solving environmental issues and the development sustainable future. BiOBr-based semiconductors possess unique narrowed bandgaps and layered structures, thereby widely studied as photocatalysts for environmental remediation. However, a little has been focused on the comprehensive reviewing of BiOBr despite its extensive and promising applications. In this review, the state-of-the-art developments of BiOBr-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation are summarized. Particular focus is paid to the synthetic strategies for the control of the resulting morphologies, as well as efficient modification strategies for improving the photocatalytic activities. These include boosting the bulk phase by charge separation, enhancing the spatial charge separation, and engineering the surface states. The environmental uses of BiOBr-based photocatalysts are also reviewed in terms of purification of pollutants and CO₂ reduction. Finally, future challenges and opportunities of BiOBr-based materials in photocatalysis are discussed. Overall, this review provides a good basis for future exploration of high-efficiency solar-driven photocatalysts for environmental sustainability.     

壳聚糖稳定纳米铁的制备及其对地表水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除性能

以可生物降解材料壳聚糖为稳定剂, 制备了平均粒径为 82.4 nm的纳米零价铁颗粒. 热重分析表明, 经壳聚糖改性后, 纳米铁在340 ℃以下具有很好的热稳定性. 批试验结果表明, 壳聚糖稳定纳米铁对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)有很强的去除能力, 在空气中放置60 d后, 壳聚糖稳定纳米铁仍具有较高的活性. 壳聚糖分子中的氨基和羟基可与Fe(Ⅲ)形成稳定的螯合物, 阻止Cr(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅲ)共沉淀的形成, 从而促进零价铁的腐蚀和Cr(Ⅵ)的还原去除.     

可用于环境修复的半导体光催化剂及其改性策略研究进展

多相光催化技术作为一种直接利用太阳光降解多种污染物的先进氧化工艺在环境修复领域的研究中引起了广泛关注.在多相光催化过程中,半导体材料在太阳光的激发下,其强大的氧化/还原能力可快速高效降解各种污染物.研究者通常根据环境中污染物的状态和种类选择合适的半导体材料及修饰策略,构建高效多相光催化体系,探究光催化材料在环境修复中的...     

Graphene/inorganic nanocomposites: Evolving photocatalysts for solar energy conversion for environmental remediation

Current energy crisis and environmental issues, including depletion of fossil fuels, rapid industrialization, and undesired CO₂ emission resulting in global warming has created havoc for the global population and significantly affected the quality of life. In this scenario the environmental problems in the forefront of research priorities. Development of renewable energy resources particularly the efficient conversion of solar light to sustainable energy is crucial in addressing environmental problems. In this regard, the synthesis of semiconductors-based photocatalysts has emerged as an effective tool for different photocatalytic applications and environmental remediation. Among different photocatalyst options available, graphene and graphene derivatives such as, graphene oxide (GO), highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG), and doped graphene (N, S, P, B-HRG) have become rising stars on the horizon of semiconductors-based photocatalytic applications. Graphene is a single layer of graphite consisting of a unique planar structure, high conductivity, greater electron mobility, and significantly very high specific surface area. Besides, the recent advancements in synthetic approaches have led to the cost-effective production of graphene-based materials on a large-scale. Therefore, graphene-based materials have gained considerable recognition for the production of semiconducting photocatalysts involving other semiconducting materials. The graphene-based semiconductors photocatalysts surpasses electron-holes pairs recombination rate and lowers the energy band gap by tailoring the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) leading to the enhanced photocatalytic performance of hybrid photocatalysts. Herein, we have summarized the latest developments in designing and fabrication of graphene-based semiconducting photocatalysts using a variety of commonly applied methods such as, post-deposition methods, in-situ binding methods, hydrothermal and/or solvothermal approaches. In addition, we will discuss the photocatalytic properties of the resulting graphene-based hybrid materials for various environmental remediation processes such as; (i) clean H₂ fuel production, photocatalytic (ii) pollutants degradation, (iii) photo-redox organic transformation and (iv) photo-induced CO₂ reduction. On the whole, by the inclusion of more than 300 references, this review possibly covered in detail the aspects of graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts for environmental remediation processes. Finally, the review will conclude a short summary and discussion about future perspectives, challenges and new directions in these emerging areas of research.     

Analytical characterisation of nanoscale zero-valent iron: A methodological review

Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) have been widely tested as they are showing significant promise for environmental remediation. However, many recent studies have demonstrated that their mobility and reactivity in subsurface environments are significantly affected by their tendency to aggregate. Both the mobility and reactivity of nZVI mainly depends on properties such as particle size, surface chemistry and bulk composition. In order to ensure efficient remediation, it is crucial to accurately assess and understand the implications of these properties before deploying these materials into contaminated environments. Many analytical techniques are now available to determine these parameters and this paper provides a critical review of their usefulness and limitations for nZVI characterisation. These analytical techniques include microscopy and light scattering techniques for the determination of particle size, size distribution and aggregation state, and X-ray techniques for the characterisation of surface chemistry and bulk composition. Example characterisation data derived from commercial nZVI materials is used to further illustrate method strengths and limitations. Finally, some important challenges with respect to the characterisation of nZVI in groundwater samples are discussed.     

Green chemical conversion of large-scale aluminosilicates into zeolites for environmental remediation under carbon-neutral pressure

This minireview summarized the recent progress of converting the typical classes of large-scale aluminosilicates into zeolite materials for environmental remediation. The representative zeolite structures that can be directly converted from large-scale aluminosilicates via green chemistry approaches are addressed. The environmental remediation mechanisms on employing these zeolites for environmental remediation have been recapped. The present research gap and future research perspectives under carbon-neutral pressure via green chemistry principle on this topic are also discussed.     

砷镉复合污染稻田修复研究进展

我国农田土壤重金属污染严重,其中稻田土壤砷镉(As/Cd)复合污染形势严峻。相较于其他粮食作物,水稻具有更强的积累As/Cd能力,稻米中As/Cd通过食物链进入人体会对人类健康带来危害。因此,修复As/Cd复合污染稻田土壤,降低稻米As/Cd含量,对保障我国粮食安全生产意义重大。本文综述农田As/Cd复合污染现状及危害,讨论了As/Cd有效性影响因素及水稻中As/Cd吸收转运机制,详细探讨了稻田中As/Cd污染的修复方法。最后针对目前修复技术提出存在的不足和展望,以期为As/Cd复合污染稻田土壤修复提供一定的指导。     

Research progress of graphene-based nanomaterials for the environmental remediation

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with huge surface area,high carrier mobility and high mechanical strength.Because of its great potential in nanotechnology and environmental protection,it has attracted much attention in environmental and energy fields since its discovery in 2004.Although graphene is a star material,many reviews have introduced its use in terms of energy,the research progress in the field of environment,especially water pollution control,has been rarely reported.Here,we review exhaustively the research progress of graphene-based materials in environmental pollution remediation in the past ten years.Firstly,the advantages and classification of graphene were introduced.Secondly,the research progress and main achievements of graphene and its composites in the fields of photocatalytic degradation,pollutant adsorption and water treatment were emphatically described,and the mechanism of action in the above fields was summarized.Finally,we discuss the problems existing in the preparation and summarize the application of graphene in the environment.