电子散斑干涉位移场分离技术及其在三维测量中的应用

提供了一种可将离面位移与面内位移分离的三维位移场测量方法.在双光束电子散斑干涉中增加参考光,使这一路参考光为两光束所共用.两束光各自独立地对变形物体进行测量,结合相移技术,可分别得到包含离面和面内位移信息的二幅位相图.只需简单的位相运算就能够将面内位移场与离面位移场分离.在竖直方向上,采用两光束对称照明被测物,直接测量面内位移竖直方向分量.本文将该技术应用到柴油机油泵测量上,得到了油泵的三维位移场.该技术为三维位移场的测量提供了一种新的有效途径,也为柴油机零部件的强度和刚度分析评价提供了新的方法.     

涡旋光的干涉特性及其在变形测量中的应用

将涡旋光应用于电子散斑干涉,测量变形物体的离面位移.把传统的电子散斑干涉测量技术与液晶空间光调制器相结合,将所获得的涡旋光作为参考光或者物光进行变形测量.推导出物光为平面光、参考光为涡旋光,和参考光、物光均为涡旋光时物体变形后的干涉强度公式,模拟计算了变形后的干涉图样,分析了变形图样的特征.运用四步相移方法得到了物体的变形相位公式,通过解包裹得到了物体的变形相位.模拟计算得到的三维相位分布图与物体离面位移的变形相位理论值的三维分布图相吻合.模拟实验结果表明,涡旋光可以应用于物体的变形测量,为变形测量提供新的途径.     

基于光学涡旋相移技术的离面位移测量

设计了基于光学涡旋相移技术的离面位移测量实验方案,实现了电子散斑干涉中相移的数字控制.该方法利用输入液晶空间光调制器中的叉形光栅产生涡旋光束,通过涡旋光束绕轴的旋转产生相移;同时,产生的涡旋光束又作为参考光与物光干涉.实验中,在物体发生离面位移前后依次输入四幅叉形光栅,产生相移步长为π/2的涡旋光束,利用CCD获得涡旋光与物光的干涉光场,从而获得离面位移场的包裹相位;再通过解包裹,获得物体离面变形的相位变化.光学涡旋相移法可应用于离面位移测量.     

一种基于散斑相关理论测量变形相位的新方法

提出了一种提取两幅条纹图像间离面变形相位的新方法。由数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)测得两帧连续图像间的运动场,根据光流基本等式,运用初始图像的条纹频率与该运动场计算全场变形相位分布。介绍了基于DSCM变形相位方法的原理,对周边固定、中心加载圆盘的变形相位测量进行了实验和计算机模拟,验证了该方法的有效性。模拟结果和实验结果表明,该算法能够将直观的面内运动场和离面变形相位的提取联系起来,能够解调出物体全场离面变形相位信息。该方法优点是操作过程简单方便,既不需要将条纹图像转换到频域,也不需要相位解包络运算,且在条纹越密集处提取的变形相位信息更准确。该方法为计算物体全场变形相位分布和动态测量物体形变提供了新的途径。     

基于优化电子散斑光谱的三维物体测量研究

用激光光束直接照射到测试表面,再用CCD采其变形前后表面散斑颗粒干涉形成的条纹,条纹图解析为测量点的位移量和变形量,进而得到其离面位移,在优化算法的时候采用π位相技术获取另一个π相移的变形条纹图像,将面内位移与离面位移分离,为了消除零级分量,让投影光栅移动1/2个周期.通过Matlab和四步位相算法给出了三维空间模型,得出变形后物体的离面位移数据.实验仿真数据表明其能够稳定地测量物体变形场三维分量,误差较低.     

单幅对称变形相位图分离二维变形分量的相移电子散斑干涉技术

提出了利用相移电子散斑干涉测量物体二维变形分量的方法.单光束照明的传统电子散斑干涉技术,测量得到的是一幅物体变形的混合相位场.当物体具有对称变形时,可由这一幅相位图求得二维变形分量.方法是将该相位图镜像翻转得到第二幅相位图,通过二幅相位图的叠加、复位和分离运算,获得物体的二维变形场的分量值.利用三点加载的简支梁进行了实验,给出了实验结果,并与对称光照明实验结果进行了对比,验证了该方法的正确性.     

电子散斑干涉载频调制形貌测量方法的分析

根据电子散斑干涉载频调制测量物体形貌的基本原理,物体表面的微小偏转可引入包含物体高度信息的载波干涉条纹。将物体的偏转视为变形,对物体变形与载波干涉条纹之间的关系进行了讨论,得出了离面位移引入载波和面内位移引入含有物体高度信息相位的结论。发现利用典型电子散斑干涉系统测量物体形貌效果最好,并通过实验得到了验证。     

基于相位追踪的水中物体三维面形测量

提出一种基于相位追踪和光线迫迹算法测量水中物体三维形貌的新方法.该方法利用正弦面结构光来记录物体的三维面形数据,首先由投影仪投出止弦条纹图来调制淹没于水中物体的三维信息,摄像机拍摄获得物体表面的变形条纹图,然后利用相位追踪算法确定投影条纹和变形条纹之间的对应点,最后对相应的匹配点对进行光线追迹计算后,可以恢复出物体的三维形貌.由于使用面结构光进行测量,无需移动装置来实现对物体的一维或二维全场扫描,这样既节约了经济成本又缩短了测量时间.利用该方法进行了实际测量,得到了较好的重建结果,证明了本方法的正确性和可行性.     

基于圆形条纹投影的相位测量轮廓术研究

编码的圆形正弦条纹在圆心具有零相位,该点可以作为后续相位计算和展开的参考。但是圆形条纹提供的载频相位具有非线性特点,当其用于三维面形测量时,如果圆心在物面上,获取物面高度信息的方法与投影单频直条纹的情况不同。研究基于圆形条纹投影的相移轮廓术,讨论了物面高度引起的图像点坐标的位移量和绝对相位的计算方法,并完成相应的误差分析。对3.5 mm平面测量误差的标准差为0.019 mm。计算机模拟和实验验证了该方法能直接得到离面物体的绝对相位,用于重建物体的三维面形。     

三维电子散斑干涉载频调制及其在柴油机上的应用

将电子散斑干涉场的三维载波调制技术应用到三维物体变形测量中.用水平方向、竖直方向及垂直试件表面的三路相干光分别照明物体,在水平和竖直方向通过控制反射镜的微小偏转引入载波,实现位移场干涉条纹的调制;利用物体的微小偏转实现离面位移场干涉条纹的调制;结合傅里叶变换法,分别解调出变形场的位相,从而实现了物体三维变形场的精确测量.将该技术应用到柴油机油泵的三维位移测量上,成功测量了油泵的三维位移场.     

The separation of out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components by fringe carrier method based on large image-shearing ESPI

A fringe carrier method for separating out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components based on large image-shearing electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented. If the test object is respectively illuminated by two expanded symmetric illuminations in large image-shearing ESPI, two interferometers are formed. Carrier fringe patterns can be introduced by tilting reference surface a small angle. The carrier fringe patterns are demodulated after deformation of the object. Two phase maps, which include out-of-plane and in-plane displacement, can be obtained by using Fourier transform. Then out-of-plane displacement can be easily separated from in-plane displacement by simple operation between two unwrapped phase distributions. The principle of spatial carrier frequency modulation in large image-shearing ESPI is discussed. A typical three-point-bending experiment is completed. Experimental results are offered. The results show that the method offers high visibility of carrier fringes. And the system presented does not need a special beam as a reference light and has simple optical setup.     

Simultaneous quantitative evaluation of in-plane and out-of-plane deformation by use of a carrier method of large image-shearing shearography

A carrier method for separating out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components based on large imageshearing shearography is presented. A reference surface is fixed on the side of a test object. They are illuminated by two expanded symmetric illuminations respectively. The carrier is introduced by rotating the reference surface to modulate the displacement of an object. By using Fourier transform to demodulate the modulated fringe pattern, two phase maps, which include out-of-plane and in-plane displacements, can be obtained. Then the out-of-plane displacement can be easily separated from in-plane displacement by subtraction and addition of the two unwrapped phase distributions. The principle of the method is presented and proved by a typical three-point-bending experiment. Experimental results show that the method enjoys high visibility of carrier fringes. The system does not need a special beam as a reference light and has simple optical setup.     

Digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) with increased sensitivity: Use of spatial phase shifting

This paper presents a real-time digital speckle pattern interferometry system with twofold increase in sensitivity for the measurement of in-plane displacement and first order derivative of out-of-plane displacement (slope). Spatial phase shifting technique has been used for quantitative fringe analysis. The system employs a double aperture arrangement in front of the imaging system that introduces spatial carrier fringes within the speckle for spatial phase shifting. For in-plane displacement measurement, the scattered fields from the object are collected independently along the direction of illumination beams, and combined at the image plane. For slope measurement, a shear is introduced between the two scattered fields. Experimental results on an edge clamped circular plate subjected to in-plane rotation for in-plane displacement measurement and central loading for slope measurement are presented.     

General model to predict and correct errors in phase map interpretation and measurement for out-of-plane ESPI interferometers

Out-of-plane configurations used in electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), introduce phase error interpretation in extended target objects due to spatial variation of the sensitivity vector. In this paper, a general model to predict and correct the displacement measurement error and error phase map interpretation taking into account the target shape, illumination geometry, and in-plane displacement information, is presented. This model generalizes and extends previous analyses with respect to the sensitivity vector variations. The model is based on a relationship between variable sensitivity vector and the constant one. The importance of illumination geometry and in-plane displacement as factors that introduce the biggest error in the interpretation of the phase map are stressed. An analysis with practical parameters using divergent and collimated beams is presented. In order to predict and correct the error of phase interpretation, the finite element method should be used to obtain in-plane proportional factors to build up the correction function. The analysis shows that the error can be large for common configurations even when using collimated beam. To compute the measurement directly from the phase map, a general sensitivity function taking into account the shape and in-plane displacement information is naturally obtained from the presented analysis.     

Investigation of in-plane stresses on bolted flange joints using digital speckle pattern interferometry

Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) is a promising field for a wide range of applications such as measurement of displacements/deformations, contouring, nondestructive testing, etc. It has holographic sensitivity and circumvents delays in photographic processing/filtering. Speckle correlation interferometry can be made sensitive to only one of the components of in-plane displacement by illuminating the object with two beams symmetric about the viewing axis and imaging along this axis using a viction. This configuration allows measurement of in-plane displacements independent of out-of-plane displacements.

In this paper, the in-plane deformation/stress distribution has been studied for a typical bolted flange joint of a pressure vessel using two beam illumination DSPI. The information obtained can be very useful in predicting the leakage behaviour of such joints employed in pressure vessels. Experimental investigations along with theoretical predictions are presented.     

Simultaneous measurement of whole in-plane displacement using phase-shifting ESPI

A novel method for simultaneously measuring whole field in-plane displacements by using optical fiber phase-shifting electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented in this paper. A 1 × 4 single mode optical fiber beamsplitter is employed to split the laser beam into four beams of equal intensity. One pair of fibers is utilized to illuminate the diffuse target at equal angles in the horizontal plane so it is sensitive only to horizontal in-plane displacement. Another pair of optical fibers is set to be sensitive only to vertical in-plane displacement. The polarization directions of light emitted by fibers are the same for each pair, but are at a right angle between pairs. The optical fibers are equal in length for each pair, but are not equal between two pairs. In this case the speckles are interference between each pair of fibers, thus the horizontal and vertical displacement components can be obtained simultaneously. By means of a fiber phase shift technique we can obtain the quantitative data of whole field displacements. This method has made it possible to study the in-plane displacement of a thin metal plate, and the examples of the results are shown to demonstrate the novel method.     

ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON SPATIAL FREE VIBRATION OF NON-SYMMETRIC THIN-WALLED CURVED BEAMS

For spatial free vibration of non-symmetric thin-walled circular curved beams, an accurate displacement field is introduced by defining all displacement parameters at the centroidal axis and three total potential energy functionals are consistently derived by degenerating the potential energy for the elastic continuum to that for thin-walled curved beams. The closed-form solutions are newly obtained for in-plane and out-of-plane free vibration analysis of monosymmetric curved beams respectively. Also, two thin-walled curved beam elements are developed using the third and fifth order Hermitian polynomials. In order to illustrate the accuracy and the practical usefulness of the present method, analytical and numerical solutions by this study are presented and compared with previously published results or solutions by ABAQUS' the shell element. Particularly, effects of the thickness curvature as well as the inextensional condition are investigated on free vibration of curved beams with monosymmetric and non-symmetric cross-sections.     

An electro-optic holographic technique for the measurement of the components of the strain tensor on three-dimensional object surfaces

An electro-optic holographic technique (also called electronic speckle pattern interferometry or TV holography) for the measurement of displacements and strains on three-dimensional object surfaces is presented. The three components of the displacement vector, in a fixed coordinate system, are separated using four independent illumination beams. The interferometric phase for each illumination beam is extracted using the phase stepping technique. Displacements in the fixed coordinate system are projected on to the object surface using the tensor transformation law. Equations for the computation of surface strains using the projected displacements and the surface geometry are developed. The technique is applied for the measurement of strains on the surface of a cylindrical vessel subjected to internal pressure.     

Statistical searching of deformation phases on wavelet transform maps of fringe patterns

A wavelet transform (WT) analysis is presented to obtain the deformation phases from the fringes with non-uniform carrier frequency, which may appear in the pattern of varied-periodic fringes generated in displacement measurement. Based on the phase maps of the Morlet WT coefficients distributed in a space-scale spectrum, a statistical processing is carried out to search the compacted density of the phase intervals over the scale, and from that the phase modulations related to the object deformation can be determined. Numerical simulation demonstrates the validity of the pattern-processing technique, and the experimental results show the applications to the measurement of the in-plane displacement by the digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) and the measurement of the out-of-plane deflection by the projecting Moiré fringes.