Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The accelerator of CSNS consists of a low energy linac, a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and two beam transport lines. The overall physics design of CSNS accelerator is described, including the design principle, the choice of the main parameters and design of each part of accelerators. The key problems of the physics design, such as beam loss and control, are also discussed. The interface between the different parts of accelerator, as well as between accelerator and target, are introduced.     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The     

Operation of the CSNS Penning surface H− ion source

The accelerator complex of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) consists of a H⁻ linear accelerator (linac) and a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). The linac contains a Penning surface H⁻ ion source. The designed energy and the beam current of the source are 50 keV and 20 mA respectively, with a normalized root mean square (norm. rms.) emittance of 0.2π mm mrad. The manufactures and tests of the discharge chamber are in great progress. The construction of H⁻ ion source test stand has been completed, and the operation of the source is also in progress. Stable H⁻ ion beams with energy of 50 keV and current up to 50 mA are attained. Emittance measurement for the H⁻ beam is being prepared.

     

加速器驱动次临界系统注入器Ⅰ束测系统（英）

加速器驱动次临界系统注入器Ⅰ,包括ECR离子源、低能传输线、射频四极加速单元、中能传输段和超导腔,注入器Ⅰ出口能够获得能量10 MeV的强流质子束流。为了调束和运行的需要,注入器Ⅰ将安装束流位置测量、束流截面测量、束流流强测量、束流发射度和能量测量,以及束流损失测量等束流参数测量装置。介绍了这些束流测量系统设计及其他方面的一些考虑。     

BEPCⅡ Positron Source

BEPCⅡ— an upgrade project of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is a factory type of e^＋e^－ collider. The fundamental requirements for its injector linac are the beam energy of 1.89GeV for on-energy injection and a 40mA positron beam current at the linac end with a low beam emittance of 1.6μm and a low energy spread of ±0.5% so as to guarantee a higher injection rate (≥50mA/min) to the storage ring. Since the positron flux is proportional to the primary electron beam power on the target, we will increase the electron gun current from 4A to 10A by using a new electron gun system and increase the primary electron energy from 120MeV to 240MeV. The positron source itself is an extremely important system for producing more positrons, including a positron converter target chamber, a 12kA flux modulator, the 7m focusing module with DC power supplies and the support. The new positron production linac from the electron gun to the positron source has been installed into the tunnel. In what follows, we will emphasize the positron source design, manufacture and tests.     

中国散裂中子源直线射频功率源系统的研制

中国散裂中子源加速器质子束流加速能量为1.6 GeV,重复频率为25 Hz,撞击固体金属靶产生散射中子,一期工程的打靶束流功率为100 kW。直线加速器的设计束流流强为15 mA,输出能量为81 MeV。射频加速和聚束系统包括一台射频四极场加速器、中能束流传输线的两个聚束器、四节漂移管直线加速器加速腔和直线-环束流传输线的一个散束器,与之相对应,共有8个单元在线运行的射频功率源为其提供所需的射频功率。目前,直线射频功率源系统预研项目已全部完成,各项性能参数均已达到设计指标,当前正处在批产安装调试阶段。151013     

Variations in bonding of iron in porous ferrisilicates

The ISAC post accelerator comprises an RFQ, DTL and SC-linac. The high energy beam lines connect the linear accelerators as well as deliver the accelerated beams to two different experimental areas. The medium energy beam transport (MEBT) line connects the RFQ to the DTL. The high energy beam transport (HEBT) line connects the DTL to the ISAC-I experimental stations (DRAGON, TUDA-I, GPS). The DTL to superconducting beam (DSB) transport line connects the ISAC-I and ISAC-II linacs. The superconducting energy beam transport (SEBT) line connects the SC linac to the ISAC-II experimental station (TUDA-II, HERACLES, TIGRESS, EMMA and GPS). All these lines have the function of transporting and matching the beams to the downstream sections by manipulating the transverse and longitudinal phase space. They also contain diagnostic devices to measure the beam properties.     

Physics design for the C-ADS main linac based on two dif f erent injector design schemes

The China ADS（C-ADS） project proposes to build a 1000 MW Accelerator Driven sub-critical System around 2032. The accelerator will work in CW mode with 10 mA in beam current and 1.5 GeV in final beam energy. The linac is composed of two major sections： the injector section and the main linac section. There are two diferent schemes for the injector section. The Injector-scheme is based on a 325 MHz RFQ and superconducting spoke cavities of the same RF frequency and the Injector-scheme is based on a 162.5 MHz RFQ and superconducting HWR cavities of the same frequency. The main linac design will be diferent for diferent injector choices. The two diferent designs for the main linac have been studied according to the beam characteristics from the diferent injector schemes.     

Main linac lattice design and optimization for Ecm=1 TeV CLIC

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a future e⁺e^- linear collider. The CLIC study concentrated on a design of center-of-mass energy of 3 TeV and demonstrated the feasibility of the technology. However, the physics also demands lower energy collision. To satisfy this, CLIC can be built in stages. The actual stages will depend on LHC results. Some specific scenarios of staged constructions have been shown in CLIC Concept Design Report (CDR). In this paper, we concentrate on the main linac lattice design for E_cm=1 TeV CLIC aiming to upgrade from E_cm=500 GeV CLIC and then to E_cm=3 TeV one. This main linac accelerates the electron or positron beam from 9 GeV to 500 GeV. A primary lattice design based on the 3 TeV CLIC main linac design and its optimization based on the beam dynamics study will be presented. As we use the same design principles as 3TeV CLIC main linac, this optimization is basically identical to the 3 TeV one. All the simulations results are obtained using the tracking code PLACET.     

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置束流分配系统设计

束流分配系统是自由电子激光装置中至关重要的一部分,它可以将直线加速器产生的电子束团分配至不同的波荡器中。提出了一种基于上海软X射线自由电子激光装置的束流分配系统设计方案。针对该方案,详细介绍了三维从头至尾的束团跟踪模拟以及在传输过程中的束流动力学分析,模拟结果表明,该束流分配系统设计可以保证束流发射度增长小于8%,同时可以保证峰值电流、能散以及束团长度在经过该分配系统时未受到破坏。此外,针对束团在直线加速器中的微束团不稳定性和抖动也进行了分析。     

ADS注入器II的5 MeV高能传输线的设计与搭建

ADS先导专项的注入器Ⅱ计划在将质子束通过一个Cryomodule加速到5 MeV后,进行10 mA连续束流的调试,以验证ADS低能段的强流超导直线加速器技术。为了将50 kW的束流功率沉积到束流垃圾站,需要搭建一条高能束流传输线,从超导段开始传输束流。采用两套三组合四极透镜控制束流包络及垃圾站的束流尺寸,利用诊断真空室进行水平和垂直发射度的测量。为避免束流产生的真空管道损伤,该传输线必须确保束流无损失地传输到垃圾站。A CW 10 mA,5 MeV beam commissioning of CADS Injector Ⅱ is planed recently to test the high power superconduction linac techniques.To transport 50 kW beam from linac to the beam dump,a high energy beam line (HEBT) line is designed and setup.Two Triplet are used to control the beam size along HEBT and at the beam dump.One diagnostics box is used for horizontal and vertical emittance measurement.To avoid damages to the vacuum pipe,beam should be transported to the beam dump without losses.The details of the HEBT design will be described in the paper.     

强流质子加速器ns级快沿切束电源系统

详细分析了中国散裂中子源(CSNS)直线加速器低能端预切束电源工作原理。切束束团上升沿和下降沿的快慢是衡量切束电源性能好坏的重要指标,经过研究,研制了一台脉冲幅值6 kV,前后沿纳秒级的切束腔电源,应用纯硬件电路代替软件的方法实现高频和低频定时信号的同步和与处理,使该电源输出稳定可靠的高压脉冲。该电源基于直流高压加快速高压开关的设计方案来实现高压、高重复频率及纳秒级快沿的脉冲输出,具有多脉冲和单脉冲两种工作模式,满足了直线加速器单束团和多束团注入到快循环质子同步加速器(RCS)的要求。CSNS直线加速器切束实验的结果表明,切束电源满足各项设计指标要求。     

Design of medium energy beam transport line between the RFQ and the Linac in the radioactive ion beam facility at VECC,Kolkata

The design of a medium energy beam transport (MEBT) line comprising of a re-buncher and four quadrupoles, two upstream and the other two downstream of the re-buncher, has been presented. The design was done to ensure almost 100% transport of heavy-ion beams of about 99 keV/u energy from RFQ having a q/A not less than 1/14 through the re-buncher and then through IH Linac of about 0.6 m length in which beam would be accelerated to about 185 keV/u. The re-buncher has been designed to operate at 37.8 MHz, the resonating frequency of both the RFQ and the IH Linac. The entire beam line has been installed and recently O⁵⁺ beam from RFQ has been transported through the re-buncher and subsequently accelerated in the IH Linac successfully.     

中国散裂中子源快循环同步加速器中色品校正及六极磁铁非线性效应

中国散裂中子源（CSNS）快循环同步加速器（RCS）把能量为80 MeV的束流储存并加速到1.6 GeV然后引出到靶站。为了减少RCS中的束流损失，有必要对RCS做色品校正，并减小动量偏移对束流光学的影响。尝试了多种色品校正方案并对不同色品校正方案做了比较。用三维跟踪程序SIMPSONS研究了色品校正六极铁与空间电荷效应对束流的影响。色品校正六极铁可以有效减小色品引起的频散，但是由于六极铁为非线性元件，导致不同振幅的粒子间有一定频散。模拟发现同时存在空间电荷效应和色品校正六极铁时，会有少量的束流损失。     

A CW superconducting linac as the proton driver for a medium baseline neutrino beam in China

In a long-term planning for neutrino experiments in China, a medium baseline neutrino beam is proposed which uses a continue wave (CW) superconducting linac of 15 MW in beam power as the proton driver. The linac will be based on the technologies which are under development by the China-ADS project, namely it is also composed of a 3.2 MeV normal conducting RFQ and five different types of superconducting cavities. However, the design philosophy is quite different from the China-ADS linac because of the much weaker requirement on reliability here. The nominal design energy and current are 1.5 GeV and 10 mA, respectively. The general considerations and preliminary results on the physics design will be presented here. In addition, the alternative designs such as 2.0 GeV and 2.5 GeV, which may be required by the general design, can be easily extended from the nominal one.     

Mismatch study of C-ADS main linac

The ADS accelerator in China is a Continuous-Wave(CW) proton linac with 1.5 Ge V beam energy,10 m A beam current, and 15 MW beam power. To meet the extremely low beam loss rate and high reliability requirements, it is very important to study the beam halo caused by beam mismatch, which is one major sources of beam loss. To avoid envelope instability, the phase advances per period are all smaller than 90 degrees in the main linac design. In this paper, simulation results of the emittance growth and the envelope oscillations caused by mismatch in the main linac section are presented. To meet the emittance growth requirement, the transverse and longitudinal mismatch factors should be smaller than 0.4 and 0.3, respectively.     

Possibility of radionuclide production for PET diagnostics and brachyteraphy on the INR RAS linac

The technology of radionuclide production for positron-emission tomography on the proton linac of the Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, is considered. A prototype of a combined target unit for production of positron-emitting radionuclides ¹¹C, ¹³N, and ¹⁸F in the proton linac beam is presented. The production of medical isotopes ¹⁰³Pd, ^{124, 125}I, and ¹³¹Cs is briefly discussed.     

Design study of an in-flight projectile fragment separator for rare isotope beams

Radioactive isotope(RI) beams are used to investigate the characteristics of unstable nuclei. Fragment separators, which have large angular and energy acceptances, were required to obtain high RI beam intensity. Careful design is required due to the large high order aberrations induced by the large aperture magnets, which are used to collect rare isotopes obtained from a high energy primary heavy-ion beam hitting a target [1]. In our design study, a high energy ¹²C primary beam was used to produce neutron rich medium mass heavy ions such as ⁹Li. Mirror symmetric optics provides smaller high order aberration and thus a design study of a mirror symmetric in-flight projectile fragment separator was performed to obtain large angular and energy acceptances. We investigated the optimal material and thickness of the target for the production of a ⁹Li beam. Based on the simulation, a beryllium target was selected to give a large yield with a smaller energy spread of the secondary beam. We also investigated the optimal thickness of the aluminum energy degrader. The selections of the target material and thickness were investigated by using the code LISE++.After optimization of the material and the thickness of the target, we performed a design study of the optics of the in-flight separator for a high resolution with high acceptance. The designed optics of the in-flight separator consists of the four normal conducting quadrupole triplets, three sextupoles and two normal conducting dipoles. The horizontal and vertical angular acceptances of the designed separator are 40 mrad and 70 mrad, respectively. The separator has a mass resolution of 640 when the object size is taken to be 1 mm. The correction of the second order aberration in the designed optics was performed by three sextupole magnets. The path length of the designed separator is 20.183 m. The optics design and the high order aberrations were investigated by using the code ORBIT.     

Surface muon production in medium energy heavy ion reaction at RIKEN

A new type of beam transport system for secondary light charged particles (“Large Ω” Beam Course) has been constructed and used to transport surface muons from the decay of pions produced in heavy-ion reactions at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC). In an experiment carried out using a¹⁴N beam of 135 MeV/u and a carbon target of 0.9 g/cm² thickness, the surface muon intensity obtained in 5×5 cm² sample was around 100 1/s for 500 nA of the primary beam. This number may be increased by two orders if the energy were doubled.     

Vibration research of the AC dipole-girder system for CSNS/RCS

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a high intensity proton accelerator based facility. Its accelerator complex includes two main parts: an H^- linac and a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). The RCS accumulates the 80 MeV proton beam and accelerates it to 1.6 GeV, with a repetition rate of 25 Hz. The AC dipole of the CSNS/RCS is operated at a 25 Hz sinusoidal alternating current which causes severe vibration. The vibration will influence the long-term safety and reliable operation of the magnet. The dipole magnet of CSNS/RCS is an active vibration equipment, which is different from the ground vibration accelerator. It is very important to design and study the dynamic characteristics of the dipole-girder system. This paper takes the AC dipole and girder as a specific model system. A method for studying the dynamic characteristics of the system is put forward by combining theoretical calculation with experimental testing. The ANSYS simulation method plays a very important role in the girder structure design stage. With this method, the mechanical resonance phenomenon was avoided in the girder design time. At the same time the dipole vibratory force will influence the other equipment through the girder. Since it is necessary to isolate and decrease the dipole vibration, a new isolator was designed to isolate the vibratory force and decrease the vibration amplitude of the magnet.