DFT Studies on Detonation Properties,Pyrolysis Mechanism,and Stability of the Nitro and Hydroxyl Derivatives of Benzene

Ninety‐one nitro and hydroxyl derivatives of benzene were studied at the B3LYP/6‐31G?? level of density functional theory. Detonation properties were calculated using the Kamlet‐Jacobs equation. Three candidates (pentanitrophenol, pentanitrobenzene, and hexanitrobenzene) were recommended as potential high energy density compounds for their perfect detonation performances and reasonable stability. The pyrolysis mechanism was studied by analyzing the bond dissociation energy (BDE) and the activation energy (E_a) of hydrogen transfer (H–T) reaction for those with adjacent nitro and hydroxyl groups. The results show that E_a is much lower than BDEs of all bonds, so when there are adjacent nitro and hydroxyl groups in a molecule, the stability of the compound will decrease and the pyrolysis will be initiated by the H–T process. Otherwise, the pyrolysis will start from the breaking of the weakest C–NO₂ bond, and only under such condition, the Mulliken population or BDE of the C–NO₂ bond can be used to assess the relative stability of the compound.     

Theoretical Studies on the Structures,Stabilities,Vibrational Spectra,and Thermodynamic Properties of Polyn itromethylbenzenes

The nitro derivatives of methylbenzenes were optimized to obtain their molecular geometries and electronic structures at the DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The structure parameters, such as the C–NO₂ bond length (L) and the least C–NO₂ bond overlap population (M) were focused to predict their relative stability or sensitivity. Their IR spectra were obtained and assigned by vibrational analysis, which are reliable compared with the experimental results. Based on the frequencies scaled by 0.96 and the principle of statistic thermodynamics, the thermodynamic properties were evaluated, which are linearly related with the number of nitro and methyl groups as well as the temperature, obviously showing good group additivity.     

Theoretical calculation of nitro-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1H-azoles energetic compounds

In order to study the properties of new energetic compounds formed by introducing nitroazoles into 2,4,6-trinitrobezene, the density, heat of formation and detonation properties of 36 nitro-1-(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene)-1H-azoles energetic compounds are studied by density functional theory, and their stability and melting point are predicted. The results show that most of target compounds have good detonation properties and stability. And it is found that nitro-1-(2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole compounds and nitro-1-(2,4,6-trinitrop-enyl)-1H-Imidazole compounds have good thermal stability, and their weakest bond is C NO₂ bond, the bond dissociation energy of the weakest bond is 222–238 kJ mol⁻¹ and close to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (235 kJ mol⁻¹). The weakest bond of the other compounds may be the C NO₂ bond or the N N bond, and the strength of the N N bond is related to the nitro group on azole ring.     

Ab initio and density functional studies on bonding nature of the N?N bonds in 1,2,5‐trinitroimidazole and 1,2,4,5‐tetranitroimidazole

The bonding nature of the N N bonds in 1,2,5‐trinitroimidazole ( I ) and 1,2,4,5‐tetranitroimidazole ( II ) was examined with various levels of ab initio and density functional (DF) theories. The second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation method (MP2) with the 6‐31G** basis set has predicted significantly long N N bond lengths in I and II , that is, 1.737 and 1.824 Å, respectively. Two DF theories, BLYP/6‐31G** and BP86/6‐31G**, provided similar results to those of MP2/6‐31G**. On the other hand, Hartree–Fock (HF) calculation with the 6‐311++G** basis set evaluated these bond lengths of I and II to be 1.443 and 1.414 Å, respectively. Bond properties including the bond critical density are strongly dependent on the equilibrium bond length. Thus, accurate prediction of geometric parameters is of particular importance to derive reliable bond properties. Especially, a substantial difference in bonding properties is observed when the electron correlation effect is included. According to our analyses with bonding natures and CHELPG charges at the MP2 level, (1) the N N bonds of I and II appear to have a significant ionic nature, and (2) the 1‐nitro group bears a considerable positive charge and has attractive electrostatic interactions with O atoms of adjacent nitro groups. Although all the theories utilized in this study predict that both I and II are stable in their potential‐energy surfaces, significantly long N N bond lengths calculated with MP2 and DF theories imply a strong hyperconjugation effect, which may explain a tendency to form a salt in these compounds easily. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 72: 145–154, 1999     

N6H6结构和性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论的b3lyp方法在6-311＋＋G**基组上对15种分子式为N₆H₆的氮氢化合物进行了理论计算, 并且应用了自然键轨道理论(Nature Bond Orbital, NBO)和分子中的原子理论(Atoms In Molecules, AIM)分析了这些化合物的成键特征和相对稳定性. NBO分析表明N原子孤对电子到相邻的氮氮键的超共轭作用是影响氮氮键长变化的主要因素, AIM计算的氮氮键的键临界点电荷密度与键长呈反比关系. 而且, NBO的立体和超共轭分析表明立体交换排斥能和超共轭作用对这些分子的相对稳定性起了重要作用. G3MP2计算结果表明氮氢化合物的生成热均为正, 并且环状分子的能量和生成热都高于链状分子.     

Metalophilic interaction in gold halide: Quantum chemical study of AuX (X = Fat)

Quantum chemical calculations of the structures, stabilities, and metalophilic interactions of AuX halides (X = F? At) at the CCSD(T) theoretical level with extended basis sets were performed. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that the present gold–halide metalophilic interactions mainly resulted from the overlap of an sp hybrid on halogen and a 6s6p5d hybrid on the Au atom. Analysis of electron density deformation showed a pronounced charge accumulation in the middle of the region between heavier X and Au, and clearly suggested the formation of covalent bond. Topological analysis of the Laplacian and total electronic energy densities at bond critical points showed the “intermediate type” character of gold–halide metalophilic interactions. Electron localization function showed the increased covalency from X = F to X = At. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

木质素模化物键离解能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3P86方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上,对木质素结构中的6种连接方式(β-O-4、α-O-4、4-O-5、β-1、α-1、5-5)的63个木质素模化物的醚键(C-O)和C-C键的键离解能E_B进行了理论计算研究。分析了不同取代基对键离解能的影响以及键长与键离解能的相关性。计算结果表明,C-O键的键离解能通常比C-C键的小,在各种醚键中C_α-O键的平均键离解能最小,为182.7 kJ/mol;其次是β-O-4连接中的C_β-O键,苯环和烷烃基上的取代基对醚键的键离解能有较强的弱化作用,C-O键的键长和键离解能的相关性较差。与C-O键相比,C-C键的键离解能受苯环上取代基的影响很小,而烷烃基上的取代基对C-C键的键离解能有较大的影响,C-C键的键离解能和键长之间存在较强的线性关系,C-C键的键长越长,其键离解能越小。     

CH3SH…HOO开壳型氢键复合物的结构及其电子密度拓扑性质

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平下求得CH3SH…HOO复合物势能面上的稳定构型. 计算结果表明, 在HOO以其O8—H7作为质子供体与CH3SH分子中的S5原子为质子受体形成的氢键复合物1和2中, O8—H7明显被“拉长”, 且其伸缩振动频率发生显著的红移, 红移值分别为330.1和320.4 cm-1; 在CH3SH分子以其S5—H6作为质子供体与HOO的端基O9原子为质子受体形成的氢键复合物3和4中, 也存在类似的情况, 但S5—H6伸缩振动频率红移不大. 经MP2/6-311++G**水平计算的4种复合物含BSSE校正的相互作用能分别为-20.81, -20.10, -4.46和-4.52 kJ/mol. 自然键轨道理论(NBO)分析表明, 在CH3SH…HOO复合物1和2中, 引起H7—O8键长增加的因素包括两种电荷转移, 即孤对电子n1(S5)→σ*(H7—O8)和孤对电子n2(S5)→σ*(H7—O8), 其中后者为主要作用. 在复合物3和4中也有相似的电荷转移情况, 但轨道间的相互作用要弱一些. AIM理论分析结果表明, 4个复合物中的S5…H7间和O9…H6间都存在键鞍点, 且其Laplacian量▽2ρ(r)都是很小的正值, 说明这种相互作用介于共价键和离子键之间, 偏静电作用为主.     

Strain Energy Calculations of Caged Silanes

Abstract

Strain energies (SE) of typical caged silanes were evaluated at the B3LYP/6-31+G** and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ levels, in combination with the isodesmic and homodesmotic reactions. The SE values of Si₄H₄ and Si₈H₈ are 512 kJ/mol and 336–338 kJ/mol, respectively, at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level, whereas the SE values of the caged silanes with five-number or larger rings are very small. In comparison, the SE value of Si₈H₈ is much smaller than 656–707 kJ/mol of cubane (C₈H₈), since the Si?Si bond length (2.274 Å) of Si₈H₈ is much larger than the corresponding C?C bond length of cubane. The large electron charge density at body-center of Si₄H₄ causes strong repulsion between the cage center and Si?Si bond, which leads to the Si?Si bond bending. The electron charge density at the face center of Si₄H₄ is more than two times of that of Si₈H₈, which also contributes significantly to the large SE difference between Si₄H₄ and Si₈H₈.     

Ab initio study of the topology of the charge distribution of H3SiO(H)AlH3 conformers

The topologic properties of the electronic charge distribution of conformers of H₃SiO(H)AlH₃ molecule hydroxyl groups of zeolites are reported. The studied properties—total density, Laplacian density, and bond ellipticity—were evaluated at the position of the critical points of the O Si, O Al, and O H bonds, by using Hartree–Fock and second‐order Møller–Plesset levels of theory, and the STO/6‐31+G(d,p) standard basis set. For the H₃SiO(H)AlH₃ molecule, four conformers are identified. It is demonstrated that for these conformers, the total density and Laplacian density remain almost constant by effect of the rotations of the T H bonds, T=(Si, Al), around the corresponding O T bonds, respectively. However, these rotations induce sensible variations in the ellipticity at the position of the critical point of the O Al bonds, which are reflected in the OH bond distance, OH vibrational mode, and the stabilization energy of conformers. These results lead to a linear relationship between the magnitude of the bond ellipticity at the critical point of the O Al bonds and the frequency values of the OH bonds, with a correlation coefficient of r²=0.98. In addition, a good linear relationship between the ellipticity of the O Al bond and the pattern of the stabilization energy of conformers was also found. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 76: 1–9, 2000     

Heck反应中环钯化合物催化剂活化过程的理论研究

本文利用B3PW91 DFT方法对Heck反应中环钯化合物催化剂的活化过程进行了研究。我们考虑了两种可能的途径（1.阴离子还原开裂Pd-C键; 2.烯烃插入Pd-C键随后进行β-H消除）。研究结果表明，在反应条件下环钯化合物通过烯烃插入Pd-C键以及随后的β-H消除被活化。     

Computational Insight into Nickel‐Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon versus Carbon–Boron Coupling Reactions of Primary,Secondary, and Tertiary Alkyl Bromides

The nickel‐catalyzed alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling (C?C bond formation) and borylation (C?B bond formation) of unactivated alkyl halides reported in the literature show completely opposite reactivity orders in the reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides. The proposed Ni^I/Ni^III catalytic cycles for these two types of bond‐formation reactions were studied computationally by means of DFT calculations at the B3LYP level. These calculations indicate that the rate‐determining step for alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling is the reductive elimination step, whereas for borylation the rate is determined mainly by the atom‐transfer step. In borylation reactions, the boryl ligand involved has an empty p orbital, which strongly facilitates the reductive elimination step. The inability of unactivated tertiary alkyl halides to undergo alkyl–alkyl cross‐coupling is mainly due to the moderately high reductive elimination barrier.     

A Density Functional Study on the Geometries of Compounds Fe(HCN)_n~+ (n = 1～6)

1 INTRODUCTION The solvation of metal ion by different types ofsolvents is of great interest for a wide variety of app-lications[1]. In the experimental and theoretical inve-stigations, most of such studies are focused on ion-ligand systems complexed by…     

A comparative study of O2, CO,and NO binding to iron–porphyrin

Minimum-energy structures of O₂, CO, and NO iron–porphyrin (FeP) complexes, computed with the Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics, agree well with the available experimental data for synthetic heme models. The diatomic molecule induces a 0.3–0.4 Å displacement of the Fe atom out of the porphyrin nitrogen (N_p) plane and a doming of the overall porphyrin ring. The energy of the iron–diatomic bond increases in the order Fe(SINGLE BOND)O₂ (9 kcal/mol) < Fe(SINGLE BOND)CO (26 kcal/mol) < Fe(SINGLE BOND)NO (35 kcal/mol). The presence of an imidazole axial ligand increases the strength of the Fe(SINGLE BOND)O₂ and Fe(SINGLE BOND)CO bonds (15 and 35 kcal/mol, respectively), with few structural changes with respect to the FeP(CO) and FeP(O₂) complexes. In contrast, the imidazole ligand does not affect the energy of the Fe(SINGLE BOND)NO bond, but induces significant structural changes with respect to the FeP(NO) complex. Similar variations in the iron–imidazole bond with respect to the addition of CO, O₂, and NO are also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 69: 31–35, 1998     

Cationic iridium-catalyzed enantioselective activation of secondary sp3 C–H bond adjacent to nitrogen atom

A cationic Ir(I)–tolBINAP complex catalyzed an enantioselective C–C bond formation, which was initiated by secondary sp³ C–H bond cleavage adjacent to nitrogen atom. A wide variety of 2-(alkylamino)pyridines and alkenes were selectively transformed into the corresponding chiral amines with moderate to almost perfect enantiomeric excesses. Alkynes were also investigated as coupling partners. The effect of alkyl structure in substrates and directing groups were studied. This transformation represents the first example of a highly enantioselective C–H bond activation of a methylene group, not at allylic or benzylic position.     

Theoretical and Structural Analysis of Long CC Bonds in the Adducts of Polycyanoethylene and Anthracene Derivatives and Their Connection to the Reversibility of Diels–Alder Reactions

X‐ray structure determinations on four Diels–Alder adducts derived from the reactions of cyano‐ and ester‐substituted alkenes with anthracene and 9,10‐dimethylanthracene have shown the bonds formed in the adduction to be particularly long. Their lengths range from 1.58 to 1.62 Å, some of the longest known for Diels–Alder adducts. Formation of the four adducts is detectably reversible at ambient temperature and is associated with free energies of reaction ranging from ?2.5 to ?40.6 kJ mol^?1. The solution equilibria have been experimentally characterised by NMR spectroscopy. Density‐functional‐theory calculations at the MPW1K/6‐31+G(d,p) level with PCM solvation agree with experiment with average errors of 6 kJ mol^?1 in free energies of reaction and structural agreement in adduct bond lengths of 0.013 Å. To understand more fully the cause of the reversibility and its relationship to the long adduct bond lengths, natural‐bond‐orbital (NBO) analysis was applied to quantify donor–acceptor interactions within the molecules. Both electron donation into the σ*‐anti‐bonding orbital of the adduct bond and electron withdrawal from the σ‐bonding orbital are found to be responsible for this bond elongation.     

Bond length and the electron density at the bond critical point: X--X, Z--Z, and C--Z bonds (X = Li-F, Z = Na-Cl)

The aim was to investigate the relationship between the bond length and the electron density at the bond critical point in homonuclear X--X and Z--Z and heteronuclear C--Z bonds (X = Li-F, Z = Na-Cl). The d,rho(c) pairs were obtained from 472 target bonds in DFT-optimized (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) small molecular species. These species were selected arbitrarily but with a view to maximize the range widths WR for each atom combination. It was found that (i) with one clear exception, the d(A - A) means (A = X or Z) correlate linearly with the bond lengths d(A(2)) of the respective diatomic molecules; (ii) the d(A - A) means correlate parabolically with n, the formal number of valence electrons in the atoms of the bond; and (iii) with increasing sample size N the ratio WR(rho(c))/WR(d) appears to converge toward a representation f [WR(rho(c))/WR(d)](N-->infinity) characteristic of A. Detailed analysis of the d,rho(c) relationship has shown that by and large simple power regression accounts best for the DFT data. The regression coefficients of d = arho(c) (-b) and rho(c) = alphad(-beta) (b, beta > 0) vary with n in a seemingly irregular manner but one that is consistent with simple chemical notions. The d(A(2)) can be approximated in terms of multilinear MO electron occupancies.     

H2O, H2S与双卤分子间相互作用的电子密度拓扑研究

运用量子化学微扰理论MP2和密度泛函B3LYP方法, 采用6-311＋＋G(d,p)基组, 对H₂O, H₂S与双卤分子XY (XY＝F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, ClF, BrF, BrCl)形成的卤键复合物进行构型全优化, 并计算得到了这些体系的分子间相互作用能. 利用电子密度拓扑分析方法对卤键复合物的拓扑性质进行了分析研究, 探讨了该类分子间卤键的作用本质. 结果表明, 形成卤键后, 作为电子受体的双卤分子X—Y键长增长, 振动频率减小. 复合物体系中的卤键介于共价键与离子键之间, 偏于静电作用成分为主.     

Competitive double bond isomerization kinetics of 1‐dodecene and 11‐dococene on Amberlyst® 15

We followed the concurrent double bond isomerizations of 1‐dodecene (C12 NAO) and 11‐dococene (C22 IO) on Amberlyst® 15 at 90°C, observing the movement of the double bond from the middle of a C22 chain to its end and the movement of the double bond from the end of a C12 chain to its middle. Double bond migration was stepwise for both chains, and the kinetics were consistent with a common isomerization rate for all olefins of the same chain length, regardless of location of the double bond. Internal dodecenes isomerized 1.35 times faster than internal dococenes, suggesting a higher adsorption coefficient for dodecenes than for dococenes onto Amberlyst® 15 at 90°C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 745–752, 2012