可逆加成-断裂链转移方法合成两亲液晶嵌段功能大分子及其自组装的研究

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)可控聚合反应方法,合成制备了一系列窄分子量分布、结构规整的两亲液晶嵌段功能大分子聚甲基丙烯酸亚己基胆固醇酯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(PMA6Chol-block-PHEMA).运用核磁共振(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)、示差扫描热分析仪(DSC)和热失重分析仪(TGA)对制备所得两亲嵌段功能大分子的化学结构、热物理性能以及液晶相结构与转变温度进行了研究.在此基础上,采用纳米沉淀法研究了所得系列液晶嵌段功能大分子在混合溶剂中的自组装,制备得到微米尺度球形组装体.研究结果表明刚性胆固醇液晶共聚单元的存在对于溶液自组装产生重要影响.     

嵌段聚合物PGMA-b-PDEAEMAx的合成及其CO2诱导解组装行为

以甲基丙烯酸二乙基氨基乙酯为疏水段,聚甲基丙烯酸甘油酯为亲水段,采用可逆加成-断裂转移聚合合成了具有不同嵌段比例的甲基丙烯酸甘油酯-b-甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯二嵌段聚合物(PGMA-b-PDEAEMAx),其结构经1H NMR和GPC表征。聚合物通过自组装形成球形胶束、线性胶束聚集体和囊泡结构;向聚合物溶液中通入CO2后,其自组装解体。     

具有刚性液晶元侧基的嵌段共聚物PHEMAChol-b-PBLG的合成及自组装研究

以胆固醇和谷氨酸苄酯为主要出发原料,采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合、氨基酸环内酸酐(NCA)开环聚合(ROP)以及"点击化学"(click chemistry)组合方法,设计、合成了系列具有刚性液晶元侧基的聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯胆固醇碳酸酯-嵌段-聚谷氨酸苄酯(PHEMAChol-b-PBLG),并通过核磁共振(NMR)、红外光谱(FTIR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和静态光散射(SLS)对其化学结构进行了表征.运用热重分析仪(TGA)、热台偏光显微镜(POM)和示差扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了系列共聚物的热稳定性、液晶相结构及相转变行为,并通过固体红外、13C固体核磁共振(13C CP/MAS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了PBLG均聚物及系列嵌段共聚物中聚氨基酸多肽链段的二级结构.研究结果表明,系列嵌段共聚物均具有良好的热稳定性,表现为近似向列相的液晶织构,PBLG链段趋于呈刚直棒状的α-螺旋构型,且其多肽链段越长,二级结构越规整.进一步采用圆二色谱(CD)和透射电镜(TEM)对系列嵌段共聚物在四氢呋喃溶液中的二级结构及自组装行为进行了研究,制备得到纺锤形自组装聚集体和大复合胶束,并通过变性酸三氟乙酸的引入实现对嵌段共聚物中PBLG的二级结构及相应自组装聚集体形貌的有效调控.     

聚乙二醇-接枝-聚(γ-苄基L-谷氨酸酯)刚-柔接枝共聚物的合成及其自组装行为研究

通过负离子开环聚合,合成了以柔性亲水的聚乙二醇(PEG)为主链,刚性疏水的聚(γ-苄基L-谷氨酸酯)(PBLG)为侧链的PEG-g-PBLG刚-柔接枝共聚物.运用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等表征了共聚物的结构、分子量及其分布.以共溶剂溶解、选择性溶剂透析的方法制备了自组装聚集体.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光光散射(LLS)等表征了共聚物自组装体的形貌和结构.研究发现,基于其特殊的拓扑结构,接枝共聚物的自组装行为表现出与一般规律不同的变化趋势.具有较短疏水PBLG侧链的PEG-g-PBLG可以自组装形成球形复合胶束,随着疏水PBLG侧链的增长,聚集体逐渐由复合胶束转变为囊泡,这种现象在已有的研究中鲜有报道.此外,降低初始聚合物溶液的浓度,共聚物自组装得到的聚集体的尺寸变小而分布变宽;反之,聚集体的尺寸增大而分布变窄.还利用耗散粒子动力学方法,验证了实验中聚集体的形貌变化,并给出了聚集体中的链段分布等在实验中较难得到的信息.     

刚柔三嵌段共聚物的柱状结构构筑

合成了以酯键和醚键相连的苯和联苯作为刚棒B嵌段,以聚合度为7,12和17的聚环氧乙烷为A嵌段及辛基或十六烷基为C嵌段的ABC型三嵌段线团-刚棒-线团分子.通过核磁共振氢谱和基质辅助激光解吸电离时间飞行质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对其结构进行了表征,利用偏光显微镜(POM)、示差扫描量热法(DSC)和小角X射线散射实验(SAXS)对其本体状态下的自组装行为进行了研究.结果表明,聚环氧乙烷聚合度为7、烷基链分别为辛基和十六烷基的化合物1a和2a在固相和液晶态分别自组装成倾斜柱状结构和矩形柱状结构,而具有长聚环氧乙烷链的化合物2b、2c和1c在固相都自组装成倾斜柱状结构.发现聚环氧乙烷链和烷基链的长度显著地影响线团-刚棒-线团分子体系的自组装行为.通过改变线团-刚棒-线团分子体系中柔性链长度的策略,可以精确地调控刚柔三嵌段共聚物的聚集体结构.     

pH敏感新型嵌段共聚物的合成及其对叶酸的运载与释放

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)法,成功合成了一种具有荧光性能的新型p H敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物聚(甲基丙烯酰氧喹啉-co-甲基丙烯酸-2-二甲氨基乙酯)-b-聚(甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯)(P(MAQ-co-DMAEMA)-b-PMAPEG),用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1H NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行表征.此共聚物在水溶液中可自组装形成胶束,由扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、动态光散射(DLS)、紫外光谱(UV)和荧光光谱(FL)对聚合物胶束溶液表征可知胶束为尺寸约80 nm的球形颗粒,且胶束溶液具有良好的荧光性.以叶酸(FA)为模型药物,研究载药胶束在模拟人体环境中的控释行为.结果表明:P(MAQ-co-DMAEMA)-b-PMAPEG可作为包载药物的一种新型纳米材料,载药胶束的体外释放呈明显p H依赖性,且具有较好的荧光性,该聚合物有望成为具有荧光性的理想药物载体.     

化学酶法合成五嵌段聚合物及其自组装行为的研究

用酶促开环聚合与ATRP方法相结合,制备了聚甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯-聚己内酯-聚乙二醇-聚己内酯-聚甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯(PHFMA-b-PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL-b-PHFMA)五嵌段聚合物.首先用Novozym e 435作为催化剂合成了聚己内酯-聚乙二醇-聚己内酯三嵌段聚合物,然后通过端基官能化法合成了大分子引发剂,并用其引发甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯(HFMA)的ATRP反应,合成了五嵌段聚合物.通过核磁和GPC证明了大分子引发剂和五嵌段共聚物的结构,五嵌段共聚物的GPC分析表明这种合成方法的可行.共聚物胶束的直径和大小通过动态光散射方法和原子力显微镜测试,五嵌段共聚物在水中的的自组装行为也被研究.结果证明胶束是球形,其平均直径为77 nm.聚合物在四氢呋喃中的浓度对聚合物的聚集形貌有很大的影响.     

含十二烷端基聚乙二醇-b-聚(N-丙烯酰脯氨酸甲酯)两嵌段在水溶液中的可逆再组装

以RAFT聚合制备了十二烷基末端聚乙二醇-b-聚(N-丙烯酰脯氨酸甲酯)两嵌段聚合物D12-EA,并用体积排除色谱和核磁氢谱表征了聚合物的结构。结合紫外-可见光(UV-Vis)、动态光散射(DLS)、静态光散射(LLS)、透射电镜(TEM)以及变温核磁氢谱(1 H NMR)研究了其在水溶液中的可逆再组装行为。不同于普通刺激响应性两嵌段在水溶液中由单分子链组装为纳米聚集体,在温度低于温敏性聚丙烯酰脯氨酸甲酯嵌段(A嵌段)浊点(CP)时,D12-EA两嵌段水溶液自组装形成粒径为20nm的球形胶束;而当温度高于CP时,球形胶束能够可逆地再组装为粒径约90nm的囊泡。变温1 H NMR揭示了当温度高于CP时,A嵌段由亲水壳层迁移至疏水核层,从而使体系再组装为自由能更低的结构。     

基于P4VP-b-PBzMA嵌段聚合物在乙醇中的聚合诱导自组装

聚合诱导自组装是一种基于活性聚合的新型自组装策略,其特点是可以在较高固含量体系中一步制备不同形貌的聚集体结构.利用可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)活性聚合,在乙醇溶液中合成新型P4VP-b-PBz MA嵌段共聚物,发现聚合诱导自组装过程中聚集体结构发生球→蠕虫→囊泡的连续转变.亲溶剂链段P4VP的变化可有效调控聚集体的结构和尺寸.此外,采用无规共聚方法,研究了P4VP-b-(PHPMA-co-PBz MA)三嵌段共聚物在聚合诱导自组装过程中组装体结构的转变过程.     

荧光淬灭法研究疏水缔合共聚物(PAM-b-PPOEA)_n自组装聚集数

运用荧光淬灭技术,包括稳态荧光淬灭法(SSFQ)和时间分辨荧光淬灭法(TRFQ),研究了疏水缔合水溶性丙烯酰胺2苯氧基丙烯酸酯多嵌段共聚物[P(AM POEA)]在水溶液中自组装的聚集数.这类聚合物在水溶液中易形成胶束状聚集体,探针芘分子和淬灭剂二苯酮增溶于疏水微区,荧光测定结果很好地符合Poisson淬灭模型.实验结果表明聚合物链结构、聚合物浓度和无机盐对聚集体的尺寸具有重要影响.聚合物自组装聚集数NA随疏水单体含量的增加和疏水嵌段长度的减小而增大,同时也随聚合物浓度和NaCl浓度增加而增大.另外对聚合物链结构、聚集数和溶液粘度的相互关系进行了讨论.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.