Regular network model for the sea ice-albedo feedback in the Arctic

The Arctic Ocean and sea ice form a feedback system that plays an important role in the global climate. The complexity of highly parameterized global circulation (climate) models makes it very difficult to assess feedback processes in climate without the concurrent use of simple models where the physics is understood. We introduce a two-dimensional energy-based regular network model to investigate feedback processes in an Arctic ice-ocean layer. The model includes the nonlinear aspect of the ice-water phase transition, a nonlinear diffusive energy transport within a heterogeneous ice-ocean lattice, and spatiotemporal atmospheric and oceanic forcing at the surfaces. First results for a horizontally homogeneous ice-ocean layer show bistability and related hysteresis between perennial ice and perennial open water for varying atmospheric heat influx. Seasonal ice cover exists as a transient phenomenon. We also find that ocean heat fluxes are more efficient than atmospheric heat fluxes to melt Arctic sea ice.     

相对反射深度的秦皇岛海域叶绿素浓度反演

海水中的叶绿素浓度是描述海洋初级生产力、获知浮游植物丰度及变化规律、评估环境质量、预报生态灾害的主要参数.国内外卫星遥感叶绿素产品的通用反演模型是利用不同波段上遥感反射光谱的强度比值来构建的OC x(x=2～6)算法,应用在一类水体中,全球尺度上的平均相对误差在35％ 左右.但对于固有光学特性复杂且具有较大区域差异性的...     

The Joint Airborne IASI Validation Experiment: An evaluation of instrument and algorithms

The Joint Airborne IASI Validation Experiment (JAIVEx) was designed to investigate the absolute radiometric accuracy of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and test the radiative transfer algorithms on which applications using IASI radiances rely. Two comprehensively instrumented research aircraft participated in coordinated measurements co-aligned with overpasses on the IASI instrument, with airborne interferometers obtaining radiance observations alongside intensive measurements of the atmospheric state. The JAIVEx data set has been used to place an upper bound on the absolute radiometric accuracy of IASI radiances. Further, a set of clear air case studies have been used to test competing formulations of the CO₂ line shape, water vapor spectroscopic line parameters and continuum. The current state-of-the art performance of line-by-line models is established with implications for optimal use of IASI radiances in numerical weather prediction.     

Radiative transfer solutions for coupled atmosphere ocean systems using the matrix operator technique

Accurate radiative transfer models are the key tools for the understanding of radiative transfer processes in the atmosphere and ocean, and for the development of remote sensing algorithms. The widely used scalar approximation of radiative transfer can lead to errors in calculated top of atmosphere radiances. We show results with errors in the order of±8% for atmosphere ocean systems with case one waters. Variations in sea water salinity and temperature can lead to variations in the signal of similar magnitude. Therefore, we enhanced our scalar radiative transfer model MOMO, which is in use at Freie Universität Berlin, to treat these effects as accurately as possible. We describe our one-dimensional vector radiative transfer model for an atmosphere ocean system with a rough interface. We describe the matrix operator scheme and the bio-optical model for case one waters. We discuss some effects of neglecting polarization in radiative transfer calculations and effects of salinity changes for top of atmosphere radiances. Results are shown for the channels of the satellite instruments MERIS and OLCI from 412.5 nm to 900 nm.     

测定叶绿素a浓度,漫散射衰减系数和离水辐亮度的海洋激光雷达

研制了一台多参数的主被动船载蓝绿光海洋激光雷达系统（ＢＬＯＬ），它可用于我国东海海域的海色遥感印证。该海洋激光雷达系统能被动地测量离水辐亮度Ｌｗ，主动测量漫散射衰减系数ｋ和叶绿素ａ浓度Ｃ。雷达系统安装在青岛海洋大学的调查船上（约２５００吨位），曾在２１个站位进行了实验。实验的区域从上海东开始到冲绳岛附近。用该海洋激光雷达系统测量的结果与用传统的方法测量的结果符合的很好。     

基于神经网络的叶绿素含量精细测量建模方法研究

活体植物叶片叶绿素含量SPAD值易受叶片厚度、水分等影响,提出了基于多参数神经网络建模的叶绿素含量精细反演方法。通过测量叶片在中心波长分别为650,940和1 450 nm光照射下的透过率,获得叶片的SPAD值和水分指数WI(water index),同时用数字螺旋测微仪测量相应的叶片厚度并用分光光度法测得其叶绿素含量。利用建模集样本分别建立SPAD值与实测叶绿素含量之间的单参数模型和基于BP神经网络的WI、厚度及SPAD值与实测叶绿素含量之间的非线性模型。利用这两种模型分别计算获得验证集样本的叶绿素含量预测值,对预测值和实测值进行了相关分析和相对误差的分析。实验以340个三种不同植物叶片为样本,用以上方法进行了分析。结果表明,利用BP神经网络建模后,每种植物样本的叶绿素含量预测精度都有不同程度的提高,尤其对于叶片厚度值较大的样本,效果更为明显。数据显示所有混合样本平均相对误差绝对值由单参数模型的7.55%降低到5.22%,实测值与预测值的拟合决定系数由0.83提高到0.93。验证了利用多参数BP神经网络模型可以有效地提高活体植物叶绿素含量预测精度的可行性。     

Numeral eddy current sensor modelling based on genetic neural network

This paper presents a method used to the numeral eddy current sensor modelling based on the genetic neural network to settle its nonlinear problem. The principle and algorithms of genetic neural network are introduced. In this method, the nonlinear model parameters of the numeral eddy current sensor are optimized by genetic neural network （GNN） according to measurement data. So the method remains both the global searching ability of genetic algorithm and the good local searching ability of neural network. The nonlinear model has the advantages of strong robustness, on-line modelling and high precision. The maximum nonlinearity error can be reduced to 0.037% by using GNN. However, the maximum nonlinearity error is 0.075% using the least square method.     

Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations

A new type of ultra-high resolution atmospheric global circulation model is developed. The new model is designed to perform “cloud resolving simulations” by directly calculating deep convection and meso-scale circulations, which play key roles not only in the tropical circulations but in the global circulations of the atmosphere. Since cores of deep convection have a few km in horizontal size, they have not directly been resolved by existing atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). In order to drastically enhance horizontal resolution, a new framework of a global atmospheric model is required; we adopted nonhydrostatic governing equations and icosahedral grids to the new model, and call it Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). In this article, we review governing equations and numerical techniques employed, and present the results from the unique 3.5-km mesh global experiments—with O(10⁹) computational nodes—using realistic topography and land/ocean surface thermal forcing. The results show realistic behaviors of multi-scale convective systems in the tropics, which have not been captured by AGCMs. We also argue future perspective of the roles of the new model in the next generation atmospheric sciences.     

反向传播神经网络的太平洋海域温跃层反演*

温跃层是反映海洋温度场的重要指标,针对太平洋中东部海域复杂多变的水文情况以及传统温跃层分析模式的局限性,本文基于BOA_Argo历史网格,通过BP神经网络,建立温度剖面的经验正交系数与海面遥感数据、少量深度处海水温度之间的非线性映射关系,实现海洋垂向温度剖面的实时反演,最后利用垂向梯度法获得海洋温跃层的相关参数。实验结果表明,相比于传统方法,该方法反演得到的跃层深度与测量值更加吻合,其中上层深度平均反演误差从10.3m下降到5.7m,下层深度平均反演误差从16.8m下降到8.8m。     

基于QA Score的GDPS各个版本在黄海海域GOCI数据处理中的适应性分析

水体的遥感反射比光谱（R_rs(λ)）是海洋水色遥感反演海洋生物地球光学参数的关键,其定义是离水辐亮度与恰好水面之上的向下辐照度之比。海洋水色卫星传感器接收到的总信号中90%是大气的贡献,海洋水体贡献的离水辐亮度不足10%,因此对接收的信号进行大气校正获得高精度的水体遥感反射比信号是海洋光学遥感的关键技术之一。基于大量高质量的现场高光谱遥感反射比数据的基础上建立的R_rs(λ)光谱数据的质量评价体系QA(quality assurance),可以通过计算R_rs的得分情况（QA score）很好地识别出有问题或可能错误的R_rs(λ)光谱。GOCI(geostationary ocean color imager)是搭载在全球第一颗对地静止卫星COMS(communication ocean and meteorological satellite)上的主要传感器,由韩国海洋卫星中心（KOSC）发射,其高观测频次(8景观测数据/天)使生物地球化学参数的日变化监测成为可能。KOSC研发了GDPS (GOCI data processing system)软件专门用于GOCI数据处理,包括大气校正。到目前为止已为全球用户免费提供GDPS1.1, GDPS1.2, GDPS1.3, GDPS1.4, GDPS1.4.1, GDPS2.0六个版本。应用QA Score评价体系对于GDPS1.2, GDPS1.3, GDPS1.4.1, GDPS2.0四个版本在黄海海域处理得到的GOCI遥感反射比光谱数据的质量进行了评比。结果发现GDPS1.2的R_rs数据被视为无效的数据量明显大于GDPS1.3, GDPS1.4.1和GDPS2.0的处理结果;GDPS2.0的R_rs数据QA得分情况要差于GDPS1.2,GDPS1.3和GDPS1.4.1;GDPS1.3和GDPS1.4.1的数据处理结果基本相同,这与GDPS1.4在GDPS1.3的基础上只进行了软件模块化优化处理且修复了一些小问题的结果相吻合。基于该研究,黄海海域使用GOCI R_rs数据时,如果R_rs波段比是首要考虑因素（如反演叶绿素a浓度）且对有效数据数量要求不高,可以使用GDPS1.2版本进行大气校正;如果更关心的是某个波段R_rs值,则使用GDPS2.0进行大气校正更合适。     

Mapping of the ocean surface wind by ocean acoustic interferometers

Measurements of marine surface winds are crucial to understanding mechanical and thermodynamic forces on the ocean. Satellite measurements of surface winds provide global coverage but are problematic at high wind speeds. Acoustic techniques of wind speed retrieval, and even for tracking hurricanes, have been suggested as an alternative since wind is a strong source of ambient noise in the ocean. Such approaches involve near-local measurements with bottom-mounted hydrophones located close to the area of interest. This paper suggests a complementary approach: measuring directivity of low-frequency ambient noise in the horizontal plane. These measurements would employ long vertical line arrays (VLAs) spanning a significant portion of the ocean waveguide. Two VLAs separated by a distance of some tens of kilometers and coherently measuring acoustic pressure form a single ocean interferometer. By sampling the area of interest from different perspectives with at least two interferometers, marine surface winds might be mapped over horizontal scales of the order of 1000 km with about 10 km resolution (more specifically, the 10 km resolution here means that contribution from the basis functions representing surface wind field with the scale of spatial variations of the order of 10 km can be resolved; independent retrieval of the wind within 10(4) cells of a corresponding grid is hardly possible). An averaging time required to overcome statistical variability in the noise field is estimated to be about 3 h. Numerical simulations of propagation conditions typical for the North Atlantic Ocean are presented.     

基于可见/近红外反射光谱的大豆叶绿素含量估算方法比较

作物叶绿素含量的估测可以为精准农业提供技术支持.该文利用 PROSAIL 模型模拟了不同叶绿素水平下的大豆冠层光谱反射率,而后针对多期实测高光谱及相应的叶绿素数据,在对响应波段进行小波能量系数提取的基础上,分别采用多元线性回归、BP 神经网络和 RBF 神经网络、以及偏最小二乘法进行估算,并进行了比较分析.研究结果表明...     

Analytic evaluation of the weighting functions for remote sensing of blackbody planetary atmospheres: a general linearization approach

An analytic approach is proposed for the evaluation of weighting functions for remote sensing of a blackbody planetary atmosphere based on straightforward, general linearization. In the present paper, this approach is applied to the case of remote sensing with the nadir (down-looking) geometry. Expressions for weighting functions for various atmospheric parameters are derived. It is demonstrated that in a realistic case of temperature-dependent atmospheric absorption, an additional term appears in the expression for the temperature weighting function which contains the temperature derivative of the atmospheric absorption coefficient. The approach is applied to the case of a semi-infinite atmosphere and then, to the atmosphere of a finite optical depth with the underlying surface. In this, latter case, the expressions are also obtained for partial derivatives of observed radiances with respect to surface parameters: surface pressure, temperature and emissivity.     

积雪污染物含量高光谱遥感监测研究

积雪中的污染物含量可以用来反映区域和全球范围内人类活动对环境的污染,但是迄今为止,对大范围或人类活动难以到达的地区进行积雪污染物含量时空监测的研究尚不多见.文章通过模拟大气沉降实验,应用光谱学技术分析了不同污染物含量对积雪反射光谱的影响,而后分别利用构建特征指数法、主成分分析法、BP神经网络以及RBF神经网络模型对积雪污染物含量预测,表明神经网络模型结合高光谱遥感数据方法能够较为准确地估算积雪污染物含量.     

Low frequency deep ocean ambient noise trend in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Concern about effects of anthropogenic noise on marine life has stimulated new studies to establish present-day ocean noise levels and compare them to noise levels from previous times. This paper reports on the trend in low-frequency (10-400 Hz) ambient noise levels and presents measurements made using a calibrated multi-element volume array at deep ocean sites in the Northeast Pacific from 1978 to 1986. The experiments provided spectral noise levels as well as horizontal and vertical noise directionality. The data presented here provide evidence that the trend derived from 1960s data extended to around 1980, but has since continued at a lower rate.     

海洋水色水温扫描仪精确大气漫射透射比计算

海洋水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)是中国海洋水色系列卫星上的主遥感器,主要用于探测我国及全球部分海域的海洋水色和水温环境信息.大气漫射透射比计算是COCTS大气校正的必需过程,直接影响COCTS大气校正和水色信息反演的精度.提出了基于加倍法解大气-海洋耦合矢量辐射传输方程的大气漫射透射比精确计算方法,通过与SeaWiFS精确大气漫射透射比查找表计算结果的比较,结果表明计算相对误差小于1.5%,而当观测天顶角小于60°时,计算相对误差小于0.5%,可以用来生成COCTS的精确大气漫射透射比查找表.在此基础上,生成了专门针对COCTS的精确大气漫射透射比查找表.     

基于神经网络的线指数恒星大气物理参数测量方法

通过人工神经网络的方法基于Lick线指数,来进行大气物理参数的测量,对Kurucz的合成光谱进行预处理以适应最后LAMOST光谱数据的要求,以Lick线指数与对应的大气物理参数为输入,用人工神经网络进行训练,得到训练模型通过DR8光谱数据进行测试,通过调整人工神经网络的相关参数来使实验效果达到最佳。结果证明,通过线指数人工神经网络的方法来进行大气物理参数的测量是可行的。     

Fast yet accurate computation of the complete radiance distribution in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system

The iteration of the source-function technique is used in conjunction with the discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) method to derive analytic solutions for the radiances at arbitrary polar angles and arbitrary levels in a multiple scattering (random) medium consisting of two strata with a change in the index of refraction across the interface between them. The atmosphere overlying a body of water (the ocean) serves as a prime example of such a system consisting of two adjacent strata with different indices of refraction. The accuracy of the solutions is tested by considering the coupled atmosphere-ocean system where absorption and scattering by molecules and particles are included. The tests show that these analytic solutions are superior to a spline interpolation that has been used previously in connection with the DISORT method applied to a random medium consisting of two strata with different indices of refraction.     

Computer models for masked hearing experiments with beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).

Environmental assessments of manmade noise and its effects on marine mammals need to address the question of how noise interferes with animal vocalizations. Seeking the answer with animal experiments is very time consuming, costly, and often infeasible. This article examines the possibility of estimating results with software models. A matched filter, spectrogram cross-correlation, critical band cross-correlation, and a back-propagation neural network detected a beluga vocalization in three types of ocean noise. Performance was compared to masked hearing experiments with a beluga whale [C. Erbe and D. M. Farmer, Deep-Sea Res. II 45, 1373-1388 (1998)]. The artificial neural network simulated the animal data most closely and raised confidence in its ability to predict the interference of a variety of noise source with a variety of vocalizations.     

基于生物光学算法的海洋赤潮监测

机载海洋激光雷达具有高效搜索的能力,已成为海洋环境监测的重要手段。以机载蓝绿激光雷达监测海洋赤潮为研究应用背景,通过检测海洋中叶绿素的质量浓度来实现对海洋赤潮消长信息的获取。在分析海水固有光学性质的基础上,基于生物光学算法,构建了机载蓝绿激光雷达后向散射信号检测的的叶绿素质量浓度监测模型。仿真计算证明该模型能够有效探测出叶绿素质量浓度的大小,为机载海洋赤潮监测增加了一种方法。