蟹,虾壳微观形貌与结构研究

用Ｘ射线衍射与扫描电镜研究了蟹壳，虾壳的形貌与微观结构，蟹壳中以方解石晶型存在的碳酸钙分布在网状结构的有机质中，网孔的尺寸约５～２５μｍ有机基质脱去蛋白后留下的甲壳质呈片层状结构，它的重复距离为０．９６ｎｍ。     

南桐煤镜质组非晶结构的X射线衍射研究

本文对经典煤核结构模型评述后，提出了多元非晶煤结构概念。用Ｘ射线衍射方法研究了南桐煤镜质组的原子径各分布，论证了煤大分子中同时存在芳香结构单元和脂环结构单元，它们对Ｘ射线射射强度均有贡献，非晶煤结构的有序性不在于１ｎｍ。     

粉末X射线衍射法监测发光有机分子结构转化的综合实验教学

结合粉末X射线衍射技术在物相分析领域的应用设计了一个综合创新性实验。实验内容主要包括利用粉末X射线衍射技术监测激发态分子内质子转移(Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer,ESIPT)有机分子在溶剂熏蒸下的结构转化过程。本实验综合培养了学生对粉末X射线衍射仪的操作技巧以及数据处理分析能力,提高了学生利用现代科学仪器来解决实际问题的能力。     

双金属氰化物配合物(DMC)催化剂的制备及表征

分别以乙二醇二甲醚,二乙二醇二乙和１,４－二氧六环为有机配体,制备了一系列双钓饵鹅的催化剂;用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）和Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）技术,研究了催化剂的晶相结构和表面状态。结果表明,钻以原料Ｚｎ３〖Ｃｏ（ＣＮ６）【２．ｘｈ２Ｏ中的物种形式存在,在催化剂的制备过程中没有氧化还原反应发生,有机 本只与锌离子配位,这 与位作用破坏了Ｚｎ（２〗Ｃｏ（ＣＮ）６〖２．１２Ｈ２的晶体结构,催化剂的表面     

黄铁矿表面改性产物的XRD谱研究

用Ｘ射线衍射技术（ＸＲＤ）分析了重庆中梁山矿的煤系黄铁矿不同氧化程度及改性后的表面结构。根据改性前后的ＸＲＤ数据，推导出不同电化学条件下的表面产物，为浮选分离煤系黄铁矿提供理论依据。     

壳聚糖—丝心蛋白合金膜的研究（Ⅰ）：合金膜的结构及其对丝心…

通过ＦＴＩＲ、Ｘ线衍射、ＴＧＡ和ＤＳＣ等手段对壳聚糖－丝心蛋白合金膜的结构进行了表征。结果表明，合金膜中壳聚糖和丝心蛋白之间存在着较强的氢键相互作用，根据Ｘ射线衍射结果并结合合金膜表现均匀透明、扫描电镜观察未发明明显宏观相分离，认为合金膜是基本相容的。     

FeCrAlNbTiRE电热合金相结构研究

用Ｘ射线衍射法和模拟粉晶衍射图的程序ＰＯＷＤ１２，研究了掺稀土的ＦｅＣｒＡｌＮｂＴｉＲＥ电热合金淬火和缓冷状态的相结构，所得结果如下：它们分别是ａ－Ｆｅ型无序固溶体和（Ｆｅ、Ｒｍ）３（Ｃｒ、Ａｌ）有序固溶体，因而前者相结构是体心立方点阵，后者出现超点阵峰，是简单立方点阵，而且后者的晶胞参数和体积分别是前者的２和８倍。     

SAPO-34分子筛的热稳定性及水热稳定性

利用高温Ｘ射线衍射技术，结合差热分析，对ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛烧除模板剂及随后吸附－脱附水的过程进行了研究。发现模板剂烧除的强放热效应不会导致分子筛骨架结构的破坏，活化后的分了了筛中吸附－脱附水，其Ｘ射线衍射强度可逆地减弱与恢复。     

高碳钢中的稀土碳化物

通过电解分离，Ｘ射线衍射以及气相色谱分析，研究了稀土在高碳钢的存在形态。结果表明：高碳钢中存在稀土碳化物。     

聚乙烯片晶辐照破坏的X射线散射研究

聚乙烯片晶辐照破坏的Ｘ射线散射研究王国英，姜炳政（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所长春１３００２２）关键词辐照聚乙烯，广角Ｘ射线衍射，小角Ｘ射线散射有关聚乙烯辐照破坏和交联问题，Ｈｏｓｅｍａｎ等［１］从Ｘ射线衍射的研究指出，辐照交联和破坏在晶区内部发生；...     

Polymorph Identification and Crystal Structure Determination by a Combined Crystal Structure Prediction and Transmission Electron Microscopy Approach

Electron diffraction offers advantages over X‐ray based methods for crystal structure determination because it can be applied to sub‐micron sized crystallites, and picogram quantities of material. For molecular organic species, however, crystal structure determination with electron diffraction is hindered by rapid crystal deterioration in the electron beam, limiting the amount of diffraction data that can be collected, and by the effect of dynamical scattering on reflection intensities. Automated electron diffraction tomography provides one possible solution. We demonstrate here, however, an alternative approach in which a set of putative crystal structures of the compound of interest is generated by crystal structure prediction methods and electron diffraction is used to determine which of these putative structures is experimentally observed. This approach enables the advantages of electron diffraction to be exploited, while avoiding the need to obtain large amounts of diffraction data or accurate reflection intensities. We demonstrate the application of the methodology to the pharmaceutical compounds paracetamol, scyllo‐inositol and theophylline.     

New Approaches for Solving Crystal Structures from Powder Diffraction Data

The determination of crystal structures from single crystal diffraction data can generally be carried out routinely and straightforwardly. However, many crystalline solids can be obtained only as microcrystalline powders and are not suitable for investigation by conventional single crystal diffraction methods. In the past, this problem has limited the ability to elucidate the structural properties of such materials. For the wide range of materials in this category, there is clearly a pressing need to develop and exploit techniques that allow crystal structures to be solved from powder diffraction data. Although traditional techniques for structure solution from powder diffraction data have been applied successfully in several cases, these techniques have certain intrinsic limitations, and for the case of organic molecular crystals the challenges that must be overcome are particularly severe. For these reasons, our recent research has focused on the development and implementation of new methodologies for structure solution from powder diffraction data, leading to new “direct-space” techniques for structure solution in which a hypersurface based on the profile R-factor is searched using Monte Carlo or Genetic Algorithm techniques. This paper presents a brief overview of the problems and challenges associated with structure solution from powder diffraction data. The foundations of the techniques that we have developed are described, and illustrative examples (from the field of organic molecular crystals) are given to highlight the application of these techniques.     

Molecular‐Level Understanding of Structural Changes of Organic Crystals Induced by Macroscopic Mechanical Stimulation

Structural changes to molecular crystals upon mechanical stimulation have attracted attention for sensing, recording, and microactuation. Comprehensive structure information is required to understand relationships between the mechanical force applied, the crystal structure, and the bulk property changes in order to develop general design concepts for mechanoresponsive compounds. Unfortunately, mechanical stimulation of organic crystals typically deteriorates their integrity, preventing detailed structure analyses by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) methods. However, in the past three years, several interesting studies have been reported in which molecular crystals retain their integrity even after a mechanically induced crystalline structure change. These materials have allowed us to investigate how macroscopic mechanical forces affect the microscopic structures of molecular crystals by single‐crystal XRD analyses. This Minireview summarizes current knowledge of mechanically induced structure changes in molecular crystals, which will facilitate research in this field.     

Molecular and crystal structures of 5,7-dichloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and products of its reactions with secondary amines

The molecular and crystal structures of 5,7-dichloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and products of its reactions with hexamethyleneimine and dimethylamine were established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular structures and the systems of hydrogen bonds in the crystals of these compounds are discussed.     

Enhanced efficiency of direct-space structure solution from powder X-ray diffraction data in the case of conformationally flexible molecules

A strategy is reported for assessing the feasibility of molecular conformations within direct-space structure-solution calculations of organic molecular crystal structures from powder X-ray diffraction data, focusing in particular on the genetic algorithm technique for structure solution in which fitness is defined as a function of the whole-profile figure-of-merit Rwp. The strategy employs a readily computed distance-based function to assess the feasibility of the molecular conformation in each trial structure generated in the genetic algorithm calculation, and structures considered to have low-feasibility conformations are penalized within the evolutionary process. The strategy is shown to lead to significant improvements in the success rate of structure-solution calculations in the case of flexible molecules with a significant number of conformational degrees of freedom.     

三苯基氧化膦与氯金酸形成的萃合物晶体的合成、特性和结构

本文报道了三苯基氧化膦与氯金酸形成的两种配合物晶体的合成、特性和结构.由元素分析及谱学特性确定了萃合物的组成分别为HAuCl~4·2(C~6H~5)PO(1)和HAuCl~4·2(C~6H~5)PO(2).X射线结构分析确定了两种单晶的结构.晶体(1)属于单斜晶系,空间群为C2/c,组成化学式为[(Ph~3PO)~2H]·AuCl~4,其中存在有对称氢键.晶体(2)属于三斜晶系,空间群为PI,组成化学式为(H~3O)·[AuCl~4]·4Ph~3PO,其是存在有分叉氢键.     

MOLECULAR AMD CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF LIPIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Molecular-level structures of lipids and related organic long-chain compounds were investigated by means of vibrational spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. Various spectroscopic techniques applicable to structural studies of lipid systems were developed. Various types of solid-state phase transformations were found in even- and odd-numbered saturated fatty acids and their molecular mechanisms were considered. Crystal structures of some modifications of a series of cis-mono-unsaturated fatty acids were determined by the three-dimensional X-ray analysis and new types of molecular conformation as well as of subcell arrangement of the cis-mono-unsaturated acyl chains were found. An order-disorder type phase transformation accompanied with a partial melting at the interface of the molecular layers was found in some modifications of cis-mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Molecular conformations and crystal structures of the polymorphs of methyl oleate and triglycerides containing an oleoyl chain at the 2-position were investigated on the basis of the spectroscopic data.     

From crystal to crystal: A reconstructive solid-state reaction

The crystal structure of the Lewis acid-base adduct of 2-chloro-2-boraindane and diethylether was determined by X-ray diffraction. After abstraction of the boron-coordinated Et₂O molecule in vacuo, the crystal and molecular structure of the solvent-free boraindane, earlier synthesized by Kaufmann and Schacht [1], was studied on the resulting crystalline material. The different crystal packing in both structures and a diffraction experiment on an oriented single crystal showed that the reaction is reconstructive and that a rearrangement of the molecules parallels the change in molecular geometry.     

Quantitative Structural Constraints for Organic Powders at Natural Isotopic Abundance Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy

A straightforward method is reported to quantitatively relate structural constraints based on ¹³C–¹³C double‐quantum build‐up curves obtained by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid‐state NMR to the crystal structure of organic powders at natural isotopic abundance. This method relies on the significant gain in NMR sensitivity provided by DNP (approximately 50‐fold, lowering the experimental time from a few years to a few days), and is sensitive to the molecular conformation and crystal packing of the studied powder sample (in this case theophylline). This method allows trial crystal structures to be rapidly and effectively discriminated, and paves the way to three‐dimensional structure elucidation of powders through combination with powder X‐ray diffraction, crystal‐structure prediction, and density functional theory computation of NMR chemical shifts.     

How to determine structures when single crystals cannot be grown: opportunities for structure determination of molecular materials using powder diffraction data

Many crystalline solids cannot be prepared as single crystals of sufficient size and/or quality for structure determination to be carried out using single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. In such cases, when only polycrystalline powders of a material are available, it is necessary instead to tackle structure determination using powder X-ray diffraction. This article highlights recent developments in the opportunities for determining crystal structures directly from powder diffraction data, focusing on the case of molecular solids and giving particular attention to the most challenging stage of the structure determination process, namely the structure solution stage. In particular, the direct-space strategy for structure solution is highlighted, as this approach has opened up new opportunities for the structure determination of molecular solids. The article gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art in structure determination of molecular solids from powder diffraction data. Relevant fundamental aspects of the techniques in this field are described, and examples are given to highlight the application of these techniques to determine crystal structures of molecular materials.