Formation and Oxidation of Hydrogen Molybdenum Bronze on Platinum Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Hydrogen molybdenum bronze (HxMoO3) can be electrodeposited on platinum and oxidized in two steps to the hydrogen molybdenum bronze with less amount of hydrogen HyMoO3 (y相似文献   

A comparative study on the viscoelasticity and morphology of polyaniline films galvanostatically grown on bare and 4-aminothiophenol-modified gold electrodes using an electrochemical quartz crystal impedance system and SEM.

The equivalent-circuit parameters of the 9-MHz piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) resonance were measured in situ during the galvanostatic polymerization of aniline on 4-aminothiophenol(4-ATP)-modified and bare Au electrodes for ca. 2000 s, respectively. Two polymerization media, 0.100 mol L-1 aniline in 1.0 mol L-1 H2SO4 and in 2.0 mol L-1 HClO4 aqueous solutions, and two values of the current density, 12 and 36 microA cm-2, were used. At identical levels of the resonant frequency shifts in the solutions, obviously greater increases in the motional resistance (R1) were found after aniline polymerization on bare Au electrodes, though the absolute values of delta f0/delta R1 were all large; also, the resonant frequency shifts in air (delta f0g) were considerably smaller for PANI films grown on bare Au electrodes. It is thus concluded that, under identical polymerization conditions, (1) the PANI film grown on a bare gold electrode is rougher, less compact, and can entrap solution more notably; (2) the deposition efficiency of PANI is higher on a 4-ATP-modified Au electrode, owing to a significantly greater observed "dry" frequency shift, and thus a greater "net" mass value of the polyaniline backbone. SEM observations have confirmed that PANI films on 4-ATP-modified Au electrodes were smoother and more compact than those grown on bare Au ones under identical polymerization conditions. In addition, a technique of simultaneous measurements of the electroacoustic admittance of the PQC resonance and the electrochemical impedance was used to monitor the adsorption of 4-ATP onto a PQC gold electrode.     

不同电解质溶液对聚吡咯修饰膜性质的影响

以对甲基苯磺酸钠(p-TSNa)为掺杂剂在不锈钢电极表面恒电位合成聚吡咯(PPy)修饰膜, 采用循环伏安法在-1.6 - 0.8 V大范围扫描研究了修饰膜在H2SO4、Na2SO4、NaOH电解质溶液中的氧化还原行为. 结果表明, 在H2SO4溶液中, 以H+的脱出(氧化)/嵌入(还原)为特征, 并发现聚吡咯在酸性溶液中所特有的质子还原峰. 在Na2SO4和NaOH溶液中, 以Na+的脱出(氧化)/嵌入(还原)峰为特征. FT-IR吸收光谱显示, 经NaOH处理后, 聚吡咯膜的长共轭结构被完全破坏, 而经H2SO4和Na2SO4处后, 膜的共轭结构未发生变化.     

脉冲电流法电解合成聚苯胺

在0.2mol/L苯胺和0.5mol/LH₂SO₄介质中采用脉冲电流法电解合成聚苯胺(PANI)膜.循环伏安研究表明,与恒电流法相比,脉冲电流法制得的PANI膜具有更好的电化学活性.扫描电镜(SEM)对膜层的微观形貌观察发现,这种特殊的聚苯胺膜层呈纳米纤维状结构,不同于恒电流法制取的颗粒状PANI膜.讨论了脉冲通断比和频率对于膜层性能的影响.     

甲基膦酸二甲庚酯萃取色谱法分离金、铂的研究

本文研究了以4.0mol/L H_2SO_4-0.50mol/L MgSO_4 为流动相,以硅烷化硅球负载的甲基膦酸二甲庚酯(P350)作固定相。萃取色谱法使微量铂、金与常见贱金属分离,富集在色谱柱上的铂和金分别用0.10mol/L HCl和1.0％Na_2SO_2溶液洗脱进行连续分离与测定。经实际样品的试用考核,结果令人满意。     

集成化金膜阵列电极的制作研究

以聚乙烯不干胶掩膜版法结合金属溅射沉积技术在FR-4玻璃纤维版上制作了由6个金膜工作电极(1 mm×2 mm)、1个大面积金膜对电极(2 mm×13 mm)和1个厚膜Ag/AgCl参比电极构成的集成化金膜阵列电极系统,并利用电化学手段对阵列电极系统进行了考察。研究结果表明,K3Fe(CN)6在厚膜Ag/AgCl/1.0 mol/L NaCl参比电极上的式电位与商业Ag/AgCl/3.0 mol/L NaCl参比电极相差0.067 V;参比电极放置1个月后,测量电位未发生明显变化。利用扫描电化学显微镜对工作电极表面平整度进行考察,结果表明工作电极表面具有较好的平整度。通过测量H2SO4还原峰面积评价了工作电极电化学面积的批内、批间一致性;通过K3Fe(CN)6在电极上的Ipa/Ipc比值评价了工作电极电化学特性的批内、批间一致性。结果表明,阵列电极面积和电化学特性具有良好的批内和批间一致性。对集成化金膜阵列电极系统的研究结果表明,聚乙烯不干胶掩膜版法结合金属溅射沉积技术制作的阵列电极能够满足电化学电极的要求,可作为电化学生物传感器的基础电极。     

聚丙烯酰胺水溶液粘度依时性及其稳定剂

本文对常用的粘度法测定聚丙烯酰胺分子量体系ＰＡＭ－１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＮＯ３、ＰＡＭ－０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ２ＳＯ４和ＰＡＭ－０．５ｍｏｌ／ＮａＣｌ的粘度进行了稳定性考察，并对上述体系加入少量不同种类的稳定剂，考察其粘度对时间的依赖性，确定了粘度法测定ＰＡＭ分子量的适宜溶液体系。     

Stoichiometries and thermodynamic stabilities for aqueous sulfate complexes of U(VI)

The formation constants of UO2SO4 (aq), UO2(SO4)2(2-), and UO2(SO4)3(4-) were measured in aqueous solutions from 10 to 75 degrees C by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). A constant enthalpy of reaction approach was satisfactorily used to fit the thermodynamic parameters of stepwise complex formation reactions in a 0.1 M Na(+) ionic medium: log 10 K 1(25 degrees C) = 2.45 +/- 0.05, Delta r H1 = 29.1 +/- 4.0 kJ x mol(-1), log10 K2(25 degrees C) = 1.03 +/- 0.04, and Delta r H2 = 16.6 +/- 4.5 kJ x mol(-1). While the enthalpy of the UO2(SO4)2(2-) formation reaction is in good agreement with calorimetric data, that for UO2SO4 (aq) is higher than other values by a few kilojoules per mole. Incomplete knowledge of the speciation may have led to an underestimation of Delta r H1 in previous calorimetric studies. In fact, one of the published calorimetric determinations of Delta r H1 is here supported by the TRLFS results only when reinterpreted with a more correct equilibrium constant value, which shifts the fitted Delta r H1 value up by 9 kJ x mol(-1). UO2(SO 4) 3 (4-) was evidenced in a 3 M Na (+) ionic medium: log10 K3(25 degrees C) = 0.76 +/- 0.20 and Delta r H3 = 11 +/- 8 kJ x mol(-1) were obtained. The fluorescence features of the sulfate complexes were observed to depend on the ionic conditions. Changes in the coordination mode (mono- and bidentate) of the sulfate ligands may explain these observations, in line with recent structural data.     

电沉积二氧化钛纳米微粒膜的光电化学性能和表面形貌研究

采用光电流谱、透射光谱和扫描微探针显微镜技术对电沉积法制备的二氧化钛纳米微粒膜的光电化学性能和表面形貌进行了研究.结果表明,不同制备条件下的二氧化钛纳米微粒膜具有与紧密的半导体电极不同的光电化学性质,并探讨了其光电化学性能与表面形貌的关系.     

An electrochemical quartz crystal impedance study on the rising of an aqueous solution meniscus for a partially immersed gold electrode during the electrochemical reduction of oxygen.

An electrochemical quartz crystal impedance system (EQCIS) was used to study the resonance behavior of an AT-cut 9-MHz piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) with its Au electrode partially immersed in KCl, Na2SO4 and NaClO4 aqueous solutions, respectively. An in situ determination of the immersed area and the height of the electrode was achieved by simultaneous measurements of the PQC electroacoustic admittance and the electrochemical impedance. The rising of the solution meniscus for a gold electrode partially immersed in aqueous solutions was found at oxygen reduction potentials and evaluated versus the electrolyte, electrolyte concentration, solution pH and oxygen concentration. The solution meniscus rising was explained based on a lowering of the contact-angle hysteresis and a continued collection of the water product at the solid-gas-solution interface during oxygen reduction.     

导电聚合物-半导体纳米颗粒自组装膜(Ⅱ)——光电化学性质

研究了层层自组装技术制备的导电聚合物SPAn/纳米硫化镉复合膜的电化学和光电化学性质。单层SPAn膜在0.1mol/L的LiClO₄/乙腈电解液中有弱的阴极光电流效应,为p型半导体;化学沉淀CdS膜为n型半导体。复合膜PSS/Q-CdS仅有阳极光电流效应,为CdS的n型半导体。自组装复合膜SPAn/Q-CdS有两种不同类型的光电响应,在阴极区(导电聚合物SPAn处于未掺杂状态)具有阴极光电流,在阳极区(SPAn处于导电状态)具有阳极光电流;导电聚合物的电化学状态对复合膜的光电化学性质有决定性作用。     

采用连续电位阶跃方法研究聚吡咯在电解质水溶液中的氧化还原稳定性

连续电位阶跃方法是一种研究氧化还原稳定性的有效方法. 本文采用连续电位阶跃方法研究了以对甲苯磺酸钠为掺杂剂的聚吡咯(ppy)膜的电化学氧化还原稳定性, 通过计算聚吡咯在阶跃电位下的还原电量(Q_red), 还原和氧化电量的比值(Q_red/Q_ox)考察聚吡咯在H₂SO₄、Na₂SO₄和NaOH溶液中在不同电位下的氧化还原可逆性. 结果发现聚吡咯过氧化的发生强烈依赖支持电解质的pH值和阶跃电位. 在H₂SO₄溶液中, 过氧化的起始电位为0.8 V, 而在Na₂SO₄溶液中, 过氧化的起始电位为0.5 V. 在NaOH溶液中, 过氧化在任何电位均可发生, 表明溶液中OH^- 的存在是过氧化发生的直接原因.     

Observation of the first hydration layer of isolated cations and anions through the FTIR-ATR difference spectra

The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) difference spectra of the dilute aqueous (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4, ZnSO4, NaClO4, and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions by pure water were obtained at various concentrations. In the difference spectra of aqueous (NH4)2SO4 solutions, a peak at approximately 3039 cm(-1), two shoulders at approximately 3155 and approximately 2894 cm(-1), and a peak at approximately 1445 cm(-1) were ascribed to N-H stretching and bending vibrations, respectively. A small negative peak was resolved at approximately 3660 cm(-1) in the difference spectra of (NH4)2SO4, which is the sole contribution of SO4(2-) either in the O-H stretching or in the O-H bending region. The positive peaks of the difference spectra in the O-H stretching region for Na2SO4, MgSO4, and ZnSO4 systems, which constantly appeared at approximately 3423, approximately 3136, and approximately 3103 cm(-1) respectively, were suggested to be the contribution of the interactions between metal cations (Na+, Mg2+, and Zn2+) and water molecules, especially from the first hydrated layer of the cations. In the region of 800-1200 cm(-1), the normally infrared-prohibited nu1 (SO4(2-)) band was observed as a weak peak at approximately 981 cm(-1) even at very dilute concentrations (0.10 mol dm(-3)) due to the disturbance of the water molecules hydrated with SO4(2-), even though such a feature may increasingly result from associated ions with increasing concentration. The spectra of the water molecules directly influenced by ClO4-, i.e., mostly the first layer of hydrated water, in NaClO4 and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions were obtained by subtracting the corresponding spectra of the same metal sulfate solutions at the same concentrations from the perchlorate solutions. A positive peak at approximately 3583 +/- 6 cm(-1) and a negative peak at approximately 3184 +/- 25 cm(-1) were obtained as the result of the subtraction. The positive peak was attributed to the water molecules weakly hydrogen-bonded with ClO4-, while the negative one to the reduction of water molecules with fully hydrogen-bonded five-molecule tetrahedral nearest neighbor structure on the introduction of ClO4-.     

Oxygen consumption of cell suspension in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannel estimated by scanning electrochemical microscopy

A quantitative analysis of the oxygen concentration profile near a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device was performed using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). A microchannel filled with sodium sulfite (Na(2)SO(3)) aqueous solution was imaged by SECM, showing that the oxygen diffusion layer of the PDMS microchannel was observed to be hemicylindrical. Based on a theoretical analysis of the hemicylindrical diffusion layer of the microchannel, the total oxygen mass transfer rates of oxygen to the PDMS microchannel filled with the Na(2)SO(3) solution was calculated to be (4.01 +/- 0.30) x 10(-12) mol s(-1). This is the maximum value of the oxygen transfer rate for this PDMS microchannel device. The oxygen consumption rate increased almost linearly with the logarithm of the concentration of E. coli cells (10(6) approximately 10(8) cells). The respiratory activity for a single E. coli cell was estimated to be approximately 4.31 x 10(-20) mol s(-1) cell(-1).     

Electromigration of carrier-free radionuclide ions Bismuth complexes in aqueous solutions of oxalic, fumaric and succinic acids

The overall ion mobilities u of carrier-free radiobismuth have been measured in aqueous solutions of some dicarboxylic acids (H(2)L)-xalic, fumaric and succinic-by means of a new version of the electromigration method in electrolytes consisting of HClO(4)/H(2)L, 0.20m H(+), mu = 0.20m; Na(H)ClO(4)/H(2)L, 0.05m H(+), mu = 0.20m; Na(H)ClO(4)/H(2)L, 0.05m H(+), mu = 0.25m; at 298.15 K. Mathematical processing of the experimental functions u = f([L(2-)]) allowed calculation of the mean individual stability constants K(n) and ion mobilities u degrees of the complex ions [BiL(n)](3-2n), n = 1, 2: [Bi(C(2)O(4))](+), log K(1) = 7.65 (8), u degrees = +2.26 (5) x 10(-4) cm(2). sec(-1).V(-1); [Bi(C(2)O(4))(2)](-), log K(2) = 4.81 (2), u degrees = -1.63 (64) x 10(-4) cm(2).sec(-1).V(-1); [Bi(C(4)O(4)H(2))](+), log K(1) = 6.90 (20); [Bi(C(4)O(4)H(4))](+), log K(1) = 8.76 (48).     

High-resolution determination of H+ by ion chromatography. Application to the simultaneous determination of H+, Na+, NH4+ and K+ in acid rain.

An ion chromatographic (IC) method was developed for the high-resolution determination of a sample's free hydrogen ion concentration (H+). Highly purified lithium dodecyl sulfate was used as the stationary phase, a slightly acidified aqueous LiCl solution was used as the mobile phase and conductivity was used for analyte detection. An electrical double layer (EDL) containing H+ was established on the stationary phase by using a slightly acidified electrolyte solution as the eluent. H+ in the EDL protonated any weak acid groups (i.e., silanols) on the stationary phase so that H+ from the sample could be retained/separated purely by dodecyl sulfate. The optimum molar ratio of H+:Li+ in the EDL for this IC system was obtained by using an aqueous solution containing 40.0 mM LiCl and 0.07 mM H2SO4 as the eluent. After separation, H+ was detected by direct conductimetric measurement. An H+ detection limit of better than 8.2 x 10(-6) M was obtained from the analysis of standard aqueous H2SO4 solutions. Other monovalent cations could also be separated with this method, giving detection limits of 7.4 x 10(-5), 4.3 x 10(-5) and 4.2 x 10(-5) M for Na+, NH4+ and K+, respectively. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of H+, Na+, NH4+ and K+ in acid rain. The results obtained showed a significant improvement in reproducibility when compared with those from a conventional pH-meter. Acid rain samples with a pH < 5 could be analyzed with this IC system.     

2-甲基吡啶的槽内式间接电氧化

在质子交换膜为隔膜的电解槽内, 以2-甲基吡啶为原料, 以Cr2O72-/Cr3+为媒质, 采用间接电氧化法研究了合成2-吡啶甲酸的反应条件. 实验结果表明, 硫酸浓度、硫酸铬浓度、 反应温度、2-甲基吡啶浓度和阳极电位对产率、转化率、 选择性和电流效率均有影响. 通过变化规律的研究, 找到了各个影响因素的最佳条件为: 硫酸浓度为6.0 mol/L, 反应温度为60 ℃, 硫酸铬浓度为0.15 mol/L, 2-甲基吡啶浓度为0.1 mol/L, 阳极电位为1.50 V.     

Cd2+和Ni2+在粉煤灰上的吸附特性

考察了粉煤灰对Cd2+和Ni2+的单组分吸附和双组分吸附性能。结果表明,粉煤灰可有效吸附水溶液中的Cd2+和Ni2+,去除率随pH升高而增加。吸附约60min后趋于平衡。粉煤灰对Ni2+的吸附容量高于Cd2+。单组分吸附平衡符合Freundlich模型和Redlich Peterson (R P)模型。双组分吸附时,Ni2+和Cd2+之间存在明显的竞争吸附效应;随干扰离子浓度升高,竞争吸附效应增强。不同模型拟合结果表明,双组分吸附平衡符合Freundlich竞争吸附模型。脱附实验表明,Cd2+比Ni2+易于脱附;0.1mol/L HCl、0.1mol/L HNO3 和0.05mol/L H2SO4的脱附效果接近,对Cd2+脱附率>60%,对Ni2+脱附率>35%。     

Ex Situ Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Investigation of Bismuth‐ and Bismuth/Lead Alloy Film‐Modified Gold Electrodes in Alkaline Medium

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in feedback mode was employed to characterise the reactivity and microscopic peculiarities of bismuth and bismuth/lead alloys plated onto gold disk substrates in 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH solutions. Methyl viologen was used as redox mediator, while a platinum microelectrode was employed as the SECM tip. The metal films were electrodeposited ex situ from NaOH solutions containing either bismuth ions only or both bismuth and lead ions. Approach curves and SECM images indicated that the metal films were conductive and locally reactive with oxygen to provide Bi³⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions. The occurrence of the latter chemical reactions was verified by local anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at the substrate solution interface by using a mercury‐coated platinum SECM tip. The latter types of measurements allowed also verifying that lead was not uniformly distributed onto the bismuth film electrode substrate. These findings were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. The surface heterogeneity produced during the metal deposition process, however, did not affect the analytical performance of the bismuth coated gold electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry for the determination of lead in alkaline media, even in aerated aqueous solutions. Under the latter conditions, stripping peak currents proportional to lead concentration with a satisfactory reproducibility (within 5 % RSD) were obtained.     

铁表面自组装缓蚀功能膜的电化学阻抗谱研究

在铁表面自组装十四烷基胺膜.研究该膜在0.5 mol/LH2SO4溶液中对铁的缓蚀性能.电化学阻抗谱测试表明,随着组装时间的延长,缓蚀性能也随之增强,最大缓蚀效率为68.7%.而以十二烷基硫醇和十四烷基胺修饰的混合膜则更为致密、稳定,对铁的缓蚀能力也明显优于仅以十二烷基硫醇或十四烷基胺修饰的单一膜,其缓蚀效率可提高至78.2%.