包含—受扭迴转轴的半空间的性质*

本文研究包含有一根部份嵌入的迴转轴的半空间的性质.不用知道一给定的嵌入的轴的扭转问题的精确解,这些性质能指出此半空间的位移或应力场的某些特点并且有时可以用来检查数值解.文中给出嵌入半空间的受扭的刚性圆柱的轴的表面上的正确的应力分布的检查的例子.     

形式实模的核心

通过含单位元的交换环的实素理想构造出对应的模的实素子模,得到模的序存在的一个充要条件,并对模的所有序的支集的交集(文中称作"模的核心")作出一定的刻划,找到了判断模中的元素属于模的核心的充要条件.     

几何学概论(三)

(四)罗氏几何的光辉照亮了科学前进的道路我们来分析他的学说的哲学意义.在罗氏的时代,哲学中占统治地位的思想是康德的"不可知论",按照这批人的说法,客观世界是存在的,但是不可知的,时间空间是人心的创造,是人心给经验安排的秩序,我们所确实知道的世界的规律性是人心按先天的原则所创造出来的,先天就是与经验无关的,这样,我们的空间观念就完全是人心的创造,     

映射与函数、指数函数

1　重、难点分析关于映射与函数的概念 ,重点是映射、函数的概念的理解与掌握 ,难点是对映射、函数概念 ,对函数符号 ｙ =ｆ(ｘ) ,以及对函数是一种特殊的映射的理解 ,对函数的定义域、值域的理解与掌握 .对于函数的单调性和奇偶性 ,重点是对函数的单调性、奇偶性的概念的理解 ,难点是对函数的单调性、奇偶性的判断与应用 .关于反函数 ,重点是反函数的概念的理解 ,难点是对求反函数的方法的掌握 .关于指数、指数函数 ,重点是分数指数幂的概念和分数指数幂的运算性质、指数函数的图象和性质的理解与掌握 ,难点是根式的概念和分数指数幂的概念…     

任意角的三角函数

1本单元重点、难点分析三角函数是中学数学的重要内容之一,也是高等数学的重要基础。本单元首先将角的概念进行推广,并引入弧度制的表示方式,再定义六种三角函数,然后探讨同角三角函数间的一些基本关系式及三角函数的诱导公式。角的概念的推广和角的度量单位的更新(引入弧度制)是本单元的第一个重点,它拓宽了三角函数的应用范围,简化了三角函数的研究,是进一步学习三角函数的基础,起到了承上启下的作用.任意角的三角函数的定义是进一步学习三角函数的根基,由此导出的三角函数的符号、同角三角函数间的基本关系式及三角函数的诱导公式是本单…     

微分差分方程解之稳定性

最近20—30年来在调节过程的研究中微分差分方程得到很多的应用.在调节理论和在很多其他具有时滞的过程的理论中所发生的基本问题中的一个问题是关于过程的稳定性的问题,一般化为关于微分差分方程解的稳定性的问题.这具问题吸引了非常多的工作者的注意(参考交末的目录),但据我们所知,这些零散的研究从未被有系统地综述过.这篇文章的目的是用简要的形式综述关于微分差分方程解的稳定性的工作的结果,也包括本文作者的若干研究在内.     

方程a~x=loga~x的解

一个方程的解可以看作两个函数的图象的交点的横坐标。反过来,方程的解又可以反映两个函数之间的某种关系,即它们的图象相交的情况。因此,可以利用函数的性质对方程的解,特别是直接求解很困难的某些超越方程的解的情况作出定性的讨论。也可以利用方程的解对函数的图象间的交点个数作出定量的研究,本文主要通过对函数y=x~(1/x)和y=x~x的性质的分析,就方程a~x=x和a~x=loga~x等的解的情况进行讨论。     

关于二次曲线的切线及奇异点的探讨

利用二次曲线的切线的定义,分别讨论过二次曲线上的一点的切线的求法及过二次曲线外的一点的切线的两种求法,并且得到了存在奇异点的二次曲线的具体类型.     

基于预期的损失厌恶的“报童式”推理

利用Koszegi与Rabin的参照依赖效用函数对报童问题进行了研究,不仅求得基于预期的损失厌恶报童的最优订货量而且讨论了它的性质.研究发现,基于预期的损失厌恶的报童的订货量要低于利润最大化的报童的订货量,而且,基于预期的损失厌恶的报童的订货量随预期利润、损失厌恶程度的增加而减少.     

关于矩阵的外逆及矩阵的两个外逆的线性组合

本文研究了矩阵A的外逆的表达式,利用外逆及分块矩阵的秩的性质,得出了A的两个外逆的线性组合还是A的外逆的完全分类,不仅证明了A的两个外逆的和与差,而且A的外逆的几个充要条件,推广了Jerzy K.Baksalary和Oskar Maria Baksalary的结果.     

Trigonometric polynomial or exponential fitting approach?

The application of a trigonometric polynomial and an exponential fitting approach is compared for a three-point formula for second-order derivatives, for Simpson’s quadrature rule and for Numerov’s scheme for second-order differential equations. The expressions for the occurring parameters are constructed in both the approaches and the behaviour of these parameters with respect to the introduced frequency is studied. The errors for specific problems obtained in both the approaches as a function of the frequency are compared.     

Determinants of matrices over semirings

In this paper, the concept of determinants for the matrices over a commutative semiring is introduced, and a development of determinantal identities is presented. This includes a generalization of the Laplace and Binet–Cauchy Theorems, as well as on adjoint matrices. Also, the determinants and the adjoint matrices over a commutative difference-ordered semiring are discussed and some inequalities for the determinants and for the adjoint matrices are obtained. The main results in this paper generalize the corresponding results for matrices over commutative rings, for fuzzy matrices, for lattice matrices and for incline matrices.     

Pricing strategies for perishable products: the case of Vienna and the hotel reservation system hrs.com

Consider a retailer who sells perishable products for which there is uncertain demand. Yield management with dynamic pricing is a standard practice that firms use for revenue management. For perishable products, recent analysis has focused on the distribution of flight capacity, referred to as ticket sales. Other non- storable, non-transportable, immaterial hospitality products include hotel capacity. The article discusses the extent to which hotel pricing strategies vary within the internet distribution system hrs.com. This study focuses on the distribution of hotel rooms available for booking on the internet for Vienna and gives an outlook to Euroland capitals. The main research interests are the underlying pricing models and the setting of the end price. Data was taken from hrs.com, which is the most important specialist for hotel room internet distribution in Germany according to recent studies by KMPG and others. The results include the identification of different pricing strategy clusters with regard to hotel category and hotel availability over a 22-day period for Vienna and one city from all Euroland countries (the capitals were studied for all cases except for the Netherlands, for which data was collected for Amsterdam). The study took the arrival days Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays into account, and used data for all these days from the 11th of July, 2005, to the 10th of October, 2005, for Vienna, and the first and the last of these dates as a comparison base for the other Euroland cities.     

On bounds for the mode and median of the generalized hyperbolic and related distributions

Except for certain parameter values, a closed form formula for the mode of the generalized hyperbolic (GH) distribution is not available. In this paper, we exploit results from the literature on modified Bessel functions and their ratios to obtain simple but tight two-sided inequalities for the mode of the GH distribution for general parameter values. As a special case, we deduce tight two-sided inequalities for the mode of the variance-gamma (VG) distribution, and through a similar approach we also obtain tight two-sided inequalities for the mode of the McKay Type I distribution. The analogous problem for the median is more challenging, but we conjecture some monotonicity results for the median of the VG and McKay Type I distributions, from we which we conjecture some tight two-sided inequalities for their medians. Numerical experiments support these conjectures and also lead us to a conjectured tight lower bound for the median of the GH distribution.     

非强制混合向量变分不等式解的存在性研究

本文利用例外簇方法研究非强制混合向量变分不等式的弱有效解的存在性:首先证明若混合向量变分不等式问题不存在例外簇,则混合向量变分不等式问题的弱有效解集为非空集合:利用向量值映射的渐近映射给出自反Banach空间中非强制混合向量变分不等式的弱有效解集不存在例外簇的充分条件,从而得到混合向量变分不等式问题的弱有效解的存在性结...     

Superconvergence of mixed finite element semi-discretizations of two time-dependent problems

We will show that some of the superconvergence properties for the mixed finite element method for elliptic problems are preserved in the mixed semi-discretizations for a diffusion equation and for a Maxwell equation in two space dimensions. With the help of mixed elliptic projection we will present estimates global and pointwise in time. The results for the Maxwell equations form an extension of existing results. For both problems, our results imply that post-processing and a posteriori error estimation for the error in the space discretization can be performed in the same way as for the underlying elliptic problem.     

Explicit Coercivity Estimates for the Linearized Boltzmann and Landau Operators

We prove explicit coercivity estimates for the linearized Boltzmann and Landau operators, for a general class of interactions including any inverse-power law interactions, and hard spheres. The functional spaces of these coercivity estimates depend on the collision kernel of these operators. They cover the spectral gap estimates for the linearized Boltzmann operator with Maxwell molecules, improve these estimates for hard potentials, and are the first explicit coercivity estimates for soft potentials (including in particular the case of Coulombian interactions). We also prove a regularity property for the linearized Boltzmann operator with non locally integrable collision kernels, and we deduce from it a new proof of the compactness of its resolvent for hard potentials without angular cutoff.     

Half Space and Quarter Space Dirichlet Problems for the Partial Differential Equation

A customary, heuristic, method, by which the Poisson integral formula for the Dirichlet problem, for the half space, for Laplace's equation is obtained, involves Green's function, and Kelvin's method of images. Although this heuristic method leads one to guess the correct result, this Poisson formula still has to be verified directly, independently of the method by which it was arrived at, in order to be absolutely certain that a solution of the Dirichlet problem for the half space, for Laplace's equation, has been actually obtained. A similar heuristic method, as seems to be generally known, could be followed in solving the Dirichlet problem, for the half space, for the equation where is a real constant. However, in Part 1, a different, labor-saving, method is used to study Dirichlet problems for the equation. This method is essentially based on what Hadamard called the method of descent. Indeed, it is shown that he who has solved the half space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation has already solved the half space Dirichlet problem for the equation In Part 2, the solution formula for the quarter space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation is obtained from the Poisson integral formula for the half space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation. A representation theorem for harmonic functions in the quarter space is deduced. The method of descent is used, in Part 3, to obtain the solution formula for the quarter space Dirichlet problem for the equation by means of the solution formula for the quarter space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation. So that, indeed, it is also shown that he who has solved the quarter space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation has already solved the quarter space Dirichlet problem for the " equation" For the sake of completeness and clarity, and for the convenience of the reader, the appendix, at the end of Part 3, contains a detailed proof that the Poisson integral formula solves the half space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation. The Bibliography for Parts 1,2, 3 is to be found at the end of Part 1.     

Sparre Andersen模型中破产概率的边界

研究在Andersen Spaxre模型中,当破产概率的初始边界已知的时候,根据更新方程和更新方程中函数的单调性来改进破产概率的边界,并进一步改进了严重损失函数G（x,y）的边界．