Reissner-Nordstrom黑洞中带电粒子由隧穿导致的Hawking辐射的进一步讨论

以Reissner-Nordstrom黑洞(R-N黑洞)为例，从黑洞热力学定律出发，对R-N黑洞中的带电粒子的量子隧穿效应进行了重新分析.将作用量的虚部重写成黑洞热力学定律的形式后，发现在Parikh工作框架下的量子隧穿效应与黑洞热力学的第一、第二定律有潜在的联系；而且，如果认为量子隧穿过程为可逆过程，则量子隧穿效应中的结果与黑洞热力学第一、第二定律是一致的.换而言之，Parikh的结论只对可逆过程成立. 关键词： Reissner-Nordstrom黑洞 黑洞热力学定律 隧穿 可逆过程     

Kiselev黑洞的热力学性质和物质吸积特性

本文考虑带有黑洞视界和宇宙视界的Kiselev时空.研究以黑洞视界和宇宙视界为边界的系统的热力学性质.统一地给出了两个系统的热力学第一定律;在黑洞视界半径远小于宇宙视界半径的情况下,近似地计算了通过宇宙视界和黑洞视界的热能.然后,探讨Kiselev时空的物质吸积特性.在吸积能量密度正比于背景能量密度的条件下给出黑洞的吸积率,讨论了黑洞吸积率与暗能量态方程参数的关系.     

辐射在黑洞视界附近的性质与热力学第二定律

考虑把一个装满某种内能为E,熵为S的物质的盒子缓慢地向黑洞降落,Bekenstein认为热力学第二定律成立的必要条件为S/E≤2πR(R为盒子的有效半径),而Unruh和Wald认为Hawking辐射的存在保证了广义热力学第二定律的成立,无需条件S/E≤2πR。我们指出:Hawking辐射和S/E≤2πR都无法保证热力学第二定律的成立。我们根据充分的理由提出:引力场会影响物质的态方程。当盒子中装的为辐射时,我们得出了辐射在视界附近时的态方程,它和平直时空的辐射的态方程很不一样。只要将方程中的某个参量加上适当的限制,即可保证热力学第二定律的成立。 关键词：     

黑洞的普朗克绝对熵公式

利用黑洞热力学第一定律和第三定律分别导出黑洞的普朗克绝对熵公式,该公式表明黑洞熵与黑洞视界的全面积成正比.并进一步证明了黑洞的普朗克绝对熵就是经典热力学熵 关键词： 黑洞 视界 视界温度 普朗克绝对熵     

环面黑洞的热力学函数

本文把宇宙学常数看成与压强相当的动力学变量,研究了环面黑洞的热力学函数.计算得到环面黑洞的状态方程,环面黑洞的Smarr关系.然后通过计算其欧氏作用量得到了吉布斯函数,并进一步求得环面黑洞的自由能、内能和热力学焓,以及环面黑洞的定压热容和定容热容.结果表明:环面黑洞没有范德瓦耳斯型的相变.环面黑洞的定压热容大于零,定容热容等于零,故是一个稳定的热力学系统.     

如何在两个黑洞间建造热机：从2023年CPhO决赛题说起

2023年全国中学生物理竞赛决赛理论第五题涉及黑洞热力学.本文在介绍黑洞热力学基本背景的基础上,结合笔者的研究经验,分析黑洞间热力学循环的特征,最后概述与此相关的有限系统热力学与统计物理领域的部分前沿问题的研究进展.     

黑洞及其研究简况

 1939年美国科学家奥本海默和佘德尔从广义相对论出发提出具体黑洞的概念,从而翻开了人类对天体研究的新的一页。短短几十年,黑洞一直成为天体物理学家研究和讨论的热点,形成了黑洞物理学。一、经典黑洞从1915年爱因斯坦广义相对论的建立而预言黑洞存在,许多科学家对其展开了研究,并认为它是由天体坍缩形成的超致密的区域(包括光在内的任何物质都不能从该区域逃逸)。根据黑洞的不同特性将黑洞分成各种不同类型。根据质量不同将其分为小型黑洞、中型黑洞、巨大黑洞。所谓巨大黑洞是指质量超过太阳质量的100万倍以上的黑洞,它在黑洞的研究中占有重要的地位,一度认为黑洞事件视界直径与黑洞质量成正比。     

黑洞及其视界附近的物理规律

 人类对黑洞的认识过程在1796年,法国天文学家拉普拉斯在他的著作《宇宙体系论》中就预言:如果它引力足够强,光速也不足以成为逃逸速度的话,我们可能会看不见它。宇宙中最大的天体可能是完全看不见的,这种观点是建立在牛顿引力理论基础上的,当时没有任何办法能够验证他的想法。直到100年后,爱因斯坦发表了广义相对论,它在基本概念上与牛顿引力理论完全不同。在广义相对论中,空间和时间构成了一个四维时空,时空的几何性质与物质,通过爱因斯坦引力方程联系起来,物质是引力的源,也决定了时空的弯曲。广义相对论发表后不久,德国天文学家史瓦西立即对球对称的情况求出了爱因斯坦引力方程的解。     

Noether定理与黑洞的质量公式及黑洞熵

运用并发展了协变相空间的Noether荷方法,对于真空广义相对论稳态轴对称黑洞得到:黑洞质量公式是关于Killing向量场和完整Cauchy面上的零Noether荷以及黑洞力学第一定律.对于一大类向量场,利用零标架方法证明在视界附近的约化代数的中心项为零.这表明,Carlip用纯粹对称性分析的方法来解释黑洞熵的微观起源值得商榷.     

旋转的黑洞使光线扭曲

一个由意大利、瑞典、澳大利亚和西班牙的物理学家组成的国际合作组得出结论说,光线通过位于许多星系中心的旋转的黑洞时,会发生扭曲,这有可能提供一种检验爱因斯坦的广义相对论的新途径.用现有的望远镜可以观察到这种现象.爱因斯坦于90多年前提出的广义相对论预言了一些容易检验的新现象.其中的一个例子就是引力透镜,即恒星和黑洞的     

Validity of thermodynamic laws and weak cosmic censorship for AdS black holes and black holes in a cavity

By throwing a test charged particle into a Reissner-Nordstrom (RN) black hole, we test the validity of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture (WCCC) with two types of boundary conditions: the asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) space and a Dirichlet cavity wall placed in an asymptotically flat space. For the RN-AdS black hole, the second law of thermodynamics is satisfied, and the WCCC is violated for both extremal and near-extremal black holes. For the RN black hole in a cavity, the entropy can either increase or decrease depending on the change in the charge, and the WCCC is satisfied/violated for the extremal/near-extremal black hole. Our results indicate that there may be a connection between the black hole thermodynamics and the boundary condition imposed on the black hole.     

Magnetically charged regular black hole in a model of nonlinear electrodynamics

We obtain a magnetically charged regular black hole in general relativity. The source to the Einstein field equations is nonlinear electrodynamic field in a physically reasonable model of nonlinear electrodynamics (NED). “Physically” here means the NED model is constructed on the basis of three conditions: the Maxwell asymptotic in the weak electromagnetic field limit; the presence of vacuum birefringence phenomenon; and satisfying the weak energy condition (WEC). In addition, we analyze the thermodynamic properties of the regular black hole in two ways. According to the usual black hole thermodynamics, we calculate the heat capacity at constant charge, from which we know the smaller black hole is more stable. We also employ the horizon thermodynamics to discuss the thermodynamic quantities, especially the heat capacity at constant pressure.     

Charged black holes in the infinite derivative theory of gravity

The infinite derivative theory of gravity is a generalization of Einstein gravity with many interesting properties,but the black hole solutions in this theory are still not fully understood.In the paper,we concentrate on studying the charged black holes in such a theory.Adding the electromagnetic field part to the effective action,we show how the black hole solutions around the Reissner-Nordstrom metric can be solved perturbatively and iteratively.We further calculate the corresponding temperature,entropy and electrostatic potential of the black holes and verify the first law of thermodynamics.     

Coalescing Black Hole Solution in the De-Sitter Universe

A new coalescing black hole solution of Einstein-Maxwell equation in general relativity is given. The new solution is also found to support the “Nernst Theorem” of thermodynamics in the case of black hole. Thus this solution poses to solve an outstanding problem of thermodynamics and black hole physics.     

Thermodynamics of DBI Black Holes in Anti-de Sitter Spacetime

Through the gauge field theory, we obtain the solution of the DBI-AdS black hole. In the meantime, according to the relations between the action and the grand partition function, we obtain the grand partition function in the DBI-AdS black hole. The temperature and the potential of the DBI-AdS black hole are gained from differential of the grand partition function. With the thermodynamic relations, other thermodynamics are also obtained. The solution and the thermodynamics of the DBI-AdS black hole are turned out that they can reduce to the case of a charged black hole in four-dimensional spacetimes.     

Thermodynamics of the black holes under the extended generalized uncertainty principle with linear terms

In this paper, we employ the extended generalized uncertainty principle with linear terms (LEGUP) to investigate the thermodynamics properties of the Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes. Firstly, by constructing the theoretical framework of LEGUP, the minimal temperature of the Schwarzschild black hole and the modified mass–temperature function for the black hole are calculated. Furthermore, the heat capacity function for the Schwarzschild black hole is obtained. After that, we compare LEGUP black hole thermodynamics with EGUP black hole and with the usual forms. Besides, the modification of black hole entropy is discussed, which involves a heuristic analysis of particles absorbed by the black hole. Finally, we derive the LEGUP-corrected temperature, heat capacity and entropy functions of the RN black hole.     

Black Hole Entropy: Inside or Out?

A trialogue. Ted, Don, and Carlo consider the nature of black hole entropy. Ted and Carlo support the idea that this entropy measures in some sense “the number of black hole microstates that can communicate with the outside world.” Don is critical of this approach, and discussion ensues, focusing on the question of whether the first law of black hole thermodynamics can be understood from a statistical mechanics point of view.     

Three-dimensional massive Kiselev AdS black hole and its thermodynamics

We present an exact three-dimensional massive Kiselev AdS black hole solution. This Kiselev black hole is neither perfectly fluid, nor is it the quintessential solution, but the BTZ black hole modified by the anisotropic matter. This black hole possesses an essential singularity at its radial origin and a single horizon whose radius will increase monotonically when the parameter of the anisotropic matter field ω decreases. We calculate all thermodynamic quantities and find that the first law of thermodynamics of this massive Kiselev AdS black hole can be protected, while the consistent Smarr formula is only held in the extended thermodynamic phase space. After examining the sign of free energy, we conclude that there is no Hawking-Page transition since the massive Kiselev AdS black hole phase is always thermodynamically favored. Moreover, we study the phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole and BTZ black hole by considering the matchings for their temperature. We find that the Kiselev AdS black hole is still a thermodynamically more preferred phase, because it always has a smaller amount of free energy than the BTZ black hole, which seems to indicate that the anisotropic matter field may emerge naturally in BTZ black hole spacetime under some thermal fluctuations. We also show a first order phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole phase with -1w -1/2 and the black hole phase with -1/2w0. As the Kiselev AdS black hole has some notable features on the phase transition of black holes in three dimensions, it provides important clues to further investigate these both surprising and similar behaviors in four and higher dimensions.     

The relation between a black hole and a general blackbody system

Taking a black hole as a black body system, using general black body radiation theory, a Schwarzschild black hole and a Kerr--Newman black hole are investigated respectively. It is concluded that a black hole can be regarded as an ideal general black body system exactly for the changing process only. However, a stationary global black hole cannot be smoothly regarded as a general black body system. A black hole has some special characteristics which different from a general thermodynamics system. This conclusion means that a black hole should be inherently dynamical, at least when it is taken as a black body system.